血浆ARR筛查原发性醛固酮增多症的应用分析

目的探讨血浆醛固酮/肾素活性比值(ARR)在原发性醛固酮增多症(PA)的应用分析。方法选取2016年1月至2017年12月在驻马店市中心医院治疗的PA患者78例(PA组),同时选取疑似PA但确诊为原发性高血压(EH)患者120例(EH组),比较两组临床一般资料以及卧位、立位ARR水平。方法 PA组收缩压、舒张压和尿钾分别为(162.20±20.03)mmHg、(103.20±12.23)mmHg和(37.18±9.39)mmol/L,明显高于EH组(P0.05),而血钾为(3.02±0.55)mmol/L,明显低于EH组(P0.05);PA组卧位、立位ARR分别为73.01(42.23,120.03)ng·dl-1/ng·ml-1·h-1和60.10(30.12,220.43)ng·dl-1/ng·ml-1·h-1,明显高于EH组(P0.05);卧位ARR和立位ARR诊断PA的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.910和0.946(P0.05),卧位ARR和立位ARR截断值分别为15.96ng·dl-1/ng·ml-1·h-1和32.96ng·dl-1/ng·ml-1·h-1,灵敏度分别为94.90%和100.00%,特异度分别为80.83%和81.67%。结论血浆ARR筛查PA有重要作用,其中立位ARR筛查诊断的价值可能较高,值得进一步研究。     

不同体位肾素活性变化值对原发性醛固酮增多症鉴别诊断的价值

目的评估不同体位肾素活性变化值在高血压患者中诊断原发性醛固酮增多症(PA)的效能。 方法研究对象为2010年1月至2012年12月新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院高血压科收治的307例需要行继发性高血压筛查的高血压病患者。所有患者已行常规坐位肾素、醛固酮测定及立位、坐位、卧位肾素活性(PRA)、醛固酮测定、常规生化检测及人体学测量。满足坐位醛固酮/PRA值≥554 pmol/L·[μg/ (L·h)]^－1并且盐水输注试验后醛固酮≥277 pmol/L的患者被定义为PA组,其余患者为非PA组。使用四格表计算相关指标的敏感度、特异度等。 结果PA组与非PA组立位、坐位、卧位三种体位PRA比较,PA组[0.61 μg/(L·h),0.62 μg/(L·h),0.31 μg/(L·h)]低于非PA组[1.42 μg/(L·h),1.18 μg/(L·h),0.51 μg/(L·h)],差异有统计学意义(F＝11.465,12.052,10.296;P＝0.001);PA组与非PA组体位变换后PRA差值比较,PA组立卧位PRA差值[0.24 μg/(L·h)]低于非PA组[0.78 μg/(L·h)],差异有统计学意义(F＝8.303,P＝0.004);立位后PRA<1.0 μg/(L·h)或立卧位PRA差值<0.6 μg/(L·h)单项指标诊断PA的敏感度分别为64%及70%,特异度分别为62%及68%,阴性预测值分别是91%及93%;立位后PRA<1.0 μg/(L·h),联合立卧位PRA差值<0.6 μg/(L·h)诊断PA,其敏感度为45%,特异度为88%。 结论利用体位变换后PRA的变化值诊断PA效能较低,但有排除PA的临床价值,此试验患者配合度高,为生理性刺激试验,可安全有效地鉴别PA,联合试验后相关指标对诊断PA有临床参考价值。     

经手术病理证实的原发性醛固酮增多症102例临床分析

目的在经手术病理证实的原发性醛固酮增多症(PA)患者中评价术前各项诊断筛查方法的临床价值。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的102例PA患者的临床特征、生化资料及血浆醛固酮浓度(PAC)、血浆醛固酮与肾素比值(ARR),比较不同指标筛查PA的阳性率,不同试验对PA的确诊率及影像学检查对PA的检出率和诊断符合率。结果在上述患者中:(1)ARR>20 ng/dl·(ng·ml-1·h-1)-1筛查PA的阳性率为86.27%;ARR>20 ng/dl·(ng·ml-1·h-1)-1且PAC>15 ng/dl筛查PA的阳性率为68.63%(P<0.01)。(2)静脉盐水抑制试验和卡托普利抑制试验对PA的确诊率分别为100%和80%(P>0.05)。(3)影像学检查中,CT和MRI对PA的检出率明显高于超声(P<0.01);与术后病理对照,CT对醛固酮腺瘤(APA)和单侧肾上腺皮质增生(UAH)的诊断符合率分别为97.33%和78.26%(P<0.01),MRI对APA和UAH诊断符合率分别为88.89%和75.00%(P>0.05)。结论 ARR>20 ng/dl·(ng·ml-1·h-1)-1筛查PA的阳性率高于ARR>20 ng/dl·(ng·ml-1·h-1)-1联合PAC>15 ng/dl;盐水抑制试验和卡托普利抑制试验都有较高的确诊率;影像学检查中,CT对PA有较高的检出率和诊断符合率,对于分型而言,CT对APA的诊断符合率高于UAH。     

