应用三维电磁导管标测系统与常规方法指导射频消融治疗房性快速心律失常的对比研究

目的三维电磁导管标测（即Carto）系统可三维显示心脏解剖结构。通过其与常规X线透视下标测和射频消融房性快速心律失常的比较,评价其临床应用价值。方法共27例房性快速心律失常患者。常规方法组15例,行常规X线下标测和消融;Carto组12例,在房性心动过速(房速)或心房扑动(房扑)持续发作时,应用Carto系统在相关心房标测,实时重建心腔三维电解剖图,设计消融路标射频放电。比较两组的成功率、手术时间、曝光时间及并发症和随访结果。结果常规方法组15例中,9例右房房速,6例典型房扑,13例即时消融成功。Carto组12例中,房速和房扑各6例,均即时消融成功;其中2例为先天性心脏病外科术后,1例左房房扑,1例左房房速。常规方法组中2例消融不成功,1例为法乐三联症术后房速,另1例希氏束旁自律性房速,后改用Carto系统标测再次手术消融成功。两组间比较,Carto组较常规方法组手术时间延长［(236±53)min与（179±67）min,P<0.05］,曝光时间大为缩短［(16±7)min与（37±19）min,P<0.01］。两组均无并发症。随访4～8个月,Carto组中1例左房房速复发,再次消融成功。结论本研究显示,应用Carto系统标测和消融房速和房扑等房性快速心律失常安全有效,较常规方法定位准确可靠、明显缩短曝光时间,且有定位记忆功能,尤其是在复杂的心动过速,简化标测,有助于准确定位靶点和判断线性损伤的连续性。     

射频消融治疗阵发性室上性心动过速62例体会

目的总结室上性心动过速(PSVT)射频消融治疗的经验。方法左房室旁路消融二尖瓣室侧，右房室旁路消融三尖瓣房侧；房室结双径路通过下位能量递增消融法改良房室结慢径。结果房室折返型心动过速38例，左侧旁道30条右侧旁道9条，消融成功37条，成功率95％，房室结折返型心动过速24例，房室结双径路改良全部成功，成功率100％，总成功率97％。无1例复发。结论射频消融治疗室上速安全、有效、复发率低。’     

Carto 3三维电解剖标测系统在阵发性室上性心动过速射频消融治疗中的应用价值探讨

目的：探讨三维电解剖标测系统（Carto3系统）指导下阵发性室上性心动过速(阵发性室上速)射频消融的可行性及安全性。
　　方法：180例经电生理检查证实为阵发性室上速的患者,按手术日期及电生理诊断以1：1的比例分为三维组和二维组,每组各90例。三维组在Carto3系统指导下进行瓣环三维重建,在三维模型指导下行射频消融。二维组在常规X线照射下行射频消融。观察两组患者的手术时间、X线曝光时间、手术成功率、并发症发生率、术后6月心动过速复发率、手术费用等指标。
　　结果：两组手术时间比较,三维组略延长[（58±16）min vs (54±20) min],差异无统计学意义（P=0.1403）,但X线曝光时间三维组明显缩短[（2.1±0.7）min vs (7.8±3.6) min,P<0.0001],以右侧旁道组X线曝光时间的缩短最显著[（3.4±0.7) min vs (20.2±7.1) min,P<0.0001],房室结双径路患者三维组X线曝光时间也明显缩短[（1.1±0.3） min vs(5.5±1.7) min,P<0.0001]。三维组除1例希氏束旁旁道未消融外其余全部消融成功;二维组有3例（2例右侧旁道、1例房室结双径路）消融不成功,更换三维电解剖标测系统指导下行射频消融治疗。三维组无并发症发生,也无复发病例。二维组有1例房室结双径路（男,9岁）消融中出现完全性房室传导阻滞,随访12个月动态心电图示II°~III°房室传导阻滞。二维组有2例复发,1例为房室结双径路,再次消融成功;1例为右侧旁道前传恢复,食道调搏检查不能诱发心动过速未再消融。而三维组会增加手术费用。
　　结论：Carto3指导阵发性室上速的射频消融切实可行,可大大减少X线照射,从而保护了电生理医生和患者,同时减少并发症发生,提高成功率。     

