外伤性脾破裂保脾治疗的探讨

探讨外伤性脾破裂保脾治疗的临床经验. 分析了63例外伤性脾破裂保脾治疗的方法和治疗效果. 12例保守治疗治愈,51例手术保脾的患者无一例切口感染,无腹腔内感染,切口一期愈合. 对外伤性脾破裂患者,有条件的情况下,应尽可能采用保脾治疗.     

外伤性脾破裂29例非手术治疗体会

目的 探讨外伤性脾破裂的非手术治疗适应证及临床效果。方法 对非手术治疗29例外伤性脾破裂的临床资料进行分析。结果 非手术治疗成功27例（93．1％），住院时间为8-32d，平均16d，27例出院后经随访（3个月～2年，平均1.4年）及CT检查。证实脾破裂已愈合，无并发症发生。其余2例于入院后72h出现迟发性出血中转手术治疗。结论 非手术治疗外伤性脾破裂是保脾治疗的一项重要措施，只要严格掌握适应证，此方法还是较安全的。     

外伤性脾破裂保脾治疗的探讨

探讨外伤性脾破裂保脾治疗的临床经验。分析了63例外伤性脾破裂保脾治疗的方法和治疗效果。12例保守治疗治愈，51例手术保脾的患者无一例切口感染，无腹腔内感染，切口一期愈合，对外伤性脾破裂患者，有条件的情况下，应尽可能采用保脾治疗。     

基层医院诊治外伤性脾破裂32例的体会

目的 总结外伤性脾破裂的诊断与治疗。方法 回顾性分析2000年1月～2006年1月收治的32例外伤性脾破裂的临床资料。结果 非手术治疗8例，脾切除术16例，脾修补术16例，保脾手术2例。全部治愈出院，术后无严重并发症发生。结论 及时诊断和根据外伤情况选择术式是提高临床治愈率的关键。     

外伤性脾破裂18例非手术治疗体会

目的 总结外伤性脾破裂非手术治疗的适应症及临床效果。方法 回顾性分析18例外伤性脾破裂非手术治疗的临床资料。结果 非手术治疗成功17例（94．4％），中转手术治愈1例，住院时间9～21d，平均15d。结论 非手术治疗外伤性脾破裂是保脾的一项重要措施，只要严格掌握适应症，严密观察病情变化，此方法是比较安全的。     

外伤性脾破裂40例非手术治疗经验

目的 总结外伤性脾破裂非手术治疗的临床经验。方法 总结分析Ⅰ级脾损伤程度的40例非手术保脾的治疗经验。结果 除2例因治疗中于第3、5d出现活动性出血而中转手术治疗外，其余均非手术治疗成功，成功率为95％。住院时间8～20d，平均15d。38例出院3月后B超、CT复查均证实脾破裂已愈合．随访3月至半年，无1例再出血。结论 非手术治疗外伤性脾破裂具有可行性，合理掌握适应症，避免不必要的手术．避免了因切脾而出现的凶险性感染等，降低了患者的住院费用，节省了人力、物力。     

脾破裂42例诊治体会

目的探讨外伤性脾破裂的诊断和治疗方法。方法回顾分析42例外伤性脾破裂的临床资料,结合相关文献进行探讨。结果本组42例,非手术治疗4例,其中1例中转手术,手术治疗38例,手术治疗中,脾修补术2例,脾叶段动静脉接扎加脾部分切除术6例,脾切除手术30例（其中自体脾片移植术19例）,其中死亡1例,非手术治疗无死亡。结论外伤性脾破裂应根据受伤程度和患者的全身情况采用不同的治疗措施,遵从挽救生命第一,保留器官第二的原则。     

76例脾破裂治疗体会

目的探讨76例脾破裂的临床体会。方法对76例脾破裂患者行非手术治疗15例,手术治疗61例,其中脾部分切除2例,脾切除40例。结果所有患者无死亡病例,并无相关并发症的发生。结论根据患者的不同情况进行手术和非手术治疗,对不能强求保脾的,应行全脾切除术。     

非手术治疗创伤性脾破裂112例分析

目的探讨Ⅰ-Ⅳ级外伤性脾破裂治疗方式的选择。方法回顾分析我院近5年来112例Ⅰ-Ⅳ级外伤性脾破裂患者临床资料。结果112例Ⅰ-Ⅳ级外伤性脾破裂患者中一般保守治疗81例，介入栓塞止血11例，急诊开腹手术13例，中断保守治疗行开腹手术7例；入院时查CT腹腔未见游离液体或少量游离液体67例，保脾治疗成功67例；腹腔中量游离液体者45例，保脾治疗成功25例；按美国外伤外科学会AAST分级制订的脾脏损伤程度分级标准，Ⅰ级24例，Ⅱ级30例，Ⅲ级42例，Ⅳ16例。结论有选择的保脾治疗脾破裂是安全、有效的治疗方法，其中入院时血压稳定，腹腔无或少量游离液体者能保持较高的保脾治疗成功率；介入栓塞止血能显著提高保脾治疗的成功率。     

脾动脉栓塞治疗外伤性脾破裂的临床应用

目的探讨脾动脉栓塞治疗外伤性脾破裂的临床疗效及应用价值。 方法穿刺股动脉,行脾动脉造影后行脾动脉栓塞,治疗外伤性脾破裂6例。 结果6例患者术后均出现左上腹不同程度胀痛,术后均出现发热,最高体温38.5 ℃,5例患者出现少量胸腔积液。6例患者术后均未再出现出血,保脾成功,顺利出院。 结论在病情允许情况下,脾动脉栓塞治疗外伤性脾破裂止血效果确切,有效保留脾脏免疫功能,且患者创伤小,恢复快。     

Splenic rupture, beyond and behind: a histological, morphometric and follow-up study of 254 cases.