醛固酮肾素定量比值筛查原发性醛固酮增多症的探讨

目的探讨醛固酮肾素定量比值(PAC/PRC以下简称AARR)筛查原发性醛固酮增多症(以下简称为原醛症)的价值。方法使用化学发光方法检测32例原醛症和88例原发性高血压患者立、卧位醛固酮和肾素浓度,计算醛固酮肾素浓度比值(AARR),构建AARR对原醛症的ROC曲线,确定AARR筛查原醛症的最佳切点。结果原醛症患者组立位肾素浓度为4.55(15.67)pg/ml,卧位为2.85(5.34)pg/ml,立位醛固酮浓度为213.70(237.38)pg/ml,卧位为207.52(137.90)pg/ml, 立位AARR为61.53(182.84),卧位为100.69(254.03)。原发性高血压患者组立位肾素浓度为6.80(11.90)pg/ml,卧位为4.79(8.36)pg/ml,立位醛固酮浓度为121.20(31.94)pg/ml,卧位为112.47(23.99)pg/ml,立位AARR为17.49(28.57),卧位为22.67(37.43)。立位AARR筛查原醛症的ROC曲线AUC为0.802,Youden’s指数提示最佳切点为54.40 pg/ml,灵敏度为0.719,特异度为0.852;卧位AARR筛查原醛症的ROC曲线AUC为0.848,最佳切点为64.18 pg/ml,灵敏度为0.750,特异度为0.818。卡方检验提示立、卧位AARR筛查原醛症的诊断效果差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论临床上采用醛固酮肾素定量比值对原发性醛固酮增多症进行筛查有一定的应用价值,且立、卧位AARR诊断效果相当。     

卡托普利肾动态显像诊断肾血管性高血压及血浆肾素的影响分析

目的 探讨卡托普利肾动态显像（CRS）诊断肾血管性高血压（RVH）的效能及血浆肾素活性（PRA）的影响。方法 回顾性分析35例接受立、卧位外周血浆PRA、血管紧张素Ⅱ（AngⅡ）、醛固酮（ALD）水平检测及基础、CRS的RVH患者，按CRS结果分为阳性组和阴性组。比较2组激素水平，以ROC曲线分析2组血浆立位PRA，得出PRA的最低阈值。结果 阳性组24例，阴性组11例。阳性组立位PRA较阴性组升高（Z=3.11，P<0.001）；2组卧位PRA、立卧位AngⅡ及ALD差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。ROC曲线分析显示2组立位PRA的AUC为0.84，PRA为2.47 ng/（ml·h）时，CRS诊断RVH阳性的灵敏度为83.33%，特异度为81.82%。结论 立位PRA是影响CRS诊断RVH敏感度的重要因素。联合测定血浆PRA可提高CRS对RVH的诊断效能。     

原发性醛固酮增多症患者血清NT-proBNP改变及临床意义研究

目的探讨原发性醛固酮增多症(PA)患者血清脑利钠肽前体N末端(NT-proBNP)改变及临床意义。方法纳入2012年1月至2015年12月疑似PA的高血压患者140例,分为PA组(n=30)和原发性高血压(EH)组(n=110)。检测两组患者血清NT-proBNP和肾素水平,并通过受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)分析以及相关性分析比较血清NT-proBNP水平与PA的相关性。结果 PA组患者血清NT-proBNP水平[(93.9±7.3)pg/mL]明显高于EH组患者[(69.5±10.4)pg/mL],差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。单侧亚组PA患者肾素[(6.8±1.3)pg/mL vs.(5.1±0.6)pg/mL]、血浆醛固酮/血浆肾素比值(ARR)[(65.5±16.4)vs.(57.1±14.4)]和NT-proBNP[(101.9±14.1)pg/mL vs.(90.4±8.1)pg/mL]水平明显高于双侧亚组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。NT-proBNP预测PA的AUC为0.809,95%CI:0.734~0.865,cut-off为98.4pg/mL,敏感度为83.4%,特异度为78.6%。预测单侧PA的AUC为0.733,95%CI:0.648~0.804,cut-off为109.6pg/mL,敏感度为79.9%,特异度为81.5%。血清NT-proBNP水平与ARR(r=0.765,P0.05)、PA(r=0.728,P0.05)和单侧PA(r=0.778,P0.05)呈正相关。结论 PA患者相比EH患者血清NT-proBNP水平轻度升高,有助于PA患者的早期诊断和筛查。     

