术中冰冻检查在诊断黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎中的作用

目的探讨术中冰冻切片检查在诊断黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎(xanthogranu lom atous cholecystitis,XGC)中的作用。方法统计我院10年间确诊XGC的33例病例,其中9例行术中冰冻切片检查。结果9例患者术前均行B超及CT检查,术前诊断为慢性结石性胆囊炎3例,胆囊癌5例,胆囊占位1例。所有患者的术中所见均有胆囊壁明显增厚,胆囊与肝脏胆囊床面、大网膜等周围组织明显粘连。行术中冰冻切片检查后,快速病理回报提示,3例明确诊断XGC,4例为慢性胆囊炎性病变,2例提示胆囊壁蜂窝组织炎样改变。4例行胆囊切除术,4例行部分胆囊切除术,1例行胆囊癌根治术。术后病理均诊断为XGC。结论XGC是一种特殊类型的慢性胆囊炎性病变,在临床上非常少见。胆囊慢性炎症使胆囊壁增厚,并与肝脏或临近组织粘连浸润,影像学上和大体上易误诊为胆囊癌。确诊XGC需依赖病理检查。术中冰冻切片检查可明确病变性质,排除胆囊恶性病变,对手术方式的选择有直接影响,避免了术中盲目扩大切除的可能。     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎误诊为胆囊癌十例分析

目的 分析黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎（xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis,XGC）误诊为胆囊癌的原因.方法 分析我院1996-2005年间确诊为黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的33例的临床资料,其中10例在术前和术中误诊为胆囊癌.结果 10例患者中B超和CT均诊断为胆囊癌5例,慢性胆囊炎1例;B超诊断为胆囊癌而CT诊断为慢性胆囊炎2例;B超诊断为慢性胆囊炎而CT诊断为胆囊癌2例;术中均见有胆囊壁增厚,胆囊与肝、大网膜等周围组织粘连.3例行胆囊切除＋肝部分切除术,6例行胆囊切除＋肝部分切除术＋肝十二指肠韧带清扫术,1例行部分胆囊切除＋胆囊空肠吻合＋横结肠部分切除.术后病理为黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎.结论 黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎影像学表现和肉眼所见易误诊为胆囊癌.确诊需依赖病理检查.术中冰冻组织学检查有助于明确病变性质.     

术前误诊为胆囊癌的黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎诊治分析

目的 探讨术前误诊为胆囊癌（GBC）的黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎（XGC）的诊断和治疗方式。方法回顾并收集2014年3月至2021年8月浙江省人民医院经病理科诊断为XGC且术前临床诊断为GBC的12例患者临床表现、实验室检查和影像学检查。结果 11例患者（91.7%）行腹腔镜手术,其中2例（16.7%）中转开腹;1例患者直接行开腹手术。手术方式：3例行单纯胆囊切除术;3例胆囊切除+肝脏部分切除;3例胆囊切除术+横结肠内瘘修补术;3例胆囊切除术+胆总管探查术+T管引流。病理检查示：所有患者术中见胆囊壁局部增厚伴肿大;10例（83.3%）胆囊与周围组织粘连明显;4例（33.3%）肝门区淋巴结增大。术后1例患者出现切口感染,1例患者腹腔积液伴感染,均无远期并发症。结论 XGC是一种胆囊良性疾病,但极易误诊为GBC,术前的准确诊断具有挑战性。因此,临床医师、放射科医师在考虑诊断GBC时应考虑XGC的可能性,当怀疑为XGC时应尽早进行手术治疗。腹腔镜腹部探查和术中冰冻检查可有效避免GBC误诊和漏诊。     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的诊治(附22例报告)

目的　探讨黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎 (XGC)的诊断和治疗。方法　对我院 1 990年 2月 -2 0 0 0年 3月间收治的 2 2例XGC作回顾性分析。结果　XGC占同期胆囊标本的 1 .4% (2 2 1 5 2 3 )。临床表现与一般胆囊炎类似 ,B超示胆囊壁不规则隆起或增厚 7例 ,CT检查 5例怀疑为胆囊癌 ,肿瘤标志物检查 1例铁蛋白 (SF)轻度升高 ;伴黄疸 4例中 1例合并胆总管结石 ,1例合并胰头癌。术前全部误诊。术中冰冻切片检查 1 0例 ,4例确诊为XGC ,其余为术后病理诊断。行胆囊大部切除术 2例 ,胆囊切除加肝边缘不规则切除术 2例 ,其余行单纯胆囊切除。全部治愈。结论　XGC是一种特殊类型的胆囊炎 ,临床表现不典型 ,易与胆囊癌相混淆 ,术前难于诊断。组织病理学检查是确诊的重要手段。胆囊切除是常用的术式 ,不能排除胆囊癌时应扩大手术范围。本病预后良好     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎78例临床分析北大核心CSCD

