支架成形术治疗颅内血管狭窄的安全性及短期疗效分析

目的　评价血管内支架成形术治疗颅内动脉狭窄的安全性及短期疗效。方法　对 4 6例患者 5 0处颅内动脉狭窄病变行血管内支架成形术 ,其中基底动脉狭窄 16处 ,椎动脉颅内段狭窄12处 ,颈内动脉颅内段狭窄 13处 ,大脑中动脉狭窄 9处。结果　 5 0处狭窄中有 4 9处成功地进行了支架成形术 (98% ) ,动脉狭窄程度从治疗前的 (72 4± 12 3) %降为 (10 6± 7 8) %。本组患者无手术死亡及缺血性脑卒中 ;4例出现和操作有关的并发症 ,其中 1例发生近端颅外段颈内动脉夹层 ,1例微导丝引起颅内出血 ,2例穿刺部位出现皮下血肿。 37例患者临床随访超过 6个月 (平均 8 5个月 ) ,无缺血性脑卒中发生。结论　血管内支架成形术治疗颅内动脉狭窄的成功率高 ,具有一定的安全性 ,但长期疗效有待于进一步随访     

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目的探讨颈动脉支架成形术治疗高危颈动脉狭窄的可行性、安全性及短期疗效一方法自200l年8月至2003年7月，共采用颈动脉支架成形术治疗高危颈动脉狭窄8例，术前平均狭窄程度分别为(74.13=13.38)％，均为症状性病人结果狭窄位于颈内动脉6例，位于颈总动脉2例，所有病人均成功地植入支架术后狭窄程度均≤10％。全部病人无临床并发症，5例临床症状消失，3例临床症状不同程度好转随访3～27个月，无短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)等缺血性神经损害发生；影像学检查无显著再狭窄。结论颈动脉支架成形术治疗颈动脉狭窄安全有效，尤其适合于颈动脉内膜切除术高危的病人，脑保护装置可以有效减少因硬化斑块或血枪引起的并发症     

血管内支架成形术治疗脑供血动脉狭窄的研究

目的 探讨血管内支架成形术治疗脑供血动脉狭窄患者的近期疗效,并发症及安全性.方法 行血管内支架成形术治疗的19例脑供血动脉狭窄患者,其中颈内动脉起始段狭窄13例[5例表现为短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA),8例表现为脑梗死],椎动脉开口部狭窄6例,均表现为TIA.结果 19例患者支架全部成功置入,术前动脉狭窄程度平均为86%,术后残余狭窄程度平均为10%;明显增高的血流动力学恢复正常且持续保持;颈内动脉系统腩梗死患者NIHSS评分在术后明显改善.3例颈内动脉支架置入术患者出现一过性心率下降和血压下降,经药物治疗后均恢复正常.随访仅1例颈内动脉支架术后22周症状有所加重;1例椎动脉狭窄患者在术后19周出现1次TIA发作;其余患者术后随访6个月无症状复发.结论 血管内支架成形术是治疗脑供血动脉狭窄的一种安全、有效的治疗方法.     

应用脑保护装置的颈动脉支架成形术治疗颈动脉狭窄

目的 总结应用脑保护装置的颈动脉支架成形术的体会,并探讨其围手术期处理要点.方法 2002年1月至2007年12月共收治122例(125侧)颈动脉狭窄性病变患者,成功完成颈动脉支架成形术123侧,均使用了脑保护装置,共置人支架124枚.结果 技术成功率为98.4%(123/125).围手术期发生一过I生脑缺血6例(4.9%),小卒中2例(1.6%),完伞性卒中1例(O.8%),严重脑缺血再灌注损伤2例(1.6%),其余113例次(91.9%)无神经系统并发症发生.无围手术期死亡.总卒中/死亡率为2.4%.86例患者术后获随访,平均随访时间为18.5(3～36)个月,超声检查提示50%～70%狭窄5例(5.8%),70%以上狭窄1例(1.2%),均无临床症状.非相关原因死亡2例.其余78例(90.7%)支架通畅,无神经系统并发症发生.结论 颈动脉支架成形术是治疗颈动脉狭窄性病变安全、有效的方法.不断提高围手术期处理水平是进一步提高疗效、降低并发症发生率的重要保证.     

