肉芽肿性乳腺炎的临床表现与X线及MRI诊断特点

目的探讨肉芽肿性乳腺炎(granulomatous mastitis,GM)的临床表现与X线及MRI诊断特点。资料与方法对31例经病理证实的GM患者的临床表现与X线及MRI资料进行回顾性分析。结果临床表现为乳房肿块短期内迅速增大,边缘不清与皮肤有粘连,部分伴有腋窝淋巴结肿大;钼靶X线表现呈多样性,病灶呈等密度或稍高于腺体密度结节状不规则影多见,部分显示局限性致密影结构紊乱,边缘不清、毛糙分叶及不规则状;MRT1WI呈等或高信号,T2WI呈高信号,增强扫描病变呈片状强化,高于周围正常腺体,边缘呈渐进性强化。结论 GM临床表现缺乏特异性,与乳腺X线与MRI相结合有助于准确诊断。     

低场强MRI在乳腺肿块诊断中的应用

目的探讨低场强MR机对乳腺肿块的诊断价值。方法对34例临床扪及乳腺肿块进行多序列MR I平扫,4例进行增强扫描。分析肿块的形态、边缘、信号表现,判断乳腺肿块的性质,并与手术病理结果比较。结果乳腺癌与良性乳腺肿块相比,在形态、边缘上差异明显(P<0.01);在信号上,乳腺癌与纤维腺瘤在T1W I上无差异(P>0.05),在T2W I及STIR上有显著差异(P<0.01),乳腺囊肿在T1W I、T2W I及STIR上信号特异。对照病理结果,本组病例MR I敏感性为94.1%,诊断符合率为82.4%。调整参数后,可得到1.5、3、5、7、10 m in不同时间内的增强扫描像。结论低场强MR I可以较客观地反映乳腺肿块的病理改变,是临床上用于乳腺肿块诊断较理想的影像学检查方法。     

非特异性肉芽肿性乳腺炎的影像学表现

目的 :探讨非特异性肉芽肿性乳腺炎(IGM)的X线、CT及MRI特征。方法 :回顾性分析53例经手术病理证实的IGM的X线、CT及MRI资料。结果:X线示15例病灶呈等或稍高于正常腺体密度肿块影;5例呈局限性致密影或结构扭曲;9例因腺体致密显示不清。CT示14例呈等或稍高于正常腺体密度肿块影,增强扫描明显强化;2例呈囊性改变,增强扫描边缘强化。MRI示T1WI呈等或稍高信号,T2WI呈不等高信号,增强扫描病变片状强化,信号高于正常腺体,部分病变伴脓肿形成,部分伴环形强化结节影,TIC呈多样性。X线、CT及MRI可见部分病例伴乳头内陷、局部皮肤增厚。结论:IGM乳腺X线表现特异性差,CT与MRI表现具有一定特异性,影像结合临床有助于准确诊断。     

乳腺分叶状肿瘤影像表现分析

目的：探讨乳腺分叶状肿瘤(PTB)影像表现特征。方法收集经手术病理证实的 PTB 35例,分析其临床特点及影像特征。结果35例 PTB(36个病灶)中19个良性,8个交界性,9个恶性。X 线表现为卵圆形(16/36)或分叶状肿块(20/36),大部分呈高密度(30/36),边界清晰(28/36),所有病灶均未见钙化、毛刺、皮肤增厚、乳头内陷及腋窝淋巴结肿大。1例 MRI 表现为分叶状肿块,T1 WI 呈等/稍低信号,T2 WI 呈不均匀高信号,DWI 呈稍高信号,动态增强时间-信号曲线为Ⅱ型。结论PTB 的临床及影像学表现具有一定的特点,术前可提示诊断,最终诊断依靠手术病理。     

乳腺巨大黏液腺癌一例

病例资料患者,女,48岁,已婚。因左乳腺肿块2年,进行性迅速增大2个月入院。自诉左乳胀痛,无发热、纳差,否认乳腺疾病家族史。查体:左侧乳腺可见25cm×25cm巨大包块,占据整个乳腺。乳头上方见5cm×4cm皮肤破溃,有少量血性分泌物,左腋下及锁骨上未见肿大淋巴结。实验室检查:血尿粪常规检查未见异常,HBsAg阴性。MRI检查:左侧乳腺呈巨大肿块状,边界尚清,肿块内可见分隔,其内呈混杂信号,可见囊变、出血,T1WI呈等低信号,T2WI呈混杂高信号,增强扫描病灶上部边缘明显强化。所见左胸壁及腋下未见明显肿大淋巴结(图1、2)。手术完整切除肿块,肿块与…     

