非糖尿病患者急性心肌梗死早期血糖增高临床分析

目的探讨非糖尿病患者急性心肌梗死（AMI）早期血糖增高的临床特点及预后。方法非糖尿病AMI患者120例,根据空腹血糖（FBG）水平分为：Ⅰ组（FBG正常）,Ⅱ组（6.1mmol/L≤FBG〈10mmol/L）,Ⅲ组（FBG≥10.0mmol/L）。对各组之间心肌酶学峰值、大面积梗死率、并发症、病死率进行对比分析。结果Ⅲ组上述观察指标明显高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组（P〈0.05）。结论非糖尿病患者AMI早期FBG≥10.0mmol/L,提示病情重、预后差。     

急性心肌梗死急诊冠脉介入治疗近期预后与血糖异常相关性研究

目的探讨应激性血糖增高对急诊冠脉介入治疗（PCI）的ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死（AMI）近期预后的影响。方法将急诊行PCI治疗的ST段抬高型AMI患者410例依据糖尿病病史及入院随机血糖水平随机分为四组：组1（n=288）：随机血糖正常的非糖尿病患者；组2（n=30）：随机血糖正常的糖尿病患者；组3（n=54）：随机血糖增高的非糖尿病患者；组4（n=38）：随机血糖增高的糖尿病患者。比较各组患者的年龄、性别、入院24h内随机血糖、糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）、心肌酶峰值、TIMI血流恢复情况及30d病死率。结果四组住院病死率分别为4．2％、3．4％、7．5％、5．9％（P〈0．01）。入院随机血糖增高的糖尿病组及非糖尿病组急诊PCI术后30d病死率高于随机血糖正常组，其中随机血糖增高的非糖尿病组30d病死率高于糖尿病组。结论应激性血糖增高是影响ST段抬高型AMI急诊PCI疗效的重要指标之一，与近期预后密切相关。     

糖调节受损对急性心肌梗死介入治疗患者预后的影响

目的探讨糖调节受损对急性心肌梗死（AMI）急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）患者近期预后的影响。方法对237例急诊PCI的AMI患者的资料进行回顾性分析，根据入院时即刻测血糖及餐后2小时血糖（2hPBG），将患者分为A组（既往有明确糖尿病史），B组（即刻血糖〉6．1～〈7．0mmol／L，2hPBG〉7．8～〈11．1mmol／L），C组（即刻血糖〈6．1mmol／L，2hPBG〈7．8mmol／L）。结果①A、B两组中女性所占比、平均年龄、平均住院天数、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白值及左主干病变、多支病变、PCI术前TIMI血流0—1级者明显高于C组，P〈0．05，有统计学意义；而A、B两组比较P〉0．05，无统计学意义。PCI术后梗死相关血管远端达TIM13级者，三者比较无统计学意义。②A、B两组住院期间及随访3～6个月发生不良心血管事件及病死率明显高于C组，P〈0．05，有统计学意义，A、B两组比较无差异。结论糖调节受损的AMI患者急诊PCI后近期发生不良心血管事件及病死率与糖尿病的AMI患者相似，明显高于血糖正常患者，其预后较差。     

血糖控制水平对ICU危重症患者近期预后的影响

目的探讨不同血糖控制水平对ICU危重症合并应激性高血糖患者近期预后的影响。方法对169例合并应激性高血糖的ICU危重症患者,随机分为强化血糖控制组（强化组,n=89）和常规血糖控制组（常规组,n=80）,强化组血糖控制目标为4．0～6．0mmol,／L,常规组为8．0-10．0mmol／L。比较2组近期预后。结果常规血糖控制组的ICU住院时间、呼吸机带机时间与强化组比较有显著降低（P〈0．05）,院内感染、多器官功能衰竭综合征（MODS）发生率组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,强化组病死率及低血糖发生率较常规组增高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论积极管理危重症患者合并的应激性高血糖有利于减少并发症的发生．目标血糖在8．0～10．0mmol／L为宜。     

应激性高血糖与急性心肌梗死预后的关系

目的探讨应激性高血糖（SHG）对性心肌梗死（AMI）预后的影响。方法选择非糖尿病（DM）AMI患者80例,依据入院早期的血糖水平分组,血糖≥8mmol／L者为SHG组,血糖〈8mmol／L者为非SHG组。观察两组严重心律失常、充血性心力衰竭、心源性休克及死亡情况。结果SHG组严重心律失常、充血性心力衰竭、心源性休克及病死率分别为35％、38％、19％和31％,均显著高于非SHG组（13％、17％、2％和11％）（均P〈0．05）。结论非糖尿病AMI患者出现应激性高血糖提示预后不佳,可作为反映患者病情、判断预后的指标之一。     

