Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in acute myocardial infarction and its impact on hospital outcomes

AIMS:

To ascertain the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with acute myocardial infarction; to study the impact of the metabolic syndrome on hospital outcomes; and to find out the association of each component of the metabolic syndrome with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).

SETTING:

Coronary care unit, Department of Medicine, B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal.

DESIGN:

Hospital-based cross-sectional study.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

A total of 84 unselected consecutive patients hospitalized with AMI (diagnosed on the basis of WHO criteria) were categorized according to NCEP ATP III criteria.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:

Data was analyzed by using the Student''s t test and Chi-square test.

RESULTS:

Among the 84 AMI patients, 22 (26.19%) fulfilled the criteria for metabolic syndrome. Patients with the metabolic syndrome were older (86% were >50 years of age) and females (27%) were more affected than males (25%). In-hospital case fatality was higher in patients having the metabolic syndrome (5/22) than in those without the syndrome (3/62). Among the five components of the metabolic syndrome, the triglyceride levels had the highest positive predictive value (62%) in AMI; this was followed by fasting blood glucose levels (55%).

CONCLUSION:

The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is 26.19%; it is associated with high mortality; among its components, the triglyceride level has the highest positive predictive value in AMI patients.     

The impact of metabolic syndrome and hypertension on medical costs of patients with acute myocardial infarction at hospital

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to find out the impact of metabolic syndrome (MS) and hypertension on medical costs of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) at hospital. Methods: Patients with AMI at Qilu Hospital of Shandong University during January 2011 to May 2013 were separated into four groups according to whether with MS or history of hypertension. Comparison of medical costs, complication rate and cost-effectiveness ratio were analyzed. Results: We found that total costs, each day costs, medical treatment costs, chemical examination costs and drug costs were significantly different in four groups. In variance analysis, MS led to high medical costs without significance. Hypertension was a significant factor influencing medical costs and lead to low medical costs. In multiple linear regression, we found that body mass index (BMI) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were important predictors of total costs and each day costs. With higher BMI and utilization rate of PCI, medical costs were increased. Trend of total costs in four groups is similar to that of the rate of PCI utilization. Conclusions: Metabolic syndrome has no impact on medical costs because of discordance in MS components. Hypertension will lead to lower PCI utilization rate, which results in less medical costs and bad hospital outcomes.     

Leukocytosis and adverse hospital outcomes after acute myocardial infarction

An elevated white blood cell (WBC) count at the time of hospital presentation is associated with increased mortality after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The association between WBC count and the development of clinically significant complications of AMI and death during hospitalization for AMI is, however, less clear. The objectives of this observational study were to examine the association between baseline WBC count, the development of heart failure, cardiogenic shock, and death during hospitalization for AMI from a more generalizable community-wide perspective. The study sample consisted of adult residents of all ages from the Worcester, Massachusetts, metropolitan area (1990 census estimate 437,000) hospitalized with confirmed AMI at all greater Worcester medical centers. The study population consisted of 3,796 men and 2,734 women of all ages hospitalized with validated AMI, in 12 annual periods between 1986 and 1999, aggregated into quintiles based on WBC count obtained at the time of hospital admission. In multivariable-adjusted regression analyses controlling for potentially confounding demographic and clinical factors, patients in the uppermost quintiles of WBC count were at increased risk for heart failure (odds ratio [OR] 2.77, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.33 to 3.31), cardiogenic shock (OR 2.82, 95% CI 2.05 to 3.87), and hospital death (OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.66 to 2.76). The results of our large observational study suggest that the peripheral total leukocyte count is strongly associated with the development of heart failure, cardiogenic shock, and death during hospitalization for AMI. These findings suggest that the WBC count should be considered an important prognostic factor associated with adverse hospital outcomes in patients with AMI.     