乳腺疾病的CT诊断

目的明确乳腺疾病的ＣＴ征象，评价ＣＴ扫描在乳腺癌及腋窝淋巴结转移诊断中的价值。材料与方法报告乳腺疾病５３例，包括乳腺癌３０例，良性疾病２３例，均行ＣＴ扫描，其中４４例同时进行钼靶摄影。结果（１）乳腺癌ＣＴ表现为：圆形、椭圆形或不规则形肿块，边缘毛刺，导管牵拉征，库伯韧带受累，局部皮肤胸壁浸润及周围脂肪间隙变形。良性疾病：单纯增生表现为不规则形肿块及患侧腺体增厚；囊性增生典型表现为多发圆形含液体密度囊肿。（２）ＣＴ与钼靶摄影结果相比较，两者在良恶性乳腺疾病的鉴别方面具有相同价值。但在肿块靠近腋窝或胸壁等情况下，ＣＴ较钼靶更为实用；并且ＣＴ有助于乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移的诊断。结论ＣＴ扫描在乳腺病变的发现、病变良恶性的鉴别诊断以及腋窝淋巴结转移的诊断方面有很大价值。     

乳腺非肿瘤性病变的MRI表现

目的:探讨乳腺非肿瘤性病变的MRI表现。方法:分析38例乳腺内非肿瘤性病变的常规MRT1WI、T2WI、脂肪抑制序列T2WI、动态增强序列扫描的特点。结果:乳腺囊性增生症12例:T1WI和T2WI均呈均匀等信号,压脂后清晰显示乳腺导管系统自乳头向后方呈树枝状分布,其中增强后呈弥漫性斑点状强化8例,均匀片状强化2例,局限性小片状强化2例;囊肿6例:呈液体信号,囊液不强化,囊壁边缘轻度强化;术后瘢痕6例:局限性腺体聚拢4例,星芒样改变2例,但无病变实体,T1WI均呈等信号,T2WI呈等信号及低信号各3例,斑痕与周围腺体均无强化或轻度强化;自体脂肪隆胸后脂肪坏死3例:多发圆形及椭圆性脂肪信号肿块,动态增强各序列均无强化;注射聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶(postoperative augmentation mammoplasty with HPAG)假体泄漏7例:均显示假体轮廓不整,T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈均匀高信号,腺体周围清晰见泄漏的假体信号;慢性炎症4例:3例T1WI呈等低混杂信号,T2WI呈高信号,增强后呈明显均匀强化,1例TWI伴有灶性多发低信号。结论:正确认识乳腺非肿瘤性病变的MRI表现,可避免不必要的活检和手术。     

多发性内分泌腺瘤Ⅱa型的MRI表现

目的：探讨多发性内分泌腺瘤Ⅱa型(MENⅡa)的MRI表现，提高对该病的认识和诊断水平。方法：回顾性分析经临床手术病理证实的4例患者MRI资料，4例均行MRI平扫和增强扫描。结果：MENⅡa的MRI表现，嗜铬细胞瘤均发生在肾上腺，平扫表现为有完整包膜的信号均匀或不均匀的肿块，增强后呈不均匀强化，MRI特异性表现为T1WI呈明显高信号，出血、坏死、囊腔形成表现为信号不均匀。甲状腺髓样癌(medullary thyroid carcinoma，MTC)：肿瘤在T1WI上可为略低、略高或等信号，在T2WI上为不均匀高信号，转移淋巴结在STIR序列上呈明显高信号，增强后不均匀强化，淋巴结边缘明显强化，中央呈低信号。结论：MRI对MEN-Ⅱa的诊断及鉴别诊断具有重要价值，对评价肿瘤与周围结构的关系和制订手术方案十分重要。     

MRI STIR技术在诊断脊柱转移瘤中的应用价值

目的: 探讨STIR技术在MRI诊断脊柱转移瘤中的应用价值.材料和方法: 回顾性对照分析42例脊柱转移瘤之常规T1WI、T2WI及STIR序列的表现.结果: 42例共累及196个椎体.71个椎体T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈高信号,11个椎体T1WI、T2WI均呈低信号,114个椎体T1WI或T2WI呈混杂信号,病灶STIR序列均呈异常高信号.105个椎体形态无明显改变,91个椎体伴有后缘膨隆或压缩性骨折,11例继发椎管狭窄,14例伴椎旁软组织肿块,STIR序列能清晰显示以上所有异常.结论: STIR序列易于发现脊柱转移灶,可较准确地判断肿瘤的侵袭范围及程度,并有助于转移瘤的鉴别诊断.     

