Comparison of in-hospital and one-year outcomes after multiple coronary arterial stenting in patients > or =80 years old versus those <80 years old

The present study evaluated in-hospital and 1-year outcomes after multivessel stenting in patients aged > or =80 (75 patients, 241 lesions) and <80 years (894 patients, 2,678 lesions). Despite a high technical success rate of multivessel stenting, octogenarians had higher in-hospital cardiac and noncardiac complication rates and a higher mortality rate at 1-year clinical follow-up compared with their younger counterparts.     

影响老年冠心病患者血运重建术后死亡的危险因素

目的了解影响老年冠心病患者血运重建术后死亡的危险因素。方法在药物洗脱支架对血运重建影响研究（DESIRE）数据库中,人选2003年7月1日至2004年6月30日在我院接受冠状动脉血运重建术,年龄70岁以上,出院后随访〉30天的冠心病患者675例,男性498例,女性177例。记录患者的临床特点、随访期间死亡和主要不良心脑血管事件（MACCE）发生情况。结果平均随访（754±355）天。随访中死亡27例（4．0％）,发生MACCE50例（7．4％）,多因素Cox回归分析,校正其他因素后,与男性患者相比,女性患者死亡的危险为2．750（95％CI1．116—6．779,P=0．028）;合并贫血患者死亡危险为0．385（95％C10．164—0．904,P=0．028）;血肌酐（Cr）水平越高,死亡危险越大,肾功能减低者（Cr≥115μmol／L）死亡危险为2．963（95％ CI1．114～9．952．P=0．035）,肾功能不全者（Cry〉177μmol／L）死亡危险为10．785（95％CI 2．659～78．097,P=0．000）。结论影响血运重建后老年冠心病患者死亡的危险因素是性别、血运重建前血红蛋白和Cr水平。女性、贫血和肾功能减低的冠心病患者血运重建后远期预后不良,死亡率高。术前应认识这些危险因素并加以纠正,将有利于改善血运重建后老年冠心病患者的远期预后。     

冠心病患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后再次血运重建的危险因素研究

目的探讨冠心病患者PCI术后再次血运重建的相关因素分析。方法回顾性分析278例冠心病患者介入治疗的临床资料,分为再次血运重建组(血运重建组)55例,无再次血运重建组(无血运重建组)223例,比较2组的病史、症状和冠状动脉造影等临床资料。对复发胸痛再次血运重建的患者进行危险因素分析。结果与无血运重建组比较,血运重建组第一次入院诊断为急性心肌梗死(50.9%vs 14.3%,P=0.030)、心功能≥Ⅱ级(34.5%vs9.0%,P=0.020)、室壁运动异常(72.7%vs 26.9%,P=0.035)、多支冠状动脉病变(89.1%vs 40.4%,P=0.010)等均显著增高,差异有统计学意义。多因素logistic回归显示,复发胸痛(OR:2.49,95%CI:1.16～5.00,P=0.020)、左心室舒张末内径(OR:1.12,95%CI:1.00～1.22,P=0.043)是血运重建治疗的独立预测因素,而冠状动脉单支病变(OR:0.25,95%CI:0.15～0.90,P=0.040)和双支病变(OR:0.22,95%CI:0.07～0.53,P=0.006)较冠状动脉3支病变再次血运重建治疗风险低。结论冠心病患者PCI术后1年的随访提示,复发胸痛、严重的冠状动脉病变和左心室舒张末容积增大是再次血运重建治疗的独立危险因素。     

75岁及以上老年患者冠脉三支病变的危险因素及临床特点

目的分析老年冠脉三支病变患者的危险因素及临床特点。方法连续入选择期冠脉造影的75岁及以上患者192例,根据造影结果分为非冠脉病变组、一支或两支冠脉病变组和三支冠脉病变组。对3组患者基线特征、危险因素以及心功能情况进行比较。结果3组的年龄、尿酸、空腹血糖、甘油三酯、体质指数（BMI）无差异,而性别、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL—C）、血清肌酐水平及糖尿病患者比例在3组间有差异,男性患者、高LDL—C者、肌酐高者及糖尿病患者冠脉病变趋于严重（趋势检验P值分别为0．003、0．038、0．020、0．024）。随着冠脉病变的加重,患者左室射血分数（LVEF）逐渐降低、氨基末端脑钠素前体（NT—proBNP）和红细胞体积分布宽度（RDW）依次升高（趋势检验P值分别为0．040、0．045、0．045）。同时RDW与LVEF有正相关趋势（r=0．201,P=0．065）;LVEFI〉55％患者的RDW低于LVEF〈55％患者【（13．05±1．29）VS（13．51±1．39）,P=0．044）】,RDW与Log（NT—proBNP）也存在相关性（r=0．340,P=0．020）。结论男性、肾功能不全、糖尿病、高LDL—C等是老年患者三支病变的危险因素。随着冠脉病变数的增加,患者心功能下降、RDW水平升高。     