代谢综合征对急性心肌梗死近期预后的影响

目的:探讨代谢综合征(MS)对急性心肌梗死(AMI)左心室重构、心功能变化和30 d心性病死率的预测价值。方法:按NCEP-ATPⅢ标准将113例AMI患者分为MS组(53例)和非MS组(60例),比较2组患者左心室重构、心功能和30 d心性病死率。结果:MS组左心房内径、左心室舒张末期内径、左心室质量指数、左心室舒张末期容积、左心室收缩末期容积均较非MS组明显增加(P<0.05,P<0.01),左心室射血分数较非MS组明显减少(P<0.05)。30 d心性病死率,非MS组为1.7%,MS组为13.2%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:并有MS的AMI患者左心室重构和心功能损害更明显,30 d心性死亡危险增加。     

急性心肌梗死合并代谢综合征患者的预后分析

目的探讨代谢综合征在急性心肌梗死患者人群中的发病情况并分析其对预后的影响。方法筛选初发急性心肌梗死后收治入院的患者304例,根据是否合并有代谢综合征进行为期两年的随访。随访结束后将资料完整的263例患者分为合并代谢综合征组(136例)和无代谢综合征组(1 27例)。平均随访时间(28.3±15.7)个月。比较两组患者的主要心脏事件发生情况和病死率,分析综合治疗条件下代谢综合征对急性心肌梗死患者预后的影响。结果急性心肌梗死患者中代谢综合征的患病率为51.7%;合并代谢综合征组患者较无代谢综合征组患者远期出现了更多的复发心绞痛(22.1%vs 10.2%,P=0.006),但两组在复发心肌梗死、再入院和新发脑血管疾病等方面,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);合并代谢综合征组急性心肌梗死患者病死率为24.3%。结论代谢综合征在急性心肌梗死患者中具有较高的患病率和病死率,是预测急性心肌梗死患者死亡的危险因素。     

Clinical impact of metabolic syndrome and its additive effect with smoking on subsequent cardiac events after acute myocardial infarction

Little information is available regarding the clinical effect of metabolic syndrome (MS) or its combined effect with smoking on subsequent cardiac events after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). To examine whether MS independently predicts cardiac events (cardiac death and nonfatal reinfarction) and to assess the combined effect of MS and smoking on cardiac events after AMI, we studied 3,858 survivors of AMI registered in the Osaka Acute Coronary Insufficiency Study (OACIS). During a median follow-up of 725 days, the incidence of cardiac events was higher in patients with MS than in those without MS (p=0.021). After adjustment for baseline characteristics, MS was an independent predictor of cardiac events after AMI (hazard ratio [HR] 1.480, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.128 to 1.942, p=0.005). Compared with patients who did not have MS and were nonsmokers, the adjusted HR for cardiac events was 2.868 (95% CI 1.573 to 5.227, p=0.001) in patients with MS who continued smoking after AMI. Cessation of smoking after AMI was associated with a significantly lower risk of cardiac events in patients with MS (HR 0.485, 95% CI 0.281 to 0.837, p=0.009) but not in patients without MS (HR 0.618, 95% CI 0.330 to 1.157, p=0.132). In conclusion, MS is independently associated with an increased risk of cardiac events after AMI. Smoking has an additive adverse effect on cardiac events after AMI, and cessation of smoking is beneficial and strongly recommended for AMI, especially in patients with MS.     

合并代谢综合征的急性心肌梗死患者临床特征

目的 探讨合并代谢综合征(MS)的急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者的临床特征.方法 对81例合并MS的AMI患者及94例无MS的AMI患者进行回顾性研究,比较两组患者的基础临床情况、诱发因素、临床表现、梗死部位及心肌酶.结果与非 MS组相比,MS组年龄较大,女性患者所占比率较高(34.6%比17.0%,P＜0.01),吸烟和冠心病家族史比率较低(分别为43.2%比59.6%,13.6%比25.5%,均P＜0.05),饱餐后或情绪激动时发病率较高(分别为18.5%比7.4%,13.6%比4.3%,均P＜0.05),有胸痛者少(66.7%比81.9%,P＜0.05),心功能≥KillipⅡ级者较多(35.8%比22.3%,P＜0.05),住院病死率高(22.2%比10.6%.P＜0.05),前壁范围所占比率较高(51.9%比36.2%,P＜0.05),肌酸激酶同工酶较高[(147±19)U/L比(122±14)U/L,P＜0.01].结论 与无MS的AMI患者相比,合并MS的AMI患者年龄较大,女性患者较多,近期预后较差.     