原发性乳腺弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤MRI表现及与病理对照

目的:探讨原发性乳腺弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤的MRI表现及其临床病理特征.方法:回顾性分析18例经组织病理学证实的原发性乳腺弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤的临床、MRI及病理学特征.结果:18例患者均为女性,平均年龄51岁.临床触及肿块18例,6例在短期内迅速增大.MRI检查共发现病灶25处,其中单发病灶13例,单侧多发病灶2例,双侧多发病灶3例.病灶在T1 WI上呈等或略低信号,T2 WI呈高或稍高信号.增强后呈肿块样强化19处(76.0％),其中形态呈椭圆形或不规则形16处(84.2％),内部均匀强化14处(73.7％);非肿块样强化6处,其中内部不均匀强化3处(50.0％);10处病灶内可见“血管造影征”.伴有皮肤增厚7例,同侧腋窝淋巴结肿大10例.病理学镜下表现为肿瘤性淋巴样细胞较大或中等大小,弥漫性分布,部分呈单行索条状排列.结论:原发性乳腺弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤的病理学基础决定了其MRI表现有一定特征性,MRI检查有助于本病的诊断及鉴别诊断.     

全身一体化MRI和扩散加权成像在淋巴结肿瘤性病变中的应用

目的:初步探讨全身一体化MR和扩散加权成像对全身淋巴结肿瘤性病变的应用价值,并研究影响图像质量的技术参数.方法:病理证实淋巴结肿瘤性病变患者31例,1.5T HD MR行全身一体化MR和全身STIR-DWI扫描.全身一体化扫描采用常规技术,从头到腹股沟区行冠状面扫描.全身STIR-DWI进行轴位分段扫描,利用软件包将各段图像拼接重建成全身图像.结果:所有DWI 、T1WI、T2WI和STIR检查顺利,获得清晰的图像.全身一体化MR有较好的空间分辨力,能够较好的显示全身的解剖结构,但对较小的淋巴结显示欠佳.全身STIR-DWI对肿瘤淋巴结的显示较为敏感.但是图像质量较差,伪影明显增加.结论:全身MR成像和扩散加权成像对全身淋巴结肿瘤性病变是快速可行并行之有效的技术,具有一定的临床价值.     

Sentinel lymph node after intramammary injection of superparamagnetic iron oxide

The purpose of this study was to evaluate enhancement (signal loss) of the axillary lymph nodes on MR lymphography after intramammary injection of superparamagnetic iron oxide (Ferumoxides) for detection of the sentinel lymph node. MR lymphography was performed in a total of 11 patients with breast cancer without palpable axillary lymph node swelling before operation. Coronal and axial images were obtained before and after intramammary injection of 1.5 ml Ferumoxides adjacent to the breast tumor. In all patients, decreased intensity was recognized in the axillary lymph nodes. MR lymphography could detect the sentinel lymph node with its decreased signal intensity 20 minutes after the intramammary injection of Ferumoxides.     

