Solid and liquid state characterization of tetrahydrocurcumin using XRPD,FT-IR,DSC, TGA,LC-MS,GC-MS,and NMR and its biological activities

Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) is one of the major metabolites of curcumin (CUR), an ancient bioactive natural polyphenolic compound. This research article describes both the solid and liquid state characterization of THC using advanced spectroscopic and thermo-analytical techniques. Anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and neuroprotective activities of THC were investigated using in vitro cell lines. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that our sample comprised 95.15% THC, 0.51% tetrahydrodemethoxycurcumin (THDC), 3.40% hexahydrocurcumin, and 0.94% octahydrocurcumin. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis indicated the presence of 96.68% THC and 3.32% THDC. THC in solution existed as keto-enol tautomers in three different forms at different retention time, but the enol form was found to be dominant, which was also supported by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. THC was thermally stable up to 335.55 °C. THC exhibited more suppression of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and MIP-1α) than CUR in a concentration-dependent manner in mouse splenocytes, while NK-cell and phagocytosis activity was increased in macrophages. THC showed a significant reduction of free radicals (LPO) along with improved antioxidant enzymes (SOD and catalase) and increased free radical scavenging activity against ABTS⁺ radicals in HepG2 cells. THC displayed higher protection capability than CUR from oxidative stress and neuronal damage by improving cell viability against H₂O₂ induced HepG2 cells and MPP⁺ induced SH-SY5Y cells, respectively, in a concentration-dependent manner. Thus, a variation of the biological activities of THC might rely on its keto-enol form and the presence of other THC analogs as impurities. The present study could be advantageous for further research on THC for better understanding its physicochemical properties and biological variation.     

蝌蚪中铜、锌、镁、铁、钙含量测定

目的 :探讨蝌蚪的化学成分。方法 :用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定蝌蚪中无机元素的含量。结果 :蝌蚪中的无机元素铜、锌、镁、铁、钙的质量分数分别为 :0 .0 72mg·g-1、0 .12 4mg·g-1、3.316mg·g-1、5 .776mg·g-1和31.5 1mg·g-1。结论 :蝌蚪中无机元素钙的含量很高     

试从《伤寒论》干姜附子汤方证谈中医药学的理法方药与剂工质效

依据<伤寒论>干姜附子汤方证,初步探讨了中医学的理、法、方、药与中药学的剂、工、质、效.认为干姜附子汤方证反映了中医时间医学的精华,提示了症状排除法的诊断方法 ,树立了应用小方的典范,引导了后世"火神派"的形成,指引着中药药剂学的研究思路,鞭策着中药的质量管理模式及疗效.认真学习干姜附子汤方证,对于继承仲景之学,探讨中医药学系统工程的关键问题,推动中医药学术与事业的发展,都有重要意义.     

Database Application of Digital Medical X-rays and Labs: Computerization,Storage, Retrieval,Interpretation, and Distribution

Stenter lets the health care worker order an X-ray that is produced as a computer image rather than on flat film. The health care provider can be in any location with the correct equipment, and view the digital image. The dimensions of this discussion are extensive. The cost savings because of reduced media and storage cost is substantial. Health care quality can be improved because of the ability to obtain consultation via telemedicine and the enhanced ability to track medical problems over time via trends. The major downside is the limited cost imbursement system to pay for technology. Unfortunately, this may impact on the improved quality of care. In simple terms someone needs to pay for the technology and the quality of health care needs to be maintained or improved. The real cost to the health care systems needs to be correctly calculated and inappropriate charging kept to a minimum. Specific costs need to be kept in mind and the first is the cost for new staff or staff training. The number of health care providers that are able to read the X-ray can be enlarged remembering that only American Board Certified Radiologists are allowed to give the final recommendation. How do we view the cost of missing something? It could be argued that this risk will be reduced because of improved technology for obtaining the digital X-ray and improved enhancement software. One way to view this situation is to include technology, management, and organization. The cost and benefits occur through the interplay of all three dimensions. The development of digital imaging hardware and artificial intelligence software will demand change in the management and organization. The organization will require changes in its design to accommodate the technology as to support and resources. Management will evolve to include methods for control and monitoring this technology. Business processes and standard operating procedures will change to integrate the technology into the organization in the most effective and efficient manner.