应用自膨式支架置入治疗颈动脉狭窄

目的　探索颈动脉狭窄的治疗方法。　方法　应用 14枚自膨式支架血管内置入治疗 9例有症状颈动脉狭窄患者的 10处病变 ,狭窄程度 70 % -95 %。　结果　治疗后短暂性脑缺血发作 (TIA)消失 ,残余狭窄均 <5 0 %。无症状脑梗塞 1例。无死亡。　结论　应用自膨式支架血管内置入是治疗颈动脉狭窄是一种安全有效的方法     

血管内支架成形术治疗基底动脉狭窄

目的 探讨血管内支架成形术治疗基底动脉狭窄的近期疗效。方法 20例症状性基底动脉狭窄应用球囊膨胀支架行血管内成形术治疗。结果 12例基底动脉恢复正常管径，8例狭窄程度减小80％以上，无手术相关并发症。无短暂性脑缺血发作(Transient ischemic sttack，TIA)或卒中再发作。脑血管造影随访13例，均无血管再狭窄。结论 血管内支架成形术治疗基底动脉狭窄的近期疗效令人满意。     

颈内动脉狭窄处扭曲的血管内治疗

目的 探讨血管内支架成形术治疗颈内动脉狭窄处扭曲的必要性、可行性和安全性.方法 选择2003年12月至2009年12月经数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查证实的症状性颈内动脉狭窄且狭窄处伴扭曲的12例患者,采用血管内支架成形术处理颈动脉狭窄伴扭曲,分析其临床、影像学、支架成形术和随访观察资料,评价治疗效果.结果 12例颈内动脉狭窄伴扭曲的患者全部成功实施血管内支架成形术,支架置入成功率100%,无支架相关死亡或致残.12例患者共置入自膨式支架14枚,平均狭窄率由术前的85.6%下降至11.2%;扭曲角度(Metz观测分类法)由术前＜90°变为＞120°;无围手术期短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)和脑卒中发生,临床症状改善或消失.临床随访6～72个月,发生支架同侧和对侧TIA各1例;5例患者行DSA检查,其中1例发生再狭窄并在支架远端发生新的扭曲,再次支架置入治疗,2年后CT血管造影(CTA)复查未见扭曲和支架内再狭窄;另外7例行颈部血管超声检查,未见再狭窄和扭曲.结论 血管内支架成形术治疗颈内动脉狭窄伴扭曲,技术上是可行、安全的,可能有助于减少脑缺血发生,但有待于进一步观察.

Abstract：

Objective To study the necessity, feasibility, security of carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) for symptomatic carotid stenosis combined with kinking. Methods Twelve patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis and kinking demonstrated by digital subtraction angiography (DSA) received CAS from December 2003 to December 2009. There were 9 male and 3 female patients, age ranged from 59 to 77 years(mean 69.3 years). All the patients' clinical, imaging, intervention and follow up data were collected and analyzed. Results All CAS procedures were successfully performed with 14 self-expandable stents placed. The mean degree of stenosis was reduced from 85. 6% before stenting to 11.2% after stenting,the angle of kinking, according to Metz' category, were improved from less than 90° to more than 120° in each case. No perioperative procedure related stroke and tranient ichemic attack (TIA) occurred. The clinical symptoms and signs of cerebral ischemia were improved or disappeared for all patients. During follow-up of these 12 patients for 6 to 72 months, one patient experienced ipsilateral carotid territory TIA and another patient experienced contralateral carotid territory TIA. DSA follow up of 5 patients demonstrated 1 case with in-stent restenosis and arterial kinking remote to the stent of internal carotid artery. CAS were performed again and CT angiography follow up demonstrated no kinking and restenosis 2 years after the intervention. Duplex scan of the other 7 patients demonstrated neither kinking nor restenosis. Conclusions CAS seems to be feasible and safe for the patients with symptomatic kinking and stenosis, and maybe helpful to lower the risk of cerebral ischemia, but further study is needed.     