右房房性心动过速电生理学特征及射频消融结果

目的 探讨右房房性心动过速(房速)的电生理学特征、靶点标测和射频消融治疗结果。方法 40例右房房速病人行心内电生理检查和射频消融,房速靶点标测采用激动标测方法,用两根大头消融导管在右房内交替移动标测寻找靶点,采用预设60～65℃温控放电消融。结果 经电生理检查证实40例房速中10例为自律性房速,30例为非自律房速。36例(90％)射频消融即刻成功,36例有39个房速病灶位,其分布:房间隔21个,右房侧壁15个,希氏束旁(Koch三角尖)2个。4例合并房室结折返性心动过速改良房室结成功,3例合并心房扑动划线消融成功。有1例希氏束旁房速术后出现Ⅲ°AVB。结论 右房房速射频消融成功率较高,其病灶部位以房间隔或右房侧壁为多见,希氏束旁房速消融应注意防止出现AVB并发症。     

经导管标测和消融儿童快速心律失常方法的改进和新技术应用

目的　总结应用改进的标测和消融方法以及新技术治疗儿童快速心律失常的经验。方法　①Swartz长鞘 :在 35例右侧旁道、慢径路、房性心动过速 (局灶性 +折返性 )和房扑消融中应用。②参考电极 :右室流出道和右室流入道分别放置 2根电极 ,采用“蛙跳”方法标测较早的心室激动点 ,然后用射频导管在该点附近标测。③在窦性心律时在左室间隔部记录到较局部室波提前的高频低幅电位激动晚于希氏束电位 2 0ms以上处为靶点消融左室特发性室速。④应用CARTO系统治疗 :3例AT(局灶性 +折返性 )、1例AF和 1例ILVT。结果　 40例患儿均成功消融 ,放电次数和透视时间分别为 (5 0± 3 8)次和 (2 5± 12 4)min。结论　改进的标测和消融方法以及新技术的应用 ,减少放电次数 ,缩短X线透视时间 ;尤其CARTO系统的应用解决以往的难题。     

Carto系统电解剖标测和射频消融治疗致心律失常性右心室心肌病的室性心动过速

目的 评价在致心律失常性右心室心肌病(ARVC)患者,应用Carto系统进行电解剖标测并指导射频消融治疗室性心动过速(室速)的有效性.同时探讨其室速发生机制.方法 伴有室速反复发作的19例ARVC患者入选,平均年龄(35±13)岁,男性15例,女性4例.消融术前1例植入植入型心律转复除颤器(ICD),因放电频繁行消融治疗.1例为无休止型室速,发作持续2 d.在窦性心律和/或心动过速时,电解剖标测三维重建右心室,根据双极电压高低确定疤痕区、正常心肌和临界边缘区.对于折返性室速,在关键峡部或在疤痕区与三尖瓣环之间或两疤痕区间行线性消融,对于局灶性室速,在局部最早激动区域点消融.结果 每个患者有1～5种室速,共在19例患者记录到36种室速.16种血流动力学稳定的室速于心动过速发作时行电解剖标测.可确定为折返性12种(75%),其中8种室速围绕三尖瓣环,另4例患者4种室速为局灶性.即时消融成功率为74%(14/19).随访1～46个月,原成功消融的4例室速复发.无消融术相关并发症发生.结论 应用Carto系统电解剖标测可安全有效指导射频消融治疗.ARVC患者的室速,有相对较高的失败和复发率.折返性和局灶性室速均可发生该类器质性心脏病患者,折返性多见.     

应用三维磁导航系统标测和消融快速性心律失常的初步经验

目的观察三维磁导航系统标测和消融快速性心律失常的疗效。方法结合NiobeII磁导航系统和CARTO-RMT电解剖标测系统,采用4mm-顶端的NaviStar-RMT标测和消融导管进行射频消融治疗快速性心律失常。结果10例患者,男6例,女4例。房室结折返性心动过速4例,其中1例合并阵发性心房颤动,左侧房室旁道2例,右侧房室旁道1例,典型心房扑动2例,右室流出道室性心动过速1例。磁导航系统遥控操作,10例均完成电生理标测。9例消融成功,失败1例为心房扑动患者,换用NaviStar盐水灌注导管后消融成功。导管操作时间93±33.1min,X线曝光时间12.5±6.5min。随访6个月无复发。结论对于快速性心律失常,应用磁导航系统可进行有效和安全的三维标测和消融。     