2型糖尿病合并急性心肌梗塞患者血糖控制水平与预后分析

目的探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）合并急性心肌梗塞（AMI）患者的血糖控制与预后的关系。方法把79例T2DM合并AMI患者分为A组（空腹血糖7．1—11．0mmol／L）34例和B组（空腹血糖低于7．0mmol／L）45例,比较随访2个月后的转归及临床资料。结果2个月后A组死亡率为11．8％,明显低于B组的29．0％（P〈0．05）。结论T2DM合并AMI患者严格控制血糖会增加病人的病死率。     

急性心肌梗塞伴高血糖的临床特征和预后

目的了解伴血糖增高的急性心肌梗塞（AMI）患者的临床特征及预后。方法对116例AMI患者早期血糖测定结果进行分析。结果116例患者中80例有不同程度的血糖升高，其中血糖〈7．8mmol／L（B组）24例，血糖介于7．8与9．0mmol／L之间（C组）15例，血糖≥9．0mmol／L（D组）41例。结论高血糖无痛性心肌梗塞及感染的发生率明显高于血糖正常人，死亡率也显著增加。     

甘油三酯水平与冠状动脉粥样硬化的关系

目的探讨甘油三酯（TG）对冠心病（CHD）患者冠状动脉狭窄严重程度及血管病变范围的影响。方法对行经皮冠状动脉介入（PCI）术并植入金属支架的1367例患者按TG测定结果分为三组：I组TG〈1．70mmol／L（n=748）,Ⅱ组TG≥1．70mmol／L、≤2．25mmol／L（n=279）,Ⅲ组TG≥2．26mmol／L（n=340）,分析各组冠状动脉粥样硬化病变的严重程度。结果三组患者的年龄、合并糖尿病的比例差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,TG水平越高、年龄越轻,合并糖尿病的比例越高,I组患者既往心肌梗死患病率高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组（P〈0．05）;三组间的TC、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL—C）、非HDL—C、空腹血糖差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL—C）差异无统计学意义（P〉0．5）;三组患者的病变血管范围、冠状动脉病变狭窄严重程度差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论TG水平对CHD患者冠状动脉狭窄严重程度及病变血管范围无影响,不是CHD严重程度的决定性因素。     

老年糖尿病患者急性心肌梗塞的并发症及预后

糖尿病是老年人的多发病，急性心肌梗塞（AMI）又是糖尿病一个重要并发症。本文重点讨论老年糖尿病患者AMI的并发症及其对预后的影响。病材1985年1月-1997年4月本院收治105例老年AMI中，Ⅱ型糖尿病患者20例（19．04％），年龄60－80岁，平均72岁，男14例、女6例，病程2－17年；平时血糖值为7．30-8．90mmol／L。非糖尿病40例作为对照，年龄60－80岁，平均68岁，男26例。女14例。结果①临床症状：胸痛、心慌、出汗、恶心、呕吐、呼吸困难、曼厥等两组相似；②血糖情况：血糖平均值糖尿病组15.20mmol／L、对照组6.13mmol／L，（P＜0.01…     

不同血糖控制目标对危重颅脑疾病患者细胞免疫功能的影响

目的研究不同血糖控制目标对危重颅脑疾病患者细胞免疫功能及感染发生率的影响。方法115例危重颅脑疾病患者随机分为三组,使用胰岛素控制血糖,分别给予三种不同的血糖控制目标,即：A组（血糖4．4～6．1mmol／L,n=38）,B组（血糖6．2～8．3mmol／L,n=40）和C组（血糖10～11．1mmol／L,n=37）,对三组患者的细胞免疫功能指标及感染发生率进行比较。结果第10天A组与B组CD3^＋、CD4^＋、CD4^＋／CD8^＋高于C组（P〈0．05）,A组CD4^＋／CD8^＋高于B组（P〈0．05）,A组与B组院内感染发生率（42．1％、47．5％）低于C组（70．3％）（P〈0．05）。结论严格控制血糖有助于改善危重颅脑疾病患者细胞免疫功能,减少感染的发生。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.