乳腺MRI在X线检查乳腺阴性腋淋巴结转移癌阳性患者中的应用价值

目的 探讨乳腺MR检查对临床乳腺触诊和X线检查均为阴性的腋淋巴结转移癌患者寻找其乳腺内原发病灶的应用价值.方法 分析33例以腋淋巴结转移癌为首诊表现(临床乳腺触诊和X线检查均为阴性)患者的乳腺MR影像资料,依据美国放射学会的乳腺影像报告和数据系统MRI标准对所有病变进行分析,并将MRI诊断结果与病理进行对照.结果 33例腋淋巴结转移癌患者中,30例临床行乳腺根治术,其中17例经病理证实为乳腺癌,乳腺MRI检出其中的16例,包括10例肿块性病变和6例非肿块性病变,肿块性病变直径0.5～2.6 cm(平均1.5 cm),直径≤1.5 cm者6例;非肿块性病变包括4例导管性强化和2例段性强化;另1例病理切片发现乳腺癌但乳腺MRI为阴性.其余13例行乳腺根治术患者病理检查未发现乳腺癌灶,其中9例乳腺MRI亦呈阴性表现,另4例MRI提示可疑癌灶.余3例临床未行手术治疗的患者,乳腺MRI亦为阴性.以病理诊断为金标准,MR检出乳腺原发癌灶的敏感度、特异度和准确度分别为94.1%、69.2%和83.3%.结论 相对于一般乳腺癌而言,隐匿性乳腺癌MRI表现更以小灶性的肿块性病变和导管或段性强化的非肿块性病变为常见表现类型.乳腺MR检查对隐匿性乳腺癌的检出具有较高的敏感度和准确度,应作为这类患者的常规检查手段.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the role of breast MRI in detecting the primary malignancy in patients presenting solely with axillary lymph node metastases. Methods Thirty-three patients with axillary lynph node metastases but negative findings on either physical examination or mammography underwent breast MRI to identify occult breast carcinoma. MRI of the breast was assessed according to BI-RADS criteria. The pathologic diagnosis was made according to the standard criteria by the WHO Classification of Tumor. Results Among 33 patients presenting solely with axillary metastases, 30 patients underwent modified radical mastectomy. Primary breast carcinoma was proven in 17 patients. MRI detected lesions in 16 patients, including 10 masses and 6 non-mass lesions. Size of the masses ranged from 0. 5 to 2. 6 cm (mean 1.5 cm). Six lesions were smaller than 1.5 cm in size. Non-mass lesions showed ductal enhancement in 4 cases and segmental enhancement in 2 cases. One patient with tumor detected by histopathology showed no abnormal enhancement on MRI. No tumor was found at mastectomy in the other 13 womeu, and negative MR findings were revealed in 9. Four cases with suspicious enhancement on MRI had no corresponding primary foci on pathology. Three patients didn't undergo surgical procedure. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of MRI in the diagnosis of the primary malignancy were 94. 1%,69. 2%, and 83.3%, respectively. Conclusions Small size of mass and ductal or segmental enhancement of non-mass lesion were common MR features of occult malignancy. MRI showed high sensitivity and accuracy in diagnosing occult breast carcinoma. Breast MRI should be taken in search of occult malignancy in patients with axillary metastases.     

乳腺MRI在X线检查乳腺阴性腋淋巴结转移癌阳性患者中的应用价值

目的 探讨乳腺MR检查对临床乳腺触诊和X线检查均为阴性的腋淋巴结转移癌患者寻找其乳腺内原发病灶的应用价值.方法 分析33例以腋淋巴结转移癌为首诊表现(临床乳腺触诊和X线检查均为阴性)患者的乳腺MR影像资料,依据美国放射学会的乳腺影像报告和数据系统MRI标准对所有病变进行分析,并将MRI诊断结果与病理进行对照.结果 33例腋淋巴结转移癌患者中,30例临床行乳腺根治术,其中17例经病理证实为乳腺癌,乳腺MRI检出其中的16例,包括10例肿块性病变和6例非肿块性病变,肿块性病变直径0.5～2.6 cm(平均1.5 cm),直径≤1.5 cm者6例;非肿块性病变包括4例导管性强化和2例段性强化;另1例病理切片发现乳腺癌但乳腺MRI为阴性.其余13例行乳腺根治术患者病理检查未发现乳腺癌灶,其中9例乳腺MRI亦呈阴性表现,另4例MRI提示可疑癌灶.余3例临床未行手术治疗的患者,乳腺MRI亦为阴性.以病理诊断为金标准,MR检出乳腺原发癌灶的敏感度、特异度和准确度分别为94.1%、69.2%和83.3%.结论 相对于一般乳腺癌而言,隐匿性乳腺癌MRI表现更以小灶性的肿块性病变和导管或段性强化的非肿块性病变为常见表现类型.乳腺MR检查对隐匿性乳腺癌的检出具有较高的敏感度和准确度,应作为这类患者的常规检查手段.     

乳腺MRI在X线检查乳腺阴性腋淋巴结转移癌阳性患者中的应用价值

目的 探讨乳腺MR检查对临床乳腺触诊和X线检查均为阴性的腋淋巴结转移癌患者寻找其乳腺内原发病灶的应用价值.方法 分析33例以腋淋巴结转移癌为首诊表现(临床乳腺触诊和X线检查均为阴性)患者的乳腺MR影像资料,依据美国放射学会的乳腺影像报告和数据系统MRI标准对所有病变进行分析,并将MRI诊断结果与病理进行对照.结果 33例腋淋巴结转移癌患者中,30例临床行乳腺根治术,其中17例经病理证实为乳腺癌,乳腺MRI检出其中的16例,包括10例肿块性病变和6例非肿块性病变,肿块性病变直径0.5～2.6 cm(平均1.5 cm),直径≤1.5 cm者6例;非肿块性病变包括4例导管性强化和2例段性强化;另1例病理切片发现乳腺癌但乳腺MRI为阴性.其余13例行乳腺根治术患者病理检查未发现乳腺癌灶,其中9例乳腺MRI亦呈阴性表现,另4例MRI提示可疑癌灶.余3例临床未行手术治疗的患者,乳腺MRI亦为阴性.以病理诊断为金标准,MR检出乳腺原发癌灶的敏感度、特异度和准确度分别为94.1%、69.2%和83.3%.结论 相对于一般乳腺癌而言,隐匿性乳腺癌MRI表现更以小灶性的肿块性病变和导管或段性强化的非肿块性病变为常见表现类型.乳腺MR检查对隐匿性乳腺癌的检出具有较高的敏感度和准确度,应作为这类患者的常规检查手段.     