50岁以下冠心病患者危险因素分析

目的研究50岁以下冠心病患者危险因素,对高危中青年人的冠心病一级预防提供参考。方法根据156例冠状动脉造影结果将50岁以下行冠脉造影者分为冠心病组(89例)和非冠心病组(67例),收集临床心血管危险因素资料进行Logistic多因素回归分析。结果156例冠状动脉造影者中89例诊断为冠心病(57.1%),67例无冠心病(42.9%)。Logistic多因素回归分析显著冠心病家族史、血浆总胆固醇水平及吸烟为冠心病的独立危险因素,其相关系数分别为0.63、0.50、0.97,优势比(OR)分别为1.06、1.65、2.64(P<0.05)。结论冠心病家族史、血浆总胆固醇水平高及吸烟是中青年人冠心病发生的高危因素,对这类人群应尽早干预。     

Diabetes complications and adverse health outcomes after coronary revascularization

Aims

To examine effects of diabetes complications on health outcomes following coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), comparing outcomes for patients with diabetes complications to those without diabetes complications.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of discharge data for 61,566 patients with diabetes age 45 or older who had CABG or PCI in 2007 in United States community hospitals, using data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Analysis included propensity score-adjusted logistic regression.

Results

Of all patients, 21.2% of the weighted sample had diabetes complications. Older patients, Blacks and Hispanics, and those with greater illness severity were more likely to have diabetes complications. Unadjusted rates of in-hospital mortality, postoperative stroke, and renal failure were higher for patients with diabetes complications (rate ratios 2.2, 1.8, and 9.8, respectively; all p < 0.0001). In adjusted results, having diabetes complications was associated with higher odds of in-hospital mortality (odds ratio, OR 1.62, 95% confidence interval, CI 1.37–1.91) and renal failure (OR 3.03, CI 1.71–5.39). Compared to CABG, PCI was associated with extra risk of postoperative renal failure for those with diabetes complications.

Conclusion

Among patients with diabetes having revascularization, those with diabetes complications have higher risks of in-hospital death and renal failure irrespective of having CABG or PCI.     

冠状动脉多支血管病变伴慢性肾功能不全患者血管重建策略与预后的关系

目的对比多支血管病变伴慢性肾脏疾病（CKD）患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）和冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）的2年临床预后。方法根据改良MDRD公式对北京安贞医院2004年到2006年因多支冠状动脉病变接受药物洗脱支架（DES）或CABG的患者的肾小球滤过率（GFR）进行计算,GFR＆lt;60mL/min诊断为CKD。共入选CKD患者1069例,其中724例接受DES,345例接受CABG。首要终点为2年内死亡、心肌梗死（MI）以及脑血管事件（CVE）的复合终点,次级终点为再次血管重建。结果在2年随访中,CABG组首要终点的发生率为9.9%,DES组为11.3%（P=0.528）。两组之间死亡率差异也无统计学意义（CABG组与DES组分别为3.5%比4.7%,P=0.422）。而DES组2年再次血管重建的比例显著高于CABG组（9.0%比4.1%,P=0.004）。Cox多因素回归分析表明,年龄、糖尿病、左心室功能不全（LVEF＆lt;30%）和急性冠状动脉综合征是复合终点发生的独立预测因素。结论在冠状动脉多支病变伴CKD患者中,CABG和DES两种血管重建策略显示出相同的死亡率和MI、CVE发生率。但DES组患者再次血管重建的发生率依然高于CABC组患者。     

Risk factors and outcomes in patients with coronary artery aneurysms

Previous small series have provided conflicting data on the association between coronary artery aneurysms and traditional cardiac risk factors, as well as limited information on patient outcomes. This investigation sought to determine whether the presence of coronary artery aneurysms has an adverse affect on patient outcomes. The results show that coronary aneurysms were an independent predictor of mortality, and overall 5-year survival in patients with aneurysms was only 71%. We believe that clinicians should aggressively monitor and modify coronary risk factors in patients with coronary aneurysms.     

