结核性淋巴结炎的组织细胞反应性增性变型

应用结核杆菌ＤＮＡ１２３ｂｐ特异性序列片段为靶序列的多聚酶链反应（Ｍ．ＴＢ－ＰＣＲ）技术，ＢＣＧ免疫组化（ＢＣＧ－ＩＨＣ）技术和抗酸染色（ＡＦ）方法，对３８例呈现组织细胞反应性增生－碎屑样坏死－嗜中性白细胞渗出病变的淋巴结石蜡包埋组织进行了分支杆菌／结核杆菌的回顾性检测。三种方法的综合阳性率为５２．６％（２０／３８例）。ＡＦ，ＢＣＧ－ＩＨＣ和Ｍ．ＴＢ－ＰＣＲ物各自性率分别为０．８％，２６．３％和５     

结核性淋巴结炎的“结节病”样变型

对１２例经病理学专家会诊、从病变上认定的淋巴结“结节病”石蜡包埋组织，应用结核杆菌ＤＮＡ特异性序列片段的聚合酶链反应（Ｍ．ＴＢ－ＰＣＲ）技术、ＢＣＧ免疫组化（ＢＣＧ－ＩＨＣ）技术和抗酸染色（ＡＦ）进行了分支杆菌／结核杆菌检测。在这１２例考虑为“结节病”的病例中：有１例呈ＢＣＧ－ＩＨＣ和Ｍ。ＴＢ－ＰＣＲ两项阳性；另１例呈ＡＦ、ＢＣＧ－ＩＨＣ和Ｍ．ＴＢ－ＰＣＲ三项阳性。研究结果提示：（１）某些结核性淋巴结炎可呈结节病样病变；（２）淋巴结结节病很可能与分支杆菌／结核杆菌感染有关。     

转化生长因子-α、表皮生长因子受体与胃癌发生的关系及其与增殖细胞核抗原的相关性分析

目的研究在胃癌发生的不同阶段转化生长因子－α（ＴＧＦ－α）、表皮生长因子受体（ＥＧＦＲ）的表达情况及与增殖细胞核抗原（ＰＣＮＡ）表达的关系。方法应用免疫组化ＬＳＡＢ法。结果（１）ＴＧＦ－α在癌周正常粘膜、肠化生组织中的表达明显高于非癌正常粘膜及肠化生（Ｐ＜０．０１）。（２）ＥＧＦＲ在肠化生、不典型增生粘膜表达较正常、癌组织明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０１）。（３）ＴＧＦ－α、ＥＧＦＲ共同表达常伴不典型增生。（４）ＴＧＦ－α、ＥＧＦＲ表达与ＰＣＮＡ表达有明显的相关性。（５）ＴＧＦ－α、ＥＧＦＲ、ＰＣＮＡ表达与肿瘤外侵、淋巴结转移无关。结论ＥＧＦＲ／ＴＧＦ－α是胃癌前病变的一项有意义的标志，结合ＰＣ－ＮＡ监测高危人群可能有助于发现早期胃癌。     

PCR与单克隆抗体ELESA夹心法快速诊断结核病的研究

应用聚合酶性反应（ＰＣＲ）技术建立的扩增结核杆菌复合体特异重复序列ＩＳ９８６基因的方法和用单克隆抗体ＴＢ１５－Ｃ３经ＥＬＩＳＡ夹心法检测结核杆菌特异性抗原决定簇，对１０种抗酸杆菌，２种普通菌进行了检测．ＰＣＲ仅对结核杆菌复合体扩增出２４５ｈｐ特异性条带，ＥＬＩＳＡ检测除人型结核杆菌、ＢＣＧ阳性外，还与鸟型及瘰疬分枝杆菌反应阳性．ＰＣＲ检测人型结核杆菌的敏感性为１ｐｇ，相当于１３个左右细菌，ＥＬＩＳＡ检测的被感性为１５ｎｇ／ｍｌ．应用ＰＣＲ及ＥＬＩＳＡ检测了９６份结核临床标本．ＰＣＲ的检出率高于抗酸染色涂片的阳性率（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＰＣＲ的检出率虽高于细菌培养的阳性率，但相差不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）．ＥＬＩＳＡ检测阳性率明显高于抗酸染色涂片、细菌培养和ＰＣＲ的阳性率（Ｐ＜０．００１）．ＥＬＩＳＡ的假阳性率高于ＰＣＲ的假阳性率，但相差不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）．研究表明，ＰＣＲ及ＥＬＩＳＡ均是特异、敏感、快速的诊断结核病的方法．但在使用中又各自有其特点．     