合并代谢综合征的急性心肌梗死患者临床特征

目的探讨合并代谢综合征（MS）的急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者临床特征。方法对81例合并MS的AMI患者及94例无MS的AMI患者进行回顾性研究,比较两组患者的基础临床情况、诱发因素、临床表现、梗死部位及心肌损伤标记物情况。结果与非MS组相比,MS组年龄较大,女性患者较多（34.6%vs.17.0%;P〈0.01）,而吸烟和冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病（冠心病）家族史较低（分别为43.2%vs.59.6%;13.6%vs.25.5%;P均〈0.05）,饱餐后或情绪激动时发病较高（分别为18.5%vs.7.4%;13.6%vs.4.3%;P均〈0.05）,有胸痛者少（66.7%vs.81.9%;P〈0.05）,泵功能≥KillipⅡ级者较多（35.8%vs.22.3%;P〈0.05）,住院病死率高（22.2%vs.10.6%;P〈0.05）,前壁梗死较高（51.9%vs.36.2%;P〈0.05）,肌酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）较高[（147±19）U/Lvs.（122±14）U/L;P〈0.01]。结论与无MS的AMI患者相比,合并MS的AMI患者年龄较大,女性患者较多,近期预后较差。     

Prevalence and secular trends of excess body weight and impact on outcomes after myocardial infarction in the community

OBJECTIVES: To determine the trends in the prevalence of overweight and obese individuals among patients with myocardial infarction (MI), and to assess the association between weight and outcomes after MI. DESIGN: Population-based cohort study. METHODS: MIs occurring in Olmsted County, MN, between 1979 and 1998 were validated using standardized criteria. Clinical characteristics and outcomes were ascertained from community medical records. The prevalence and trends of excess weight and its association with outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: Sixty-four percent of the 2,277 subjects with incident MI were overweight or obese. The prevalence of overweight/obese patients increased from 58% in the period from 1979 to 1983, to 72% in the period from 1994 to 1998 (p < 0.001), while the prevalence of class 3 obesity (body mass index >or= 40) increased from 0.6 to 4.4%. Overweight and obese patients were more likely to have diabetes, hypertension, familial coronary disease, and hyperlipidemia than persons with normal weight but less likely to have comorbidities (obstructive lung disease, heart failure, cancer, renal failure, and stroke) [all p values < 0.05]. When compared to patients with normal weight, after adjusting for age and other confounders, overweight and obese patients had a lower mortality (risk ratio [RR], 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.73 to 0.96 for overweight; and RR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.72 to 1.02 for obese) and a similar risk of cardiac events. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of overweight and obese individuals among patients with MI is high and increased over time. Despite a higher prevalence of other cardiovascular risk factors among patients with excess weight, these patients did not experience worse outcomes, underscoring the need to further study the paradoxical relation between weight and post-MI outcomes.     

Prevalence and impact of metabolic syndrome in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndrome

Background and aimsMetabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with increased incidence of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in patients initially free from these diseases. However, its prognostic value in patients with established coronary artery diseases remains controversial. Therefore, we aimed to illustrate the prevalence and investigate the impact of MetS in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease (MVD) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS).Methods and resultsThis was a large registry of consecutive patients with ACS referred to primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and those with MVD were eligible for this analysis. MetS was defined based on modified Adult Treatment Panel III definition. The primary outcome was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), a composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction and stroke. A total of 2532 patients were included in the current analysis and 993 (39.2%) of them had MetS. The prevalence of MetS increased from 2010 to 2016 (p _{for trend} = 0.005). In patients over 60 years old, the prevalence of MetS decreased with aging (p _{for trend} = 0.002). Female subjects had a higher prevalence than their male counterparts (61.5% verse 32.9% and p < 0.001). Over a median follow-up of 2.3 years, MetS was not significantly associated with MACE (adjusted 95% CI from 0.92 to 1.54).ConclusionMetS was frequently observed in patients with MVD and ACS. Patients with MetS were more likely to be young and female. However, it was not an independent predictor for MACE after primary PCI in those patients.     