中老年女性冠心病危险因素和冠状动脉病变特点研究

目的 探讨50岁以上各年龄段女性冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病（冠心病）患者危险因素和冠状动脉病变的特点.方法 回顾性分析126例行冠状动脉造影的女性冠心病患者的临床资料,根据年龄分为3组：G1组（50～60岁）,G2组（61～70岁）,G3组（＞70岁）,观察各组既往病史、生化指标与冠心病发病的关系,分析各组冠状动脉病变的特点.结果（1）从G1组到G3组,原发性高血压（高血压）患病率分别为41.4％、62.3％、68.2％,逐渐升高;入院时收缩压为（129.2±22.4）mm Hg（1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa）、（133.7±18.6）mm Hg、（140.8±21.4）mm Hg,G3组与G1组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.（2）G1、G2组单支血管病变发生率较高为48.5％、56.6％;G3组三支血管病变发生率较高为45.5％,与G1、G2组相比,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.（3）改良Gensini评分3组分别为（6.6±3.1）分、（7.3±3.0）分、（7.7±3.0）分,3组比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 高血压病史和收缩压高为中老年女性冠心病患者的独立危险因素;70岁以下女性冠心病患者病变以单支血管病变为主,70岁以上女性冠心病患者以三支血管病变更为多见,并且随着年龄增加,冠状动脉病变程度逐渐加重.     

Outlook for patients after coronary artery revascularization

Data are now available from many centers on the results of the coronary artery bypass operation. Approximately 85 percent of the patients who survive the procedure experience relief of angina and 60 percent have no further chest pain. Similarly, 70 to 85 percent of the patients have improved results on objective testing, and this improvement seems to correlate fairly well with the patency of the bypass grafts. Data from various institutions on effects on ventricular function have not been consistent, but there is some evidence that myocardial contractility for segments with a patent graft can be improved, particularly when there is no infarction and the preoperatlve ventricular wall motion is moderately depressed.The operative mortality rate for patients with stable angina is less than 6 percent in most centers and appears to be related to the quality of ventricular function. The mortality rate in patients with unstable angina is considerably higher in most institutions. Although vein patency is reduced to between 65 and 75 percent 1 year postoperatlvely, the occlusion rate over the next 2 years appears to be only 5 to 6 percent.It is too early to state definitively whether surgery can prevent infarction in patients with stable or unstable angina. However, there is fairly good evidence that bypass surgery can prevent infarction if it is carried out within 4 hours after the onset of coronary occlusion.The results from several centers suggest that bypass surgery may favorably influence the annual survival rate in patients with stable angina. There are not enough controlled data to say whether the procedure can extend life in patients with unstable angina, which is a highly lethal disease, particularly for individuals with continuing severe angina. Bypass surgery would appear to be of value for this group of patients.     

Comparative study for risk factors and features in patients with premature coronary artery disease and mature coronary artery disease

正Objective To explore the risk factors and features in patients with premature coronary artery disease(CAD)and mature CAD.Methods General and clinical information was collected from 747 patients who received coronary angiography(CAG)in our hospital from 2015-01to 2016-02 and the patients were divided into 3 groups based on CAG findings:Premature CAD group,n=138,     

80岁以上冠心病患者血运重建的临床结果分析

目的评价年龄≥80岁的高龄冠心病患者血运重建治疗后的近期与远期临床结果 ,探讨远期不良事件的预测因素。方法选择接受冠状动脉血运重建治疗的冠心病患者(≥80岁)63例,记录其人口学资料、临床特征、冠状动脉造影和血运重建情况以及主要不良心脑血管事件(MACCE)。对所有患者进行电话或门诊随访,多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析远期不良事件的预测因素。结果 85.7%的患者为多支病变。分别有81.0%和19.0%的患者接受PCI和冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)治疗,PCI成功率为98.0%,CABG成功率为83.3%,血管重建总成功率为95.2%。院内MACCE发生率为4.8%。中位随访时间为541(444～667)d,随访率为95.2%。总MACCE发生率为14.3%,病死率为11.1%;累积生存率为88.5%,累积无MACCE生存率为83.0%。多因素Cox分析,既往血运重建史、慢性完全闭塞病变以及是否循环支持是总MACCE的独立危险因素。结论年龄≥80岁的高龄冠心病患者接受血运重建治疗安全可行,成功率较高,院内不良事件发生率较低,远期生存率较高。     