再生障碍性贫血患者细胞因子水平观察

为进一步探讨细胞免疫对ＡＡ发病的影响，阐明细胞因子在ＡＡ患者中变化的基础与临床意义，采用酶联免疫试剂盒ＥＬＩＳＡ法对３８例ＡＡ患者及２０例正常人外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＮＣ）培养上清诱生Ｇ－ＣＳＦ，ＩＬ－６，ＴＮＦα，ＩＦＮα及ＩＬ－８水平进行测定，同时采用改良ＡＰＡＡＰ法观察外周血Ｔ细胞亚群及ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ抗原表达，结果ＡＡ患者ＰＢＭＮＣ培养上清中Ｇ－ＣＳＦ阳性率减低，ＩＬ－６，ＴＮＦαＩＦＮα及     

PCR与单克隆抗体ELISA夹心法快速诊断结核病的研究

应用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）技术建立的扩增结核杆菌复合体特异重复序列ＩＳ９８６基因的方法和用单克隆抗体ＴＢ１５－Ｃ３经ＥＬＩＳＡ夹心法检测结核杆菌特异性抗原决定簇，对１０种抗酸杆菌，２种普通菌进行了检测。ＰＣＲ仅对结核杆菌复合体扩增出２４５ｂｐ特异性条带，ＥＬＩＳＡ检测除人型结核杆菌、ＢＣＧ阳性外，还与鸟型及瘰疬分枝杆菌反应阳性。ＰＣＲ检测人型结核杆菌的敏感性为１ｐｇ，相当于１３个左右细菌，ＥＬＩＳ     

聚合酶链反应快速诊断结核病的应用研究

应用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）技术建立了扩增结核杆菌特异重复序列ＩＳ６１１０部分基因的方法。对９种抗酸分枝杆菌、３种普通菌进行检测，结果仅人型结核杆菌、牛型结核杆菌及ＢＣＧ扩增出１２３ｂｐ特异性条带，ＰＣＲ产物经ＳａｌⅠ酶切后产生７０ｂｐ与５３ｂｐ两个片段。ＰＣＲ检测人型结核杆菌的敏感性达１０ｆｇＤＮＡ或５个菌体。应用ＰＣＲ检测了１０９份结核临床标本，其总阳性率为７２．５％，明显高于抗酸染色涂片（２．８％）与细菌培养（９．２％）的阳性率（Ｐ＜０．００１）。ＰＣＲ的检出率也较ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测抗ＰＰＤ－ＩｇＧ的阳性率（６３．３％）为高，但尚无统计学差异（ｐ＞０．０５），但是ＥＬＩＳＡ检测抗体有１９．０％的假阳性。研究表明，ＰＣＲ是一种特异、敏感、快速诊断结核病的方法。     

脆性X综合征与FMR－1基因

脆性Ｘ综合征（ＦＸ）患者的脆性位点（ＦＲＡＸＡ）与ＦＭＲ－１位点一致，脆性断点位于（ＣＧＧ）ｎ上，而ＦＭＲ－１突变有两类：（ＣＧＧ）ｎ重复数突变和点突变（或丢失）。同时表明ＦＭＲ－１５＇侧ＣｐＧ岛甲基化。并介绍ＴＦＭＲ－１（ＣＧＧ）ｎ突变分子生物学检测方法。     

人B7-1(CD80)逆转录病毒表达载体的构建及其在人肿瘤细胞系的表达

应用分子克隆技术，构建了含全长人Ｂ７－１ｃＤＮＡ（８６７ｂｐ）的逆转录病毒表达载体ｐＬＮＣ－ｈＢ７－１。以ｐＣＤＭ８－ｈＢ７－１为模板，５＇引物为：ＡＣＣＣＴＡＡＧＣＴ，ＴＣＴＧＡＡＴＴＣＡＴＧＧＧＣＣＡＣＡＣ，内含ＨｉｎｄⅢ切点及起始密码ＡＴＧ，３’引物为：ＣＴＴＣＴＧＣＧＴＴＡＡＣＴＧ－ＴＴＡＴＡＣＡＧＧＧＣＧＴＡＣ，内含ＨｐａＩ切点和终止密码ＴＡＡ，经ＰＣＲ扩增及电泳回收后得到纯化ＰＣＲ产物，用内切每ＨｉｎｄⅢ和Ｈｐａｌ消化后，定向插入经同样内切酶消化的ｐＬＮＣＸ载体，获得含人Ｂ７－１ｃＤ…     

慢性肾衰及血液透析过程中多肽生长因子与凋亡因子表达

目的：探讨慢性肾功能衰竭（ＣＲＦ）患者及血液透析（ＨＤ）过程中多肽生长因子及凋亡因子的含量变化及相互关系。方法：采用流式细胞术及放射免疫分析分别测定ＣＲＦ及ＨＤ前后外周血单核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）中ＣＤ９５、Ａｐｏ２．７和ＢＣｌ－１蛋白的阳性细胞数及血清中ＴＧＦ－α、ＩＧＦ－Ⅱ的含量。结果：ＣＲＦ（非透析组）ＣＤ９５、Ａｐｏ２．７、ＩＧＦ－Ⅱ明显高于对照组，差异显著。ＢＣｌ－２与ＴＧＦ－α含量均明显低于     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.