血浆醛固酮/肾素活性比值与血清钾在原发性醛固酮增多症诊断中的临床意义

目的探讨血浆卧位ARR比值与血清钾浓度在原发性醛固酮增多症(PA)疾病中的临床诊断价值。方法以PA患者66例作为疾病组,非PA高血压患者58例为对照组,采用放射免疫法测定血醛固酮(SAC)及肾素活性(PRA),采用离子选择电极法测定血清钾,并计算ARR比值(SAC/PRA)。结果 PA组中ARR比值和血清钾浓度分别为203.47±50.23和2.76±0.72mmol/L,与对照组间的差异均达到显著水平(P0.01)。以卧位ARR比值为112.0作为临界值,诊断PA的灵敏度为92.42%,特异性为87.93%,诊断符合率为90.32%;卧位ARR比值与血清钾浓度联合进行诊断时,灵敏度为98.48%,特异性为86.20%,诊断符合率为92.74%。结论血浆卧位ARR比值与血清钾浓度联合测定可用于PA疾病的临床诊断,但将卧位ARR比值与血清钾浓度指标联合检测时具有更高的诊断符合率,可提高PA的检出率。     

原发性醛固酮增多症28例诊治分析

目的：提高原发性醛固酮增多症（PA）的诊断和治疗方法。方法：对我院1996/2007年手术治疗的PA患者进行回顾性分析和总结。结果：28例患者均有高血压病史2-26 a,其中仅64.3%生化检查有低钾血症,余病例血钾正常,血清肾素（PRA）均低于正常值,血清醛固酮（ALD）82.1%高于正常值,A RR（ALD/PRA）≥50,CT对于肾上腺腺瘤诊断率较高为85.7%,术后血压及血钾完全恢复正常者为53.6%。结论：PA的定性诊断须行血钾,醛固酮,肾素水平及醛固酮和肾素比值（ARR）检查,CT为原发性醛固酮增多症的主要定位诊断依据。外科手术是原发性醛固酮增多症的重要治疗方法。     

肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统指标联合检测诊断原发性高血压的临床意义

目的探讨肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAAS)指标联合检测诊断原发性高血压的临床意义。方法选取2017年1月-11月间我院收治的原发性高血压患者116例为观察组,同期选取60例血压正常健康人为对照组,比较两组患者及不同高血压分级患者血浆肾素活性(PRA)、血管紧张素Ⅱ(ATⅡ)、醛固酮(ALD)水平、血浆ALD/血浆PRA(ARR),并行ROC曲线分析各指标单独及联合检测对原发性高血压的诊断价值。结果与对照组比较,观察组患者血浆PRA水平显著降低,ATⅡ、ALD水平及ARR显著升高(P0.05);随高血压严重程度增加,患者血浆PRA水平显著降低,ATⅡ、ALD水平及ARR显著升高;血浆PRA、ATⅡ、ALD、ARR诊断原发性高血压的ROC曲线下最大面积(AUC)分别为0.851、0.707、0.677、0.824,而联合检测AUC最大,为0.862。结论 RAAS与原发性高血压的发生有关,PRA及ARR可作为原发性高血压诊断的有效指标,四项指标联合检测可进一步提高诊断效能。     