目的探讨黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎（xanthogranulomatouscholecystitis,XGC）的病因、诊断及治疗。方法回顾性分析1985年1月至2012年12月78例经病理确诊的XGC患者的临床资料。结果78例患者均行B超检查,其中50例同时行CT检查,术前诊断：慢性结石性胆囊炎60例,胆囊癌伴胆囊结石8例,胆囊占位性病变10例。术前诊断胆囊结石的68例中胆囊颈结石并嵌顿者达67例,占98．5％,由于胆汁淤积、渗入破损的胆囊壁,可引起XGC的发生。78例均行手术治疗：胆囊切除术48例,胆囊部分切除或大部切除术13例,胆囊切除加肝脏部分楔形切除术12例,胆囊与周围粘连成块状误诊为胆囊癌行肝脏部分切除术5例;其中合并胆总管结石17例同时行胆总管切开取石术;损伤肝总管2例同时行胆管空肠Roux—en—Y形吻合术。78例手术或易或难,可顺利完成,无严重并发症。结论XGC是一种特殊类型慢性胆囊炎,并伴黄色肉芽肿形成。术前诊断困难,术中快速冷冻或术后石蜡切片病理检查是诊断的关键手段。     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的诊治（附22例报告）

目的 探讨黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎(XGX)的诊断和治疗。方法 对我院1990年2月-2000年3月间收治的22例XGC作回顾性分析。结果 XGC占同期胆囊标本的1．4％(22／1523)。临床表现与一般胆囊炎类似，B超示胆囊壁不规则隆起或增厚7例，GF检查5例怀疑为胆囊癌，肿瘤标志物检查1例铁蛋白(SF)轻度升高；伴黄疸4例中例合并胆总管结石，1例合并胰头癌。术前全部误诊。术中冰冻切片检查10例，4例确诊为XGC，其余为术后病理诊断。行胆囊大部切除术2例，胆囊切除加肝边缘不规则切除术2例，其余行单纯胆囊切除。全部治愈。结论 XGC是一种特殊类型的胆囊炎，临床表现不典型，易与胆囊癌相混淆，术前难于诊断。组织病理学检查是确诊的重要手段。胆囊切除是常用的术式，不能排除胆囊癌时应扩大手术范围。本病预后良好。     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的诊治探讨

目的探讨黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎（XGC）的诊断与治疗。方法回顾17例XGC的临床资料。结果术前B超检查17例,反复CT检查6例,均未能明确诊断,全部病例均术后病理确诊。手术方式：12例行胆囊切除术,2例行胆囊大部切除术,3例行胆囊床肝脏楔形切除术和肝十二指肠韧带淋巴结清扫术,17例均治俞。结论XGC是一种少见的特殊型的慢性胆囊炎,影像学检查易与胆囊癌混淆,确诊依赖病理检查,手术切除是早期诊断治疗的的最佳方法。术中冰冻切片病理检查,避免手术盲目扩大化。     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎21例诊治分析

目的 探讨黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎（xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis,XGC）的临床诊断与治疗。方法回顾分析2000年1月-2006年1月收治的21例XGC临床资料。结果 术前初步诊断为XGC4例,慢性胆囊炎10例,胆囊癌或疑为胆囊癌7例。本组行胆囊部分及完全切除19例,其中附加胆总管切开取石、T管引流3例,胆囊癌根治2例。术中冰冻切片17例证实为XGC,2例为慢性胆囊炎,2例不排除胆囊癌。21例均术后2周顺利出院。术后常规病理检查均证实为XGC。结论 XGC临床表现无特异性,临床表现基本与胆囊结石、胆囊炎相似,术前诊断困难,难以与一般胆囊炎及胆囊癌鉴别,确诊尚需依靠组织病理学检查。XGC属于良性疾病,胆囊切除预后良好,无复发,无需扩大手术范围,提高术前诊断率及术中快速冰冻切片检查有助于手术方式的选择,避免扩大手术而带来一些不必要的并发症。     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎23例临床分析

目的探讨黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎(XGC)的临床特点并总结诊治经验。方法回顾性分析2014-01—2017-01间经病理确诊的23例XGC患者的临床资料。结果 23例XGC患者均经术后病理学检查确诊。3例行OC,术中发现肝床脓肿1例,同时予以清除病灶和腹腔引流。20例行LC的患者中,3例中转开腹手术切除胆囊,11例行保留后壁的胆囊部分切除,6例成功实施LC。6例合并胆总管结石患者,二期成功实施内镜下逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)取石。术前疑似胆囊癌的6例患者,4例术中肉眼观察不支持胆囊癌,2例术中行快速冰冻病理检查排除胆囊癌。手术时间45～175 min,平均100.4 min。术中出血量15～150 ml,平均35.4 ml。除2例术后发生腹腔感染,经抗感染治疗痊愈外,其余患者均顺利康复。术后随访3～6个月,复查肝胆彩超,未发现异常。结论 XGC易合并胆总管结石,以胆囊壁增厚为基本形态改变,应注意与胆囊癌鉴别。手术疗效确切,应根据胆囊病变的局部情况,选择相应的手术方式。     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的诊治(附8例报告)

目的　探讨黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎 (XGC)的诊断和治疗。方法　回顾 8例XGC的临床资料。结果　XGC占同期胆囊标本的 0 5 % (8/1 60 0 )。临床表现与慢性结石性胆囊炎一致。B超检查 8例 ,CT检查 3例 ,术前全部误诊。术中病理确诊 2例、术后病理确诊 6例。 8例行胆囊切除 ;其中 4例行胆囊床肝脏楔形切除 ,同时行肝十二指肠韧带内淋巴结清扫加右半结肠切除、胃大部分切除各 1例 ,全部治愈。结论　XGC是一种少见特殊类型的慢性胆囊炎 ,影像学检查易与胆囊癌混淆 ,确诊依赖病理检查。手术是早期诊断和治疗的最佳途径。胆囊切除是常用的术式 ,炎症浸润肝脏等周围组织或不能排除胆囊癌时应扩大手术范围。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.