颈动脉内膜切除术治疗颅外颈内动脉重度狭窄的疗效

目的评价颈动脉内膜切除术治疗颅外颈内动脉重度狭窄的近远期疗效.方法20例患者接受21例侧颈动脉内膜切除术.其中缺血性卒中者7例,短暂性脑缺血者11例,无神经系统症状者2例.所有患者均行术前颈动脉Duplex超声检查,19例同时行DSA检查,18例行MRA检查.21侧手术的颈内动脉中,19侧狭窄≥70%,2侧狭窄60%～69%伴斑块溃疡.手术均采取颈丛麻醉,术中选择性地应用转流管和补片缝合.术后定期行超声检查和随访.结果术后30d内无死亡和卒中.围手术期有1例短暂性脑缺血发作和2例术后颅神经损伤.20例患者随访1～63个月,平均(31±20)个月.术后2年生存率和卒中发生率分别为92.3%和0,5年生存率和卒中发生率分别为79.1%和12.5%.2例随访中超声检查发现手术侧颈内动脉50%～60%的再狭窄.结论本组病例中,颈动脉内膜切除术治疗颅外颈内动脉重度狭窄取得了满意的围手术期结果和较好的预防卒中的远期疗效.     

颈动脉狭窄支架血管内成形术并发症23例分析

目的探讨颈动脉狭窄支架血管内成形术并发症发生的机制、预防和预后。方法回顾性分析 1997～ 2 0 0 3年接受颈动脉支架术的 312例患者中 2 3例并发症的资料。结果本组 2 3例并发症包括轻微并发症 19例 (6 1% ) ,其中 10例表现为术中一过性心率和血压下降 (3 2 % ) ;6例在球囊扩张时表现为一过性脑缺血症状 (1 9% ) ;3例在成功置入支架后出现血压下降 ,对症处理后恢复。严重并发症 4例 (1 3% ) ,其中术中栓子脱落 1例术后偏瘫经对症治疗后恢复 ;支架移位 1例、颈外动脉闭塞 1例无神经功能障碍以及术后过度灌注出血 1例 ,患者死亡。结论颈动脉狭窄支架血管内成形术可能发生严重的并发症 ,熟悉并发症产生的机制有利于预防其发生。     

置腔内转流管和颈动脉补片行颈动脉内膜剥脱术(附45例报告)

目的探讨颈动脉内膜切除剥脱术(CEA)的手术方法及技巧,以降低围手术期脑卒中发生率及术后再狭窄发生率。方法2001年3月至2005年3月复旦大学附属华山医院血管外科行CEA45例,其中颈动脉硬化单侧狭窄36例、双侧9例。短暂性脑缺血(TIA)32例,缺血性脑卒中7例,无神经系统症状者4例。术前常规行多普勒彩超检查,9例行DSA检查,38例行CTA检查。颈内动脉起始段平均狭窄为(69±12)%。所有病人均在全麻下行CEA,术中常规置颈动脉转流管及用牛心包补片作颈动脉成形术。手术时间平均110min,脑缺血时间平均2min45s。结果围手术期及术后30d均无死亡及脑卒中发生,2例分别于术后6h及10h出现TIA。术后随访6~42个月,均未发生脑卒中。32例TIA病人,28例症状消失,4例症状改善。1例8个月后颈动脉轻度狭窄(<30%),其余病人颈动脉均无再狭窄。结论颈动脉内膜剥脱术中,常规运用颈动脉转流管及常规采用牛心包补片做动脉成形术可使手术更安全有效及减少术后再狭窄的发生。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.