三维超声计算机辅助虚拟脏器分析技术评价胎儿透明隔腔发育

目的 探讨三维超声计算机辅助虚拟脏器分析(VOCAL)技术对评价胎儿透明隔腔(CSP)发育的应用价值。方法 应用三维超声VOCAL技术对20~38周正常胎儿共212胎进行CSP容积测量,评价胎儿CSP的发育情况。结果 对212胎正常胎儿均应用VOCAL技术成功测得CSP容积数据。胎儿CSP宽度与胎儿孕周、双顶径(BPD)、头围(HC)及小脑横径存在相关性(r=0.47、0.50、0.46、0.50,P均<0.05);胎儿CSP前后径与胎儿孕周、BPD、HC及小脑横径存在相关性(r=0.57、0.61、0.55、0.61,P均<0.05);胎儿CSP容积与胎儿孕周、BPD、HC及小脑横径存在相关性(r=0.45、0.48、0.44、0.50,P均<0.05)。结论 通过三维超声VOCAL技术可立体显示胎儿CSP,从而评价其发育情况。     

中晚孕期胎儿大脑大静脉管径的MRI测量及其临床价值

目的 测量中晚孕期正常胎儿大脑大静脉（VOG）管径并探讨其临床价值。方法 选取行MR检查的孕中晚期正常胎儿86胎,观察单次激发快速自旋回波（SS-FSE）序列、快速成像稳态采集（FIESTA）序列、DWI序列、快速反转恢复运动抑制（FIRM）序列下VOG及脑静脉窦的成像清晰度,获得“优势”序列,以此测量VOG管径,对所得测量值与孕周行Pearson相关分析。结果 SS-FSE序列对VOG及静脉窦的成像清晰度优于其他序列（P<0.05）,以此序列测量胎儿VOG横径为（2.92±0.35）mm,VOG横径随孕周的增加而增大,与孕周呈正相关（r=0.762,P<0.05）,线性回归方程为Y=0.799+0.070X（P<0.05）。结论 SS-FSE序列是显示胎儿VOG及静脉窦的一种可靠的、有效的检查方法;对正常胎儿VOG管径的测量及相关研究可为临床提供一定的参考依据。     

产前超声评估胎儿咽、喉及气管发育

目的 探讨胎儿咽、喉及气管直径与孕周的关系,建立正常参考值范围。方法 对280胎18~38周正常单胎胎儿进行常规产前超声检查,测量咽、喉及气管直径;采用回归分析评价各测量值与孕周的关系,以组内相关系数(ICC)及Bland-Altman检验评价测量结果的重复性和一致性。结果 正常胎儿咽、喉及气管的直径均随孕周而增大,其回归方程如下:咽直径(mm)=0.230孕周-0.460(r²=0.487,P<0.01);喉直径(mm)=0.324孕周-0.851(r²=0.699,P<0.01);气管直径(mm)=0.118孕周-0.342(2=0.576,P<0.01)。测量咽、喉及气管直径的重复性和一致性均较高。结论 产前超声可用以建立胎儿咽喉及气管直径的正常参考值范围,且有助于评价胎儿发育及早期诊断胎儿气道狭窄。     

产前超声测量正常胎儿左头臂静脉

目的 应用产前超声观察胎儿左头臂静脉,建立正常胎儿左头臂静脉管径的正常参考值范围。方法 选取384胎23~39周正常胎儿,应用二维超声显示胎儿左头臂静脉,对能够清晰显示者测量管径,并分析其与孕周的关系,对二维超声显示不明确者应用CDFI进一步进行检测。结果 二维超声对胎儿左头臂静脉的显示率为88.54%（340/384）,联合CDFI对胎儿左头臂静脉的显示率为91.93%（353/384）。正常胎儿左头臂静脉管径与孕周呈直线相关（r²=0.95、P<0.001）。以孕周为自变量（X）、左头臂静脉管径为因变量（Y）,直线回归方程为Y=-1.063+0.152X。结论 产前超声能够显示并测量胎儿左头臂静脉,有助于评价胎儿心血管发育。     

产前超声于左无名静脉切面测量孕20~38周胎儿胸腺参数

目的 观察产前超声于左无名静脉切面测量孕20~38周胎儿胸腺参数的价值。方法 前瞻性纳入661名孕20~38周健康单胎妊娠孕妇,采用超声分别于三血管切面和左无名静脉切面测量胎儿胸腺参数,包括胸腺横径、前后径、周长及横断面积,分析各参数与孕周的相关性,观察并对比于两切面测量胸腺参数的价值。结果 超声于三血管切面所测孕35~38周胎儿胸腺横径及孕20~38周胎儿胸腺前后径、周长和横断面积均小于左无名静脉切面（P均<0.05）;且相同切面所测胎儿胸腺参数均随孕周增长而增高（P均<0.05）。三血管切面（r=0.873、0.793、0.839、0.858,P均<0.001）和左无名静脉切面（r=0.901、0.796、0.866、0.904,P均<0.001）胸腺横径、前后径、周长及横断面积测值均与孕周呈正相关。观察者间及观察者内测量胸腺参数的一致性均好（ICC均>0.75,P均<0.001）,于左无名静脉切面测量的ICC略高。结论 产前超声于左无名静脉切面测量孕20~38周胎儿胸腺各参数可减小测量误差,在一定程度上弥补三血管切面测量的不足。     