布氏杆菌性脊椎炎的MRI表现

目的探讨MRI对布氏杆菌性脊椎炎的诊断价值。资料与方法 16例经临床或手术病理证实的布氏杆菌性脊椎炎行T1WI、T2WI、STIR及增强检查,分析其形态及信号特点。结果病变累及腰椎最多。椎体形态多无明显变化,椎体边缘可见小的骨质破坏及骨质增生。病变椎体T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈低等或等高信号或低等高混杂信号。STIR呈高信号。增强扫描病变椎体明显强化,与周围正常增强的椎体信号类似或更高。椎间盘7例变窄,信号变化不显著,呈等T1、等T2信号(与邻近椎间盘比较),只有2例T2WI呈高信号。16例均有椎管外软组织受累,呈不均匀长T1、长T2信号,边界模糊,STIR呈混杂高信号,内可见多发大小不等的脓腔,增强扫描显示脓腔壁厚薄不均不规则强化。10例有不同程度椎管内硬膜外脓肿,呈长T1、长T2信号,STIR呈高信号。增强扫描显示脓壁厚薄不均明显强化。脓肿范围较小,一般不超过病变椎体节段。结论布氏杆菌性脊椎炎MRI表现有一定的特征性,MRI对布氏杆菌性脊椎炎诊断及鉴别诊断有重要价值。     

Simultaneous bilateral breast and high-resolution axillary MRI of patients with breast cancer: preliminary results

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to develop a standardized one-step procedure for simultaneous high-resolution MRI of the axilla and bilateral breast MRI and to identify nodal features suggestive of metastatic involvement. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. We studied 16 women undergoing axillary lymph node dissection after combined bilateral breast MRI and high-resolution MRI of the axilla with a maximum in-plane resolution of 0.6 x 0.4 mm. MRI was performed using a standard double breast coil and a 15-cm round flexible surface coil adapted to the axilla. High-resolution axillary sequences, including inversion recovery T2- and spin-echo T1-weighted sequences, were performed before and after gadolinium chelates bolus injection. Axillary image analysis focused on nodal morphology including size, contour regularity, cortex and hilar appearance, signal intensity, and enhancement parameters. Axillary MRI findings were compared with the final pathogic results from axillary lymph node dissection in all patients. Patients were divided into groups according to the final pathologic axillary status. Differences in MRI lymph node features across the groups were tested using a t test for quantitative data and the chisquare test or Fisher's exact test for binary data. RESULTS: The features of the axilla on high-resolution MRI that best discriminated between patients with positive pathologic findings and those with negative pathologic findings were the presence of nodes with irregular contours (p < 10(-4)), high signal intensity on T2 sequences (p < 10(-3)), marked gadolinium enhancement (p < 10(-3)), and round hila and abnormal cortexes (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Breast tissue and axillary lymph nodes both can be analyzed on MRI in a one-step process using a bilateral breast coil combined with a surface coil. Morphologic features observed on high-resolution MRI of the axilla can improve the identification of metastatic nodes.     

乳腺髓样癌与纤维腺瘤MRI影像特征及病理对比研究

目的 研究乳腺髓样癌的磁共振表现和临床病理特征,并与纤维腺瘤进行比较.资料与方法 以行乳腺MRI检查并经病理证实的24例女性乳腺髓样癌患者为研究组,32例女性乳腺纤维腺瘤患者为对照组,术前15d内行MRI检查,分析两组患者的MRI表现及病理特征.结果 研究组有10例发生淋巴结转移,而对照组无淋巴结转移.实验组在所有序列上均清晰可见,直径一般为1.0～4.3cm; T1WI均呈低信号,T2WI 4例呈低信号,20例呈明显高信号,时间-信号强度曲线(TIC)为Ⅲ型和Ⅱ型;对照组形态多呈类圆形或分叶状,边界光整;T1WI 18例呈低信号,14例呈等信号,T2WI 2例呈低信号,TIC为Ⅰ型;两组形态、内部强化及病理分级、TIC方面比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),而患者年龄、病灶大小比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 MRI影像表现及病理特征有助于诊断乳腺髓样癌.