Prognostic impact of sex on clinical outcomes following emergent coronary angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND: Several studies have shown that women had greater risk for adverse clinical outcomes following coronary angioplasty. We aimed to assess the impact of sex on clinical results following emergent coronary angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction. METHODS: We used our database of patients treated for acute myocardial infarction using emergent coronary angioplasty between January 2001 and December 2003. Procedural and angiographic results and clinical outcomes up to 6 months were collected and adjudicated for major cardiac adverse events. The outcome of 352 patients with acute myocardial infarction (71 women, 281 men, no cardiogenic shock) undergoing emergent angioplasty was analyzed and compared according to sex. RESULTS: Acute myocardial infarction occurred at an older age among women who tended to suffer more from diabetes mellitus and hypertension. In addition, on average, women had smaller culprit vessel diameters than men. The immediate post-procedural data were notable for higher frequency of 'no/slow re-flow' angiographic phenomenon in women than in men (10.5 vs. 3.4%, P=0.04). In-hospital and 30-day mortality was three times higher in women than men (women vs. men: in hospital 7 vs. 2.1%, P=0.05; 30 days 9.9 vs. 3.2%, P=0.02). At 6 months, major adverse cardiac events rate was 28 vs. 15% among women vs. men (P=0.01). Multivariate analysis showed a strong trend towards increased mortality at 30 days among women undergoing acute myocardial infarction angioplasty although it was not significantly or independently related to increased mortality (odds ratio=3.1; confidence intervals=0.8-12.5; P=0.11). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate a trend towards higher early mortality among female patients sustaining acute myocardial infarction and treated using emergent percutaneous coronary intervention that was probably because of increased age and worse coronary flow restoration results among women compared with men.     

Declining hospital mortality in acute myocardial infarction

Beta-blockers, nitrates, aspirin and thrombolytic drugs haveeach separately been shown to reduce mortality in acute myocardialinfarction, but the effect of these treatments combined duringroutine coronary care has not been assessed. The coronary careunit at Östra Hospital services a stable community of 250000 inhabitants. Since 1984 all patients have been entered intoa computerized database. In addition, information on age, sex,discharge diagnosis and hospital outcome is also available forpatients admitted between 1979 and 1983. In 1984, routine treatmentwith intravenous beta-blockers was introduced, to be followedin 1986 by intravenous nitroglycerin and in 1988 by aspirinin all patients without contraindications. Since 1988, intravenousthrombolytic treatment has been also given routinely to allpatients with ST-elevation and chest pain <6 h. Despite asimilar number of patients and an increasing median age, thein-hospital mortality has declined from 18·5% in 1979to 11·8% in 1990 (P<0·01). It is concludedthat mortality from acute myocardial infarction has declinedby almost 40% since 1979. This reduction cannot be explainedby a single major therapeutic intervention but may be attributedto the combined use of multi-lead monitoring, early use of beta-blockers,nitroglycerin, aspirin and thrombolytic agents.     

Trends in management, hospital and long-term outcomes of elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction

Purpose

The number of elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is growing rapidly, and their early and postdischarge mortality is high. Several studies have reported a decline in mortality after myocardial infarction; however, the magnitude of the decline among the elderly has not been fully investigated.

Methods

We assessed trends in management, in-hospital, and long-term outcomes of 1475 elderly patients (aged ≥75 years, 42% women) hospitalized with AMI in all 25 operating coronary care units in Israel between 1992 and 2002, from our prospective nationwide biennial surveys.

Results

Between 1992 and 2002, a significant increase was observed in the use of acute reperfusion therapy (27%-48%), coronary angiography (6%-47%), percutaneous coronary intervention (3%-33%), coronary bypass (2%-8%), aspirin (53%-88%), beta-blockers (18%-65%), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (26%-63%), and lipid-lowering drugs (0%-43%). These changes were associated with a 42% reduction in 30-day mortality (27.6%-16.1%; adjusted odds ratio 0.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.36-0.93). One-year cumulative mortality declined by 20% (37%-29%; adjusted odds ratio 0.74; 95% CI, 0.49-1.13).

Conclusions

The management of elderly patients with AMI changed substantially during the last decade. This change was associated with a significant reduction in early mortality, whereas cumulative 1-year mortality improved only slightly. Better adherence to in-hospital management guidelines and better implementation of postdischarge health policy may further decrease mortality and morbidity in the elderly after AMI.     