超声剪切波弹性成像评价成人正常甲状腺的重复性

目的 评价剪切波弹性成像（SWE）技术检测正常甲状腺组织弹性参数的重复性。方法 选取健康成年志愿者28名,应用SWE技术,由同一检查者于不同时间及不同检查者分别行甲状腺弹性成像,应用Q-Box获取甲状腺双侧叶中部的弹性参数（Emean）,评价组内及组间的重复性。结果 ①检查者内同一天两测值Emean差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,甲状腺左、右叶的组内相关系数（ICC）值分别为 0.81、0.94,Pearson相关系数分别为r=0.77、0.88（P均<0.001）,提示组内重复性很好;②检查者内不同天两测值Emean 差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,组内ICC值分别为0.59、0.86,Pearson相关系数分别r=0.69、0.72（P均<0.001）,组内重复性好;③检查者间两测值Emean差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,左、右叶ICC值分别为 0.64、0.58,Pearson相关系数分别为r_左=0.45（P_左=0.014）、r_右=0.57（P_右=0.002）,组间重复性好。Bland-Altman图示组内及组间SWE测量值具有良好一致性。结论 SWE可定量获取甲状腺的杨氏模量值,重复性好。     

产前高分辨力超声检测正常胎儿胸腺的方法及临床意义

目的 探讨产前高分辨力超声测量胎儿胸腺大小的方法,建立正常值参考范围,选择最佳的评估指标以发现胸腺异常并评估其临床意义。方法 选取374胎18~38孕周正常单胎胎儿,在三血管或三血管气管切面测量胸腺的周长、面积、前后径、左右径,计算正常值范围,并依此进行胸腺筛查。采用回归分析各测量项与孕龄(GA)的关系。随机抽取50胎,分析各测量项一致性的信度。结果 胎儿胸腺大小随GA的增加而增大(周长:r=0.92,面积:r=0.87,前后径:r=0.80,左右径:r=0.84,P均<0.01);最适回归方程分别为:周长(cm)=-3.252+0.381×GA,面积(cm²)=0.0002×GA^2.628,前后径(cm)=-0.323+0.058×GA,左右径(cm)=-0.901+0.131×GA(P均<0.01)。胸腺各测量项一致性信度较高(内部一致性系数和组内相关系数分别是:周长0.97、0.96,面积0.99、0.99,前后径0.95、0.95;左右径0.97、0.97)。共筛查出14胎胎儿胸腺减小。结论 高分辨力超声能清楚地显示和测量胎儿胸腺。胸腺面积是评估其大小的最佳指标。     

超微血管成像评价甲状腺结节激光消融疗效

目的 探讨超微血管成像（SMI）评价甲状腺结节激光消融疗效的价值。方法 选取46例甲状腺结节患者（共56个结节）,进行激光消融治疗。分别采用二维超声、CEUS及SMI检查测量消融灶体积,采用CEUS及SMI判断有无未完全消融结节和二维超声低回声区边缘是否存在残余微血管,并进行统计学分析。结果 CEUS检出未完全消融结节11个（11/56,19.64%）,SMI检出未完全消融结节9个（9/56,16.07%）,差异无统计学意义（P=0.50）。二维超声、CEUS及SMI测量消融灶体积分别为（2.10±2.13）cm³、（1.75±1.67）cm³和（1.79±1.80）cm³,二维超声测量消融灶的体积大于CEUS及SMI（P均<0.05）,CEUS测量消融灶的体积与SMI差异无统计学意义（P=0.554）。SMI与CEUS对消融后二维超声低回声区边缘存在残余微血管的检出率差异无统计学意义（P=0.125）。20个单点消融患者中,CEUS及SMI测量消融灶长度、宽度与消融能量均呈线性正相关（r=0.82、0.78,0.80、0.80,P均<0.05）。结论 SMI对未完全消融结节的检出率及对消融灶大小的评估与CEUS具有较好的一致性。     

比较超声和MRI评估正常胎儿胸廓发育

目的 比较超声和MRI评估正常胎儿胸廓发育的可重复性和一致性。方法 选取30胎正常胎儿,分别以超声和MRI测量胎儿胸廓横径、前后径、面积、胸围、胸廓体积和肺体积,采用组内相关系数（ICC）及Bland-Altman图分析同一医师及不同医师间测量结果的可重复性和一致性,以Pearson相关分析观察超声测量胎儿肺体积、胸廓体积与MRI测量值的相关性。结果 同一医师及不同医师以超声测量胎儿胸廓二维指标的可重复性和一致性均高于MRI,而以MRI测量胎儿胸廓体积和肺体积的可重复性和一致性均高于超声;同一医师以超声测量胎儿胸廓横径的可重复性最高[ICC=0.996 4,95%CI（0.992 5,0.998 3）],且一致性最高[界限宽度－0.004 7±0.057 3,95%CI（－0.026 1,0.016 7）]。超声与MRI测量胎儿肺体积和胸廓体积高度相关（r=0.915、0.957,P均<0.001）。结论 超声和MR均可评估正常胎儿胸廓发育,胎儿胸廓发育的二维指标测量超声优于MRI;三维指标测量MRI优于超声,但两者相关性高。     

三维超声计算机辅助虚拟脏器分析技术评价胎儿胆囊发育

目的 探讨三维超声计算机辅助虚拟脏器分析(VOCAL)技术测量不同孕龄胎儿胆囊体积,建立胆囊体积的正常参考值范围,并评价其与孕周的相关性。方法 选择19~40孕周正常胎儿230胎作为研究对象,采用二维超声和三维超声测量胎儿胆囊体积,并观察其重复性和一致性,分析胆囊体积与孕周的相关性。结果 同一操作者和不同操作者应用三维超声的重复性和一致性均优于二维超声。胎儿胆囊体积随孕周增加而增大,回归方程为Y=-0.027+0.104X-0.005X²(r=0.774,P=0.0001)。结论 三维超声VOCAL技术在胎儿胆囊体积测量方面的重复性和一致性优于二维超声,有助于评价胎儿胆囊发育。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."