液相色谱串联质谱法对原发性醛固酮增多症的诊断价值

目的： 探讨液相色谱串联质谱（LC-MS/MS）检测方法中的卡托普利试验（captopril test，CCT）和生理盐水输注试验（saline infusion test，SIT）对原发性醛固酮增多症（primary aldosteronism，PA）的诊断价值。方法： 选取2018年2月至2019年2月复旦大学附属中山医院内分泌科收治的高血压患者127例，其中111例患者行CCT试验，101例患者行SIT试验。通过LC-MS/MS方法检测患者试验前后血浆醛固酮浓度（PAC）、肾素活性及醛固酮/肾素活性比值（aldosterone/renin ratio，ARR）水平。以手术或螺内酯试验为诊断金标准，采用CCT和SIT的ROC曲线探讨2种试验的诊断指标和最佳诊断截断值。结果： PA患者57例，原发性高血压患者70例。CCT后醛固酮、ARR及醛固酮抑制率的AUC分别为0.876、0.902和0.751；ARR为6.5时，诊断PA的灵敏度为94.2%，特异度为78%；PAC为34.8 pg/mL时，诊断PA的灵敏度为75.5%，特异度为93.2%。SIT后醛固酮、ARR及醛固酮抑制率的AUC分别为0.881、0.823和0.652；PAC为24 pg/mL时，诊断PA的灵敏度为87.2%，特异度为78.8%。结论： CCT后ARR和PAC均可作为PA的诊断指标，诊断截断值为6.5和34.8 pg/mL；SIT试验后PAC为PA诊断指标，诊断截断值为24 pg/mL。     

Diagnosis of primary aldosteronism: Comparison of post-captopril active renin concentration and plasma renin activity

BackgroundA common pharmacologic test for the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism (PA) is the administration of captopril to determine whether an abnormal plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) to plasma renin activity (PRA) ratio(ARR) persists, although active renin concentration (ARC) may offer advantages with regard to processing and standardization.MethodsA prospective, head-to-head study was conducted between Feb 2008 and Dec 2008. One hundred and fourteen patients enrolled and received captopril to aid in the diagnosis of PA in the TAIPAI intervention.ResultsFifty-one patients were diagnosed with PA. Post-captopril ARC was significantly correlated with PRA. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the post-captopril ARR was not different in PRA vs ARC measurements. When post-captopril ARC-based ARR (ARR_ARC) > 35.5 as the cut-off value, we obtained sensitivity of 75.0% and specificity of 86.4% to differentiate PA from essential hypertension.ConclusionsThe correlation of individual PRA and ARC after administration of captopril was excellent; especially at the lower PRA levels. Post-captopril ARR_ARC values used to diagnose PA are not different from post-captopril PRA-based (ARR_PRA) values in patients without kidney, liver and heart failures. Primary aldosteronism can be diagnosed with a post-captopril cut-off value of ARR_ARC > 35.5 pmol/ng.     

Validity of the aldosterone-renin ratio used to screen for primary aldosteronism

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the calculated ratio of plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) to plasma renin activity (PRA), a proposed screening test for primary aldosteronism, provides a renin-independent measure of circulating aldosterone that is suitable to judge whether PAC is inappropriately elevated relative to PRA. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This study consisting of 221 black and 276 white subjects with previously diagnosed essential hypertension was conducted between 1996 and 2000. Antihypertensive drugs were withdrawn for at least 4 weeks; PAC and PRA were measured while subjects were supine and then seated after 30 minutes of ambulation. The seated measurements were repeated after 4 weeks of oral diuretic therapy with hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg/d). RESULTS: The variation in the aldosterone-renin ratio was strongly and inversely dependent on PRA (R2=0.71; P<.001). When subjects changed position from supine to seated, the increase in mean +/- SD PRA (from 1.18 +/- 1.06 to 1.31 +/- 1.19 ng x mL(-1) x h(-1); P<.001) was associated with an increase in the mean ratio (from 18.6 +/- 52.8 to 25.8 +/- 38.1 h x 10(2); P<.001), whereas the increase in mean +/- SD PRA in response to diuretic therapy (from 1.31 +/- 1.19 to 2.72 +/- 2.67 ng x mL(-1) x h(-1); P=.007) was associated with a decrease in the mean ratio (from 25.8 +/- 38.1 to 16.4 +/- 31.6 h 10(2); P<.001). CONCLUSION: In patients with previously diagnosed essential hypertension, calculation of the aldosterone-renin ratio does not provide a renin-independent measure of circulating aldosterone that is suitable for determining whether PAC is elevated relative to PRA. Because elevation of the aldosterone-renin ratio is predominantly an indicator of low PRA, its perceived value in screening for primary aldosteronism most likely derives from additional diagnostic tests being done in patients with low-renin hypertension.     