代谢综合征对老年女性急性心肌梗死患者预后的影响

目的探讨代谢综合征（Ms）对老年女性急性心肌梗死患者预后的影响。方法选取2005年3月至2007年6月初发急性心肌梗死后收治入院的老年女性患者共90例,依据是否合并MS分为合并MS组[59例,平均年龄（69．4±8．1）岁]和无MS组[31例,平均年龄（68．5±6．7）岁]。对两组患者进行随访,平均随访时间（25．7土10．2）个月,分析患者出现复发性心绞痛、复发心肌梗死、再人院和心源性死亡的预后情况。结果合并MS组较无MS组患者远期出现了更多的复发性心绞痛和再梗死（P〈O．05）;死亡率和再入院率较无MS组高（33．9％协19．4％和35．6%VS22．6％）,但未达到统计学显著意义。结论MS会聚了众多心血管病危险因素,影响了老年女性急性心肌梗死患者的预后。     

The impact of renal insufficiency on patients' outcomes in emergent angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: Renal insufficiency (RF) was shown to be associated with a worsened prognosis following acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Objectives: The authors analyzed the outcomes of AMI patients with impaired renal function tests treated using primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), to determine factors associated with increased mortality risk. METHODS: This study included 558 consecutive AMI patients treated using primary PCI between January 2001 and June 2005. The authors compared outcome results according to glomerular filtration rate (GFR). An abbreviated equation was used to calculate GFR. Patients were grouped as follow: normal (> or =90 mL/min/1.73 m(2)), mildly impaired (60-89 mL/min/1.73 m(2)), moderately impaired (30-59 mL/min/1.73 m(2)), and severely impaired GFR (< 30 mL/min/1.73 m(2)). RESULTS: There was a stepwise increase in 30-day mortality among patients with normal, mildly, moderately, and severely impaired RF: 2.1%, 3.7%, 8.2%, and 22.2%, respectively (P = 0.004). Seventeen out of the 324 with any degree of RF died within 1 month [5.3%] of these nine patients [53%] died because of cardiac cause. Univariate correlation analysis, factors associated with an increased risk of 1 month mortality included: age > 75 years, left ventricular ejection fraction < 35%, lower GFR, killip class > 1, multivessel coronary artery disease, failure to achieve TIMI flow grade = 3, the occurrence of no-reflow, IABP use, lack of administration of anti GP 2b/3a. The amount of contrast media used during the procedure [mL/Kg] as well as renal function deterioration were also associated with increased mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical and angiographic parameters collected before and during PCI can be used to predict 30-day mortality among AMI patients with RF. Findings indicate that in the setting of contemporary catheter-based reperfusion strategy for AMI, the extent of coronary artery disease, measures of PCI complexity, and degree of renal impairment prior/following the procedure are altogether related to mortality.     

The impact of anthropomorphic indices on clinical outcomes in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction.

AIMS: Multiple studies have focused on the relationship of body anthropometric measures with clinical events in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients, highlighting the 'obesity paradox'. However, the relative prognostic importance of these measures over other baseline variables is less known. METHOD AND RESULTS: We performed a retrospective analysis of 94,108 STEMI patients from seven clinical trials evaluating various reperfusion strategies to study the relationship and prognostic importance of height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and body surface area (BSA) with 30-day death and in-hospital cardiogenic shock, major bleeding, and stroke. Main outcome measures of interest included 30-day death and in-hospital cardiogenic shock, major bleeding, and stroke. Weight, BMI, and BSA were inversely and independently related to all clinical events. Despite being statistically significant (P<0.0001), the prognostic information contributed by weight beyond that conferred by baseline clinical factors was minimal (<1% of total prognostic information) making it of limited clinical relevance for predicting 30-day death and cardiogenic shock. In contrast, weight accounted for 8.4% and 4.3% of the prognostic information in the logistic regression models for major bleeding and for stroke. BMI or BSA added little incremental value over simple measure of weight. CONCLUSION: Although statistically significantly related to most outcomes in patients with STEMI including death and shock, body weight provided clinically relevant prognostic information only for the risk of major bleeding and of stroke. Furthermore, BMI or BSA contributed little incremental prognostic information beyond that provided by weight alone. Thus, the existing large body of information concerning the strong prognostic importance of anthropometric measures with outcomes after STEMI should be interpreted in the context of other more important risk factors.