Risk factors for coronary artery disease in patients with renal failure

Cardiovascular mortality is markedly increased in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), particularly those receiving dialysis. Coronary artery disease is the most important cause of death in these patients. As in the general population, older age, male gender, and the postmenopausal state in women are cardiovascular risk factors in patients with ESRD. However, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia, known to promote cardiovascular disease in the general population, are particularly likely to do so in patients with ESRD because of their high prevalence in this population. In addition, nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors, such as hyperhomocystinemia, inflammation, elevated calcium x phosphate product, endothelial dysfunction, and oxidant stress, occur frequently in patients with ESRD. Vigorous treatment of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors has reduced cardiovascular risk in patients without ESRD. The extent to which such risk factor modification would alter cardiovascular risk in ESRD remains uncertain.     

Incidence of coronary artery disease in siblings of patients with premature coronary artery disease: 10 years of follow-up

Although family history of premature coronary artery disease (CAD) confers increased risk of CAD, the magnitude of this increase beyond that expected from the risk factors incorporated in the Framingham Risk Equation (FRE) remains unknown. We prospectively determined the accuracy of the FRE 10-year incident CAD events prediction in initially healthy siblings of patients with documented premature CAD. We recruited 784 siblings (30 to 59 years) of 449 patients hospitalized with CAD <60 years of age (1983 to 1995). We compared the estimated 10-year incidence of total CAD events by the gender-specific FREs at baseline, to the observed incidence at 10 years of follow-up. In men, the 10-year actual CAD event rate was 20%, only half of which was predicted by the FRE (12% vs 20%, p <0.001). In women, the observed CAD event rate was 7.1% (p <0.001 vs men), modestly but not significantly greater than the 6.3% predicted by the FRE (p = 0.34). Thus, there was a significant 66.6% excess risk in men, and a nonsignificant 12.7% excess risk in women beyond the risk predicted by the FRE for total CAD events. The FRE and its known classic risk factor profile failed to accurately predict total incident 10-year CAD events in individuals with a sibling history of premature CAD, most particularly in men. In conclusion, in families with a history of premature CAD, the excess risk observed cannot be attributed to traditional risk factors, suggesting a major role for as yet undetermined genetic and other susceptibility factors.     

Comparison of in-hospital and one-year outcomes in patients with left ventricular ejection fractions <or=40%, 41% to 49%, and >or=50% having percutaneous coronary revascularization

Outcome studies of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with conventional balloon angioplasty have established increased in-hospital and 1-year mortality in patients with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction compared with others. It is unclear whether recent PCI practice innovations, including stents and adjunctive pharmacotherapy, have made PCI safer and more effective in patients with LV dysfunction. We evaluated the influence of LV ejection fraction (EF) indexes on in-hospital and 1-year outcomes in 1,458 patients within the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-sponsored Dynamic Registry. Patients (n = 300) with acute myocardial infarction were excluded. The remaining 1,158 patients were subdivided into 3 categories: group 1, EF or=50% (n = 866). We determined the frequency of individual and composite adverse events (death/myocardial infarction [MI]/coronary artery bypass grafting) at discharge and 1 year. In the Dynamic Registry patients, mean EF in the 3 groups was 32%, 45%, and 62% and in-hospital mortality was 3.0%, 1.6%, and 0.1%, respectively (p <0.001). The composite end point of death/MI was also significant, but other in-hospital adverse events did not differ between groups. The respective mortality rates were 11.0%, 4.5%, and 1.9% (p <0.001) after 1 year. The composite end points of death/MI and death/MI/coronary artery bypass grafting also occurred more frequently in group 1 patients. Thus, significant LV dysfunction was still associated with increased in-hospital and 1-year mortality in patients having contemporary PCI.     

Long-term outcomes in non-diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome undergoing revascularization for multi-vessel coronary artery disease