CARTO系统指导射频消融的应用评价

目的对比研究CARTO标测系统在指导消融术中的弊与利.方法 6例病人同时接受CARTO及普通心内电信号标测双系统指导下的射频消融.其中左房局灶性房速3例、右房房速1例、左室非典型部位特发性室速1例、先心矫形及修补术后室速1例.除1例房速外,均为接受第二或第三次手术的病人,普通心内电信号标测同常规,CARTO电解剖标测系统利用电磁原理首先建立感兴趣区的三维空间,然后诱发心动过速,心动过速时标测折返环,窦性心律下或心动过速时进行消融.结果 6例病人成功4例.未成功的两例病人为因心包填塞中止手术的患者,其中1例为左房局灶性房速、1例左室非典型部位特发性室速,心包穿刺后缓解,无1例死亡.结论 CARTO电解剖标测系统的优点在于可以术中描绘出心动过速的折返环路、无须太多的X线曝光量、提高复杂心律失常射频消融的成功率,节省手术时间.但对于简单心律失常来讲,建立感兴趣区的三维结构,要耗用不必要的标测时间,使简单问题复杂化,此外费用较高.由于CARTO系统无法观察到整个导管的走性情况,导管在心腔内的张力无法判断,因此容易出现心包填塞等并发症.因此CARTO电解剖标测系统的主要优势在于器质性心脏病引起的复杂心律失常的射频消融.     

三维标测指导致心律失常性右心室心肌病室性心动过速的射频消融

目的介绍致心律失常性右心室心肌病（ARVC）室性心动过速（室速）的三维标测方法及其消融策略。方法21例ARVC室速患者,因1—4种抗心律失常药物治疗无效,临床上呈反复发作、无休止发作或植入型心律转复除颤器（ICD）植入后频繁放电治疗,接受导管消融治疗。其中,男性19例,女性2例,平均年龄（32±12）岁。9例患者接受电解剖（Carto）标测,12例患者接受非接触标测（EnSite—Array）。在首先明确病变基质的基础上,通过激动标测、拖带标测及起搏标测,分析心动过速的起源、可能的传导径路及其出口以及它们与病变基质的关系。通常于心动过速的出口处及其周边行局灶消融,术中病变基质周边的延迟激动电位应一并消融。结果21例患者,2例呈无休止发作,1例患者表现为频繁室性早搏及加速性室性自主心律,余18例患者消融中共诱发出34种心动过速。所有心动过速均呈左束支阻滞形,平均心动过速周长为（289±68）ms。16例患者（28种室速）消融治疗即刻成功,3例患者（7种室速）部分成功,2例患者（2种室速）消融失败,即刻消融成功率76．2％。所有患者消融术后继续服用抗心律失常药物。平均随访6～30（1d±7）个月,成功患者中2例复发,其中1例再次消融成功;未达即刻成功的5例患者,经抗心律失常药物治疗后,均无室性心律失常事件发生,其中包括1例消融后植入ICD者。结论三维标测系统可首先明确ARVC患者的病变基质,在此基础上结合激动标测和心内各种电刺激技术,可直观显示心动过速的起源、缓慢传导区出口及折返环路,以此制定消融策略可成功治疗ARVC室速。心动过速起源于心肌深部或ARVC病变进展,是消融失败和复发的常见原因。     

合并永存左上腔静脉畸形的快速心律失常的经导管射频消融治疗

阐明合并永存左上腔静脉畸形 (PLSVC)的快速心律失常经导管射频消融治疗的方法学和特殊性。自 1 997年 6月至 2 0 0 1年 6月共对 1 3例合并PLSVC的快速心律失常进行了经导管射频消融治疗 ,其中房室结折返性心动过速 (AVNRT) 7例、左侧旁道 3例 ;右侧旁道、房性心动过速 (简称房速 )和室性心动过速 (简称室速 )各 1例。冠状静脉窦标测电极均常规经左锁骨下静脉放置 ,其中 9例进行了冠状静脉窦造影 ,3例左侧旁道中的 2例采用了经主动脉逆行法消融、1例采用穿间隔法在二尖瓣环心房侧消融 ,7例AVNRT中的 5例采用Swartz鞘管支持消融导管实现稳定贴靠。消融成功率 1 0 0 % ,无并发症。结论 :多种快速心律失常可合并PLSVC ,经导管射频消融仍有较高的成功率 ,但是在冠状静脉窦电极放置、冠状静脉窦标测和AVNRT消融的方法学上有一定特殊性。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

治疗高血压药物的经济学评价

重视高血压治疗中的经济学评价,对利用我国有限的卫生资源来遏制高血压对人民群众的危害有着重要的现实意义。药物经济学对于药物治疗的成本和治疗的结果给予同样的关注。因为治疗高血压的费用,不仅涉及药物价格,还包括患者的危险水平,降压疗效和对临床终点事件的影响,以及治疗的依从性和安全性。因此药物经济学更强调整体成本和价-效比。低危病人,若非药价低廉,治疗的价-效比不够理想。而在高危的患者,价-效比越小越经济而不是药费越便宜越好。