Detection of primary aldosteronism using the captopril test

In order to evaluate whether changes in the plasma concentration of aldosterone (PA) following the administration of captopril, an inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme, will establish the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism we have used this test in 9 healthy subjects and in 22 patients with various forms of hypertension, including 5 patients with primary aldosteronism due to idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia (n = 4) or aldosterone-producing adenoma (n = 1). The response of PA to captopril (25 mg orally) was investigated on an outpatient basis, following a rest period of 120 minutes in the supine position. In healthy subjects PA decreased from a mean basal value of 11.5 +/- 5.9 ng/dl to less than 6.4 ng/dl (4.9 +/- 1.4 ng/dl [p less than 0.01]). Similarly, captopril induced a fall in PA concentration to less than 6.4 ng/dl in patients with essential hypertension, with renal artery stenosis or with an afunctional kidney. Post-captopril concentrations of plasma aldosterone were about twice the normal level in 3 of 4 patients with idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia and about four-fold raised above normal in the patient with an aldosterone-producing adenoma. In spite of a false-negative result in one patient with idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia, the administration of captopril appears to be of use in recognizing patients with primary aldosteronism on an outpatient basis.     

Aldosterone in primary hypertension relationship to plasma renin activity and urinary electrolytes and a comparison with normotensive subjects

Plasma aldosterone (PA) and urinary aldosterone (Aldo-U) concentrations were studied in 123 patients with primary (essential) hypertension during basal (1 h supine rest), upright and frusemide (80 mg orally) stimulated conditions, and were related to urinary sodium and potassium excretions, supine and sitting blood pressure (BP) and the relationship to plasma renin activity (PRA). As controls, 120 normotensive subjects, matched for age and sex, were investigated identically during strictly defined out-patient conditions. No differences regarding the different mean PA levels, urinary electrolyte excretion or the urinary sodium: potassium ratio were observed between the hypertensive and the normotensive populations. However, the hypertensive subjects had significantly higher mean Aldo-U excretions than the controls. Correlations between PA and the corresponding PRA were consistently significant in the normotensive control group but weak to non-existent in the hypertensive subjects. No relationships at all could be found between the different PRA and Aldo-U values in the hypertensive population but significant correlations were noted in the control group. These findings point to a disturbed function of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system even in primary hypertension.     

超声造影对腮腺多形性腺瘤与腺淋巴瘤的鉴别诊断价值

目的分析腮腺多形性腺瘤与腺淋巴瘤的超声造影特征及超声造影参数差异,探讨超声造影在腮腺多形性腺瘤与腺淋巴瘤鉴别诊断中的价值。方法25例腮腺多形性腺瘤患者为多形性腺瘤组,34例腺淋巴瘤患者为腺淋巴瘤组,均行超声造影检查。记录2组造影特征;对2组肿块进行时间-强度曲线分析,获得定量分析参数包括达峰时间、峰值强度、峰值半降时间、曲线下面积;绘制ROC曲线,评价峰值强度、峰值半降时间鉴别诊断腮腺多形性腺瘤与腺淋巴瘤的效能。结果腮腺多形性腺瘤超声造影表现为"等进等退等增强",腺淋巴瘤超声造影表现为"等进慢退高增强";多形性腺瘤组增强边界清晰、有增强环、增强后肿块范围增大比率(80.00%、72.00%、16.00%)与腺淋巴瘤组(89.19%、83.78%、10.81%)比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。多形性腺瘤组峰值强度[(11.73±4.86)dB]、曲线下面积[(1906.11±212.14)dB.s]低于腺淋巴瘤组[(19.59±3.42)dB、(4247.84±418.75)dB.s](P<0.05),峰值半降时间[(38.99±7.13)s]短于腺淋巴瘤组[(57.92±7.34)s](P<0.05),达峰时间[(16.10±2.39)s]与腺淋巴瘤组[(16.41±2.38)s]比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。ROC曲线分析结果显示,峰值半降时间以48.17 s为最佳截断值,鉴别诊断腮腺多形性腺瘤与腺淋巴瘤的AUC为0.96(95%CI:0.92~1.00,P<0.001),灵敏度为89.2%,特异度为88.0%;峰值强度以13.89 dB为最佳截断值,鉴别诊断腮腺多形性腺瘤与腺淋巴瘤的AUC为0.88(95%CI:0.80~0.97,P<0.001),灵敏度为97.3%,特异度为64.0%。结论腮腺多形性腺瘤与腺淋巴瘤具有不同的超声造影特征,超声造影参数中峰值半降时间、峰值强度在二者的鉴别诊断中有较高价值。