OBJECTIVE: Population-based data regarding splenic rupture causes are sparse. To systematically characterize histology and morphometry of splenic rupture, we performed a retrospective clinicopathological study of 254 patients. METHODS: Our electronic data base was reviewed and all splenic rupture cases were morphologically, morphometrically and, where needed, molecularly analyzed. Clinical and follow-up data were gained by reviewing patient charts. A formula to calculate splenic volume based on size was established and results were compared to the actual volumes. RESULTS: Ruptured spleens presented 0.1% of all gross surgical pathology specimens. Nearly 90% were due to trauma and approximately 10% were pathologic, being associated with underlying diseases (5% with unexpected diseases) such as splenic angiomas, granulomatous diseases, infarctions, hepatopathies, cysts, hemorrhagic diatheses, hematological neoplasms, metastatic carcinoma and collagenosis. Men were more often affected than women. Morphometric analysis showed distinct splenic weights, volumes and capsule thicknesses with respect to the different rupture causes. Pathological ruptures were predominantly observed in elderly, male patients with larger spleens. CONCLUSIONS: Splenic rupture is due to an often unexpected underlying disease in approximately 10% of the cases. This should be kept in mind when dealing with susceptible patient groups.     

Overwhelming infection after splenectomy in spite of some spleen remaining and splenosis

Summary A fatal case of overwhelming postsplenectomy pneumococcal sepsis is presented occurring in a 37-year-old female 11 years after removal of the spleen because of traumatic rupture. The patient died 11 h after admission to hospital and about 32 h after sudden onset of illness. At necropsy splenic tissue, splenosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and thrombi within the arterioles consisting of gram-positive cocci and adrenal hemorrhage were found. The clinical, laboratory, and postmortem findings are described. Reports had been published of 41 other cases of overwhelming postsplenectomy infection (OPSI) in patients aged 20 years ore more, but only three of these cases of OPSI syndrome occurred in spite of remaining splenic tissue. The longest interval between extirpation of spleen and subsequent sepsis was 42 years, indicating a small but lifelong risk of severe infection in asplenic patients. In view of the literature, the role of spleen in infection defence, the splenic function in blood clearance, and the prevention of postsplenectomy infections by antibiotical prophylaxis, pneumococcal vaccine, and reimplantation of autochthonous splenic tissue or infrared contact coagulation are discussed.     

CD27 distinguishes two phases in bone marrow infiltration of splenic marginal zone lymphoma

AIMS: To investigate CD27 expression in splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL), an indolent low-grade B-cell lymphoma with constant involvement of the bone marrow, especially with an intrasinusoidal pattern. It is not clear if the neoplastic clone is composed of virgin or somatically mutated B cells. CD27 is reported to be a hallmark of memory B cells. METHODS AND RESULTS: We evaluated 64 bone marrow biopsy specimens (BMBs) from 36 patients with SMZL for the expression of CD27. For comparison, splenectomy specimens of patients with traumatic splenic rupture or with SMZL were used. All BMBs showed lymphomatous infiltration. When located in the marrow sinusoids, neoplastic cells were CD27- in all cases and therefore corresponded to naive B cells. In nodular/interstitial infiltration, the cells were CD27+ and therefore corresponded to memory B cells. No difference in immunohistochemical expression of B and T antibodies was found between intrasinusoidal and interstitial/nodular infiltration. CD27 was constantly expressed in the splenic marginal zone of normal spleen, surgically removed for trauma, and in seven out of 10 spleens with SMZL. CONCLUSION: We propose the existence of two different phases of neoplastic progression with, first, expansion of a virgin B clone in the bone marrow and, following exposure to antigen, a re-colonization of the bone marrow.     

Milzruptur

Though rare, splenic rupture is the most common indication for splenectomy. In the vast majority of cases ruptures are clearly related to trauma (traumatic ruptures); in other cases there is a pre-existing disease affecting the spleen (pathologic ruptures); and in a minority of patients no obvious reason can be identified (spontaneous ruptures). In approximately 10% of cases an iatrogenic cause, in the broadest sense (including side effects of drugs), and relevant histological findings (approximately half of which will be unexpected) can be anticipated. Knowledge of pathophysiological aspects of splenic rupture and assessment of simple macroscopic findings such as splenic dimensions and weight, and information on macroscopically visible lesions are of key diagnostic importance, as is accurate microscopic examination with targeted histological pattern analysis, supplemented as appropriate by histo- and immunohistochemical studies on adequately prepared material.     

