马来丝虫微丝蚴在蚊体内的脱鞘和穿壁观察

用蚊消化道体外培养、活体蚊解剖等方法,发现周期型马来丝虫微丝蚴在中华按蚊体内的穿壁活动通常发生于感染后的75～150min,占所有穿过胃壁的80%。最早穿壁发生于感染后的40min,最迟的到感染后4h。穿壁发生于消化道的广泛部位,包括前肠的后段、中肠以及后肠的前段。多数微丝蚴于胃内脱鞘,穿出胃壁的微丝蚴有10%仍带有鞘膜,这些微丝蚴可在血腔中完成脱鞘,并能继续发育至感染期。微丝蚴在东乡伊蚊体内的脱鞘与穿壁活动与中华按蚊的相似。     

中华按蚊对马来丝虫微丝蚴易感性的观察

目的：研究中华按蚊对不同密度马来丝虫微丝蚴以及贵州和浙江两地虫源的易感性。方法：观察中华按蚊感染不同密度马来丝虫微丝蚴（ｍｆ）后蚊虫的存活率、蚊虫体内微丝蚴发育至感染期蚴（Ｌ３）率和感染蚊体内Ｌ３平均条数，同时观察浙江虫源（６代）和贵州虫源（３１代），微丝蚴发育至Ｌ３率。结果：感染微丝蚴密度为３２．５ｍｆ／μｌ和１４１． ５ｍｆ／μｌ组的微丝蚴发育至Ｌ３率分别为３６．２％和８．７％，感染蚊体内Ｌ３平均条数分别为８．２４和０．３条。中华按蚊感染浙江虫源（６代）和贵州虫源（３１代），微丝蚴发育至Ｌ３率分别是４５．１％和２６．８％。结论：中华按蚊对感染密度为３２．５ｍｆ／μｌ－６６．４ｍｆ／μｌ时较易感，其对浙江虫源（６代）较贵州虫源（３１代）易感。     

丝虫病研究Ⅴ.彭亨丝虫和马来丝虫微丝蚴在埃及伊蚊、东乡伊蚊、尖音库蚊骚扰亚种及骚扰阿蚊体内的脱鞘

长期以来,有人认为班氏丝虫、马来丝虫、彭亨丝虫及罗阿丝虫的微丝蚴(mf)被蚊摄入后,立即在胃内脱鞘。也有人报告:彭亨丝虫mf被四斑按蚊摄入后,立即在血块中脱鞘。Yamamoto等(1983)报道,彭亨丝虫在骚扰阿蚊的胃及腹部血腔内脱鞘。从而认为,鞘可能起着保护幼虫的作用。为了了解mf脱鞘是否常在蚊血腔中进行,作者采用感染丝虫的长爪沙鼠作蚊血源进行实验。感染彭亨丝虫的鼠血mf平均密度为73.5条/cmm和2.6条/cmm;感染马来丝虫的为1.5条/cmm,均以40mg/kg戊     

不同蚊种对亚周期型马来丝虫的易感性研究

本文用中华按蚊、东乡伊蚊、淡色库蚊分别人工感染亚周期型马来丝虫,通过观察其微丝蚴摄人数、幼虫穿壁率、幼虫发育成熟率及感染24h 幼虫的黑化率等指标探讨了蚊种对亚周期马来丝虫的易感性。结果表明,中华按蚊、东乡伊蚊对亚周期型马来丝虫易感,淡色库蚊不易感。黑化反应在三蚊种体内均可发生,从多方面影响幼虫在淡色库蚊体内的发育。     

人房中华按蚊检获牛丝虫幼虫及其传染源调查

筠连县流行马来丝虫病 ,中华按蚊为当地主要传播媒介之一。 1984年实现基本消除丝虫病后开展了监测工作。 1988年 7月进行蚊媒监测时在人房捕获的中华按蚊体内检出幼丝虫 ,经鉴定蚊体内的幼丝虫及牛体内的微丝蚴均系牛腹腔丝虫 ,并对其传染源进行了调查 ,现简报如下。1　方法1.1　中华按蚊幼丝虫自然感染调查　 1988年 7月上旬在丝虫病监测点选定原微丝蚴血症者的住房内 ,捕捉中华按蚊 2次 ,第 1次仅捕获人房帐内按蚊 ,第 2次分别捕获人房帐内按蚊和牛房内按蚊 ,按常规分头、胸、腹 3部分进行个体解剖、镜检 ,了解其幼丝虫自然感染情况。1.2…     

马来丝虫微丝蚴定量注射感染中华按蚊和致倦库蚊的实验观察

本文报告采用改进的微量注射技术和较为精细的计数方法,以2—10条微丝蚴/蚊,定量注射感染中华按蚊和致倦库蚊,找出了这两种蚊虫的微丝蚴感染量与感染期幼丝虫阳性率、幼丝虫平均发育成熟率之间的定量关系;比较了在注射感染条件下两种蚊虫对马来丝虫易感性的差异。     

应用单克隆抗体检测蚊体内幼丝虫的实验观察

以马来丝虫感染期幼虫为靶抗原制备多株单克隆抗体（ＭｃＡｂ）从中筛选出１Ｇ１、１Ｈ１单克隆抗体，检测人工感染马来丝虫的中华按蚊。当中华按蚊吸食含马来微丝蚴的兔血后，分别解剖，同时以ＥＬＩＳＡ及Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ检测饲养不同时间的中华按蚊。结果显示，饲养９ｄ的按蚊马来丝虫幼虫阳性率，人工解剖为８６．６％，ＥＬＩＳＡ和Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ法分别为８２．２％和７７．８％。经统计学处理，人工解剖与单抗检测无显著性差异，其灵敏度为每只蚊０．５条幼虫。实验证明，此ＭｃＡｂ与牛腹腔指状丝虫、猪肺丝虫抗原无交叉反应，显示了一定的特异性。     

同种不同来源马来微丝蚴功能差异研究

本文比较观察了血液和腹腔来源马来丝虫微丝蚴在中华按蚊体内的穿壁和发育情况。血液来源微丝蚴有８４％于感染蚊２ｈ内穿过蚊胃壁，而腹腔来源微丝蚴２ｈ内仅有１９％穿过胃壁，４ｈ后穿壁率达６１％。无论来源如何，穿过胃壁的微丝蚴可在蚊体内发育到感染期幼虫。     

应用单克隆抗体检测蚊体内幼丝虫的实验观察

以马来丝虫感染期幼虫为靶抗原制备多株单克隆抗体从中筛选出１Ｇ１，１Ｈ１单克隆抗体，检测人工感染马来丝虫的中华按蚊。当中华按蚊吸食马来微丝蚴的兔血后，分别解剖同时以ＥＬＩＳＡ及Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ检测饲养不同时间的中华按蚊。结果显示，饲养９ｄ的按蚊马来丝虫幼虫阳性率，人工解剖为８６．６％，ＥＬＩＳＡ和Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＳＩＡ法分别为８２．２％和７７．８％。     

周期型马来丝虫蚊体内阶段的体外培养研究

Devaney等(1979)报道将马来丝虫人工脱鞘的微丝蚴加入含马来伊蚊细胞的MM/MK培养基内,在第6d时30％微丝蚴发育至腊肠期。本文报告周期型马来丝虫微丝蚴在含有各种添加成分的3种商品培养基内也能发育到腊肠期。 一、微丝蚴脱鞘 周期性马来丝虫系1976年引     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.