Low HDL-cholesterol concentrations are associated with increased cardiovascular risk and recent evidences suggest that HDL may aggravate the atherosclerotic process promoting inflammation: HDL are anti-inflammatory in the absence of inflammation but can become proinflammatory in the presence of atherosclerosis. Yet, no data is available on the cardiovascular outcome in subjects with low HDL-cholesterol and early stages of atherosclerosis. Therefore, we included in a prospective 5-year follow-up study 150 subjects with low HDL-cholesterol concentrations and subclinical carotid atherosclerosis, as assessed by carotid colour doppler, evaluating at baseline all the established traditional cardiovascular risk factors (e.g. male gender, older age, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, family history of coronary artery disease, hypercholesterolemia), as well as levels of two markers of inflammation (C-reactive protein and fibrinogen). At the end of the follow-up we registered vascular events in the 21% of patients and we found that lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations were associated with ischemic stroke (p = .0164), peripheral arterial disease (p = .0248) and the presence of any clinical event (p = .0105). By multivariate analysis we searched, among all baseline parameters, for independent variables associated with the events and we found a predictive role for elevated fibrinogen concentrations (OR 6.3, 95% CI 2.0–19.6, p = .0016), family history of coronary artery disease (OR 4.5, 95% CI 1.7–12.8, p = .0045) and lower HDL-cholesterol levels (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1–1.9, p = .0278). These findings further suggest a synergistic role of low-HDL and inflammation on the atherosclerotic disease progression from subclinical lesions to clinical events. Yet, their therapeutical implications remain to be established in future studies.     

Risk factors for acute coronary syndrome in patients below the age of 40 years

Background

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) refers to a spectrum of symptoms compatible with acute myocardial ischemia. Plasma markers of inflammation have been recently identified as diagnostic aid and risk predictors. The present study, conducted in Slemani Cardiac Hospital (SCH), Sulaimaniyah, Iraq aimed to recognize some risk factors for ACS in Iraqi adults younger than 40.

老年冠心病患者血运重建后影响预后的因素

目的 分析老年(≥65岁)冠心病患者接受血运重建后影响其预后的因素.方法 6005例接受了血运重建,包括经皮冠脉介入治疗(PCI)和冠状动脉搭桥(CABG)的冠心病患者根据年龄分为两组,老年组(≥65岁,3728例)和对照组(＜65岁,2277例),对患者进行电话或门诊随访,随访的中位数为555 d,比较两组间临床情况和预后.结果 两组间血运重建总死亡率和MACCE发生率差异有统计学意义,其中总死亡率(老年组与对照组)为3.5%与1.6%(P=0.001),MACCE为12%与3.9%(P=0.001).与对照组相比,老年患者合并高血压、糖尿病以及脑血管病史、陈旧心梗史的发生率明显要高,而ST段抬高心梗、三支病变、左主干病变、CTO发生率也明显高,内生肌酐清除率、完全血运重建率却低.Cox多因素回归分析发现,糖尿病(HR 2.011,95%CI 1.093～3.697,P=0.027)、三支血管病变(HR 2.036,95%CI 1.123～3.813,P=0.017)、老年(≥65岁,HR 5.605,95% CI 2.001～15.705,P＜0.001)是总死亡率增加的独立危险因素,而内生肌酐清除率(HR 1.923,95% CI 1.107～3.203,P=0.013)、左主干病变(HR 1.877,95% CI 1.193～2.978,P=0.001)、三支血管病变(HR 1.515,95% CI 1.243～1.806,P=0.007)是MACCE发生率增加的独立危险因素.结论 糖尿病、三支血管病变、老年(≥65岁)是老年冠心病患者血运重建后总死亡率增加的独立危险因素,而内生肌酐清除率、左主干病变、三支血管病变是MACCE发生率增加的独立危险因素.     

Comparison of traditional risk factors, natural history and angiographic findings between coronary heart disease patients with age <40 and >or=40 years old.

OBJECTIVE: In this study we aimed to examine the angiographic findings, traditional risk factors and natural history of Turkish patients <40 and >or=40 years old with coronary heart disease (CHD). METHODS: The records of 491 patients with stable angina pectoris or acute coronary syndrome (ACS), who had undergone coronary angiography (CAG) were reviewed. The patients <40 years (group 1) and >or=40 years (group 2) were compared. RESULTS: The study population was classified as group 1 with 240 patients (mean age 35.7+/-3.4 years) and group 2 with 251 patients (mean age 61.0+/-9.7 years). Smoking, family history, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were more prevalent in group 1 while diabetes mellitus, hypertension was higher in group 2. The common presentation among <40 years patients was ACS whereas stable angina was the most common presentation in patients >or=40 years old. Patients in group 1 showed a preponderance of single-vessel disease whereas patients of group 2 showed dominance of multivessel disease. Early clinical course of patients with ACS in group 1 was better than in group 2. CONCLUSION: Our study shows a significantly different clinical, angiographic and biochemical profile in <40 years patients with CHD compared with >or=40 years patients. Dominance of smoking and dyslipidemias that are the preventable risk factors in premature CHD patients is an important threat for our community health. Healthy life styles should be encouraged beginning from young ages and new precautions about smoking must be taken.