胎,婴儿脾的外形与脾叶动脉分布的关系

观察研究了７９例胎、婴儿的脾。在描记脾外形的基础上，求出以脾的最大投影面积与其重的回归方程；记录分析了脾切迹、裂及其与脾内叶、段动脉分布的关系；在３１例胎儿脾透明标本上分离了上、下叶和极段，测算结果主要有：上叶大于下叶者占５８．１％，而上叶小于或等于下叶者分别占２５．８％和１６％，极段一般小于脾大小的１／４。     

The splenic red pulp; a histomorphometrical study in splenectomy specimens embedded in methylmethacrylate

The anatomy and pathology of the splenic red pulp was studied in three-dimensional reconstructions of methylmethacrylate embedded blocks of tissue obtained after splenectomy, as well as by morphometrical analysis of a large number of specimens. The sinuses of the spleen form a plexus of anastomosing vessels with remarkable buds. Capillaries end as sheathed capillaries in the cord tissue, the 'filtering' area, but a large proportion of the red pulp cords appear to be 'non-filtering'. These might form part of the lymphatic compartment, which is separate from the white pulp and its extension along the capillaries. This area has not yet been described in man. The change in the volume and structure of the various components of the red pulp were studied in 60 controls and in cases of traumatic rupture, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, aplastic anaemia, autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, congenital spherocytosis, splenic congestion, and Hodgkin's disease. Significant differences were found in the volume of filtering and non-filtering areas, the size of the sinus compartment, and the degree of vascularization; these differences were only partially expected, for instance in disorders with excessive erythrocyte sequestration. A decrease of the 'non-filtering' area in Hodgkin's disease might indicate an unknown aspect of this disease. In agreement with our previous paper on the amount of white pulp, spleens removed because of traumatic rupture and those incidentally removed during abdominal surgery may not be combined as a single control group, because of significant and probably functional differences in the composition also of the red pulp.     

The pathology of the spleen in steroid-treated immune thrombocytopenic purpura

The spleen is a central organ in the pathophysiology of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Splenic lymphoid tissue synthesizes anti-platelet IgG, and splenic cordal macrophages destroy platelets coated with anti-platelet antibodies. The morphologic features of the spleen in this disease reflect this splenic function: hypertrophied lymphoid follicles with secondary germinal centers in the white pulp, with perivascular plasma cells in the red pulp and evidence of increased platelet phagocytosis in cords of the Billroth. Foamy macrophages and evidence of a variable degree of extramedullary hematopoiesis also have been noted. The authors have studied 17 spleens removed for therapeutic purposes in patients with proven ITP previously treated with varying amounts of corticosteroids. In all cases there was little or no morphologic evidence of follicular hyperplasia or plasmacytosis. However, platelet sequestration and phagocytosis were demonstrated easily in all cases, both in histologic sections and in touch imprints. The authors' findings indicate that morphologic evidence of lymphoid activation characteristic in spleens from patients with ITP usually is ablated by prior corticosteroid therapy but that the characteristic platelet sequestration and phagocytosis persists.     

Blast injury to the spleen and pancreas after a non-penetrating gunshot wound--result after 12 years

The spleen is the most frequently injured organ in adults who sustain blunt abdominal trauma. The aim is to report on a patient with non-penetrating gunshot traumatic injury to the spleen and pancreas, and to evaluate the result after 12 years A soldier with gunshot wound of the left lateral abdominal wall was admitted to the Military Hospital in Mostar in the year 1993. The patient was hemodynamically unstable and underwent emergency surgery. On wound exploration, there was no abdominal penetration. Because of hemodynamic instability, we decided to perform emergency laparotomy and abdominal exploration. The spleen and distal pancreas were shattered. Splenectomy and hemostasis were performed. The peritoneum was closed and the abdominal wall wound healed secondarily. The patient was in good condition postoperatively. Now, after 12 years, the patient is free from any sequel of the war injury. Blast injury to the spleen can result from non-penetrating abdominal gunshot wounds despite the absence of injury to the peritoneum. In war conditions, the diagnosis and indications are usually based on clinical findings only because special investigations, including ultrasound and CT are not readily available. The management of splenic injury has been rapidly modified over the last decade, with ever more emphasis on splenic salvage and nonoperative management, however, these procedures cannot be performed in war conditions. War injuries to the spleen are life threatening and emergency open splenectomy is the only solution.     

The role of nonoperative management of the injured spleen.

The role of selective nonoperative management of blunt splenic injuries in adults has been the focus of considerable controversy over the last decade. This article reviews the markedly contrasting experiences of proponents and opponents of this approach. When strict selection criteria are applied (ie, hemodynamic stability, opportunity for close observation, and radiographic confirmation of severity of injury), nonoperative management of blunt splenic injuries can be expected to be successful in more than 80% of cases where it is applied. However, these same criteria would select only about one-quarter of adults with blunt splenic injuries for nonoperative management, and mandate early surgery in the remaining three fourths. There is a limited role for nonoperative management of adults with blunt splenic injuries. The greatest contribution to increasing splenic salvage, however, can be expected to come from improved techniques in operative splenic repair.