The prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention

Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in high-risk patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or other radiocontrast procedures. Approximately 25% of all patients selected for these procedures are at risk for its development. Patients who experience this complication have higher rates of mortality, longer hospital stays and poorer long-term outcomes. The occurrence of CIN is directly related to the number of co-existing clinical risk factors. Among the many risk factors, preexisting renal impairment, advanced age, the presence of diabetes mellitus and both the volume and type of the contrast agent administered are among the most important. While the precise pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for this condition are complex and incompletely understood, experimental studies suggest that the pathogenesis involves a combination of renal ischemia and direct tubular epithelial cell toxicity. At the present time, adequate periprocedural hydration and the selection of low-osmolar and, more recently, iso-osmolar contrasts agents are the only available tools to the operator for reducing the risk of this complication. Several other modalities, such as the use of NaHCO3 and hemofiltration, also appear promising in preventing the development of this complication. This article reviews the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and consequences of CIN. It also reviews the risk factors for the development of CIN, as well as the history of the various modalities studied in its prevention.     

择期冠脉介入患者对比剂肾病影响因素分析

目的分析常规水化治疗情况下择期经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)患者发生对比剂肾病(CIN)的影响因素。方法连续入选我院2010年2月～2011年10月择期行PCI的冠心病患者216例,于冠脉介入围手术期给予0.9%氯化钠以1.5 mL/(kg.h)静点水化治疗,记录患者术前24 h、术后72 h内血肌酐值,分析CIN发生情况及相关影响因素。结果择期冠脉介入患者CIN发生率为8.33%(18/216),与非CIN患者比较,CIN患者年龄升高、更多合并糖尿病、肾功能下降、术中对比剂用量增多(P<0.05或P<0.01)。Logistic回归分析显示,年龄≥70岁、糖尿病、术前eGFR<60 mL/(min.1.73m2)、对比剂用量>150 mL是CIN的独立危险因素(P均<0.01)。结论常规水化治疗下冠脉介入患者仍有8.33%发生CIN,其中年龄、合并糖尿病、术前肾功能下降及对比剂用量是CIN独立危险因素,对于高危患者应高度警惕并积极预防CIN的发生。     

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗患者造影剂肾病的发病率及其相关因素

目的:调查分析他汀类药物和充分水化治疗后经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)治疗患者的造影剂肾病(CIN)发病率和可能的危险因素。方法:连续入选PCI治疗的冠心病患者,分析PCI前后肾功能指标的变化,计算CIN的发病率,比较CIN组和非CIN组的相关指标,寻找可能的危险因素。结果:1本组患者CIN发病率为13.8%;2多因素相关性分析发现高龄、内生肌酐清除率、贫血、高血压是CIN的危险因素。结论:PCI患者正规治疗后CIN发病率与文献报道CIN平均发病率相比无明显降低,高龄、内生肌酐清除率、贫血、高血压病是CIN的独立危险因素。     

左心室舒张期末压对冠状动脉介入术后患者造影剂肾病的预测价值

目的探讨经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)患者左心室舒张期末压(LVEDP)与造影剂肾病(CIN)的关系。方法回顾性分析单中心PCI的患者临床资料,探讨LVEDP对CIN发生的预测价值。结果 1 301例患者中有125例(9.61%)发生CIN。确定CIN的危险因素有高龄、女性、慢性肾病、糖尿病史、贫血、心力衰竭、急诊程序等。与非CIN组[(14.4±6.6) mmHg]相比,术后发生CIN的患者平均LVEDP[(18.4±8.7) mmHg]升高(P0.001);多元回归分析发现,LVEDP≥20 mmHg可独立预测CIN的发生(OR 1.26,95%CI 1.08～1.47),低射血分数患者LVEDP对CIN的预测价值增强。由LVEDP升高所确定的高危患者的造影剂用量与那些未发现的患者相当。结论 LVEDP是CIN的独立预测指标。LVEDP(≥20 mmHg)升高的患者行PCI术后发生CIN的风险较高。在CIN预防中,LVEDP升高所定义的高危患者需要引起临床医生的关注。     

造影剂温度对经皮冠状动脉介入治疗患者造影剂肾病发病率的影响

目的 探讨造影剂温度对造影剂肾病（CIN）发病率的影响。方法 将157例经皮冠状动脉介入（PCI）治疗患者随机分为20℃碘克沙醇组（20℃组,n=77）和37℃碘克沙醇组（37℃组,n=80）。 分别于PCI术前、后行血液流变学指标检测;PCI术前24 h内、术后12、24 和48 h检测血浆胱抑素C和肌酐。分析两种温度造影剂对患者肾功能和血液流变学指标的影响。结果 20℃组PCI术后24 h的胱抑素C、48 h的肌酐显著高于术前(P<0.05),全血高切、低切表观黏度亦显著较术前升高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 37℃组PCI术后24 h的胱抑素C、48 h的肌酐低于20℃组相应时间点水平,且PCI术后全血高切、低切表观黏度亦低于术后20℃组,具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。37℃组CIN发生率（2%）显著低于20℃组（8%）,具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 37℃碘克沙醇的CIN发生率显著低于20℃碘克沙醇。     

The triglyceride-glucose index and contrast-induced nephropathy in non-ST elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention

The triglyceride glucose (TyG) index is an indicator of insulin resistance and associated with increased risk of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular events. Our study investigates the correlation between TyG index and contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) in non-diabetic patients with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). 350 non-diabetic NSTEMI patients (183, 52.3% male) undergoing PCI were retrospectively enrolled. The enrolled cohort was divided into 2 groups based on the calculated TyG index, namely values < 8.65 or higher. CIN was defined as an increase in serum creatinine > 25% or 0.5 mg/dL from baseline in the first 48 to 72 hours after PCI. A total of 56 (16%) cases of CIN were diagnosed. In contrast to patients with lower TyG indexes, patients with higher TyG indexes (≥8.65) had a higher frequency of CIN, 9.5%. versus 20.8% respectively (P .004). Patients with CIN also had higher TyG indexes (8.74 ± 0.12 vs 8.67 ± 0.11, P < .001). In addition, TyG index, age, and glomerular filtration rate were identified as independent risk factors for CIN in logistic regression model (OR: 2.5 CI: 1.3–4.6, P .006, OR: 1.0 CI: 1.0–1.1, P < .001, OR: 1.0 KI: 1.03–1.06, P .025). In the ROC analysis, the area under the curve predictive of CIN was 0.666 (P < .001, 95% [CI] 0.58–0.75) with a cutoff value of 8.69 (sensitivity 71,4%, specificity 55.1%) TyG index. Higher TyG indexes are associated with an increased risk of CIN in non-diabetic patients with NSTEMI.     

原发性高血压与急性心肌梗死患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗后发生对比剂肾病的关系

目的 探讨原发性高血压（高血压）与急性心肌梗死患者经皮冠状动脉介入（percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI）治疗后发生对比剂肾病（contrast-induced nephropathy,CIN）的关系.方法 连续入选2010年1月至2014年2月就诊于东莞康华医院拟行PCI治疗的398例急性心肌梗死患者.观察PCI治疗前及术后48～72 h的血清肌酐浓度.采用Logistics回归分析评估临床因素与CIN的相关性.结果 398例患者中,52（13.1％）例发生CIN,其中高血压209例（52.5％）.Logistics回归分析显示,校正年龄＞75岁、基线估算肾小球滤过率＜60 mL·min-1· 1.73 m.、左心室射血分数＜40％、围术期低血压、贫血、糖尿病、对比剂剂量＞300 mL、主动脉内球囊反搏辅助循环、钙离子拮抗剂及急诊PCI治疗后,高血压是CIN的独立危险因素（OR =4.39,95％CI：2.04～9.46,P＜0.001）.结论 急性心肌梗死患者的高血压与PCI治疗后CIN显著相关,术前识别患者的高血压可能有助于识别CIN高危患者.     

Usefulness of statin pretreatment to prevent contrast-induced nephropathy and to improve long-term outcome in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention

Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in patients undergoing angiography. This study investigated whether statins decrease incidence of CIN in the setting of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and evaluated the influence of such potential benefit on long-term outcome. Four-hundred thirty-four patients undergoing PCI were prospectively enrolled and followed up to 4 years. Patients were stratified according to preprocedural statin therapy (260 statin treated, 174 statin naive). CIN was defined as a postprocedural increase in serum creatinine of >or=0.5 mg/dl or>25% from baseline. Follow-up assessment included 4-year occurrence of major adverse cardiac events. Statin-treated patients had a significantly lower incidence of CIN (3% vs 27%, p<0.0001; 90% risk decrease) and had better postprocedural creatinine clearance (80+/-20 vs 65+/-16 ml/min, p<0.0001). Benefit of statin before treatment was observed in all subgroups, except in patients with a pre-existing creatinine clearance<40 ml/min. During follow-up, CIN was a predictor of poorer outcome; 4-year survival free of major adverse cardiac events was highest in statin-treated patients without CIN (95%, p相似文献   

普罗布考对冠心病合并糖尿病患者PCI术后对比剂肾病的影响

【】目的：观察普罗布考对冠心病合并糖尿病患者PCI术后对比剂肾病(CIN)的预防作用,探索其可能机制。方法：将90例择期行PCI合并糖尿病的冠心病患者随机分为治疗组及对照组。治疗组在常规治疗基础上,于术前3-5天开始服用普罗布考,0.5/次,2次/日。测患者入院时及术后24h、48h、72h血肌酐(SCr)和胱抑素C(CysC)水平,检测患者术前及术后3天超敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP)、脂质过氧化物(MDA)、一氧化氮(NO)、内皮素-1(ET-1)浓度变化。结果：普罗布考组CIN发生率(6. 5%)显著低于对照组(15. 9%,P < 0.05);普罗布考组术后3天hsCRP、MDA及ET-1水平低于对照组(P < 0.05),而术后3天血浆NO水平高于对照组(P < 0.05)。结论：普罗布考能抑制PCI术后炎症反应,减轻脂质过氧化损伤,改善内皮功能,预防CIN发生。     

冠状动脉介入治疗后造影剂肾病的危险因素研究

目的研究冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病（冠心病）患者经皮冠状动脉介入（percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI）治疗后发生造影剂肾病（contrast—induced nephropathy,CIN）的相关因素。方法选取广东省人民医院2008年11月至2009年12月患有冠心病并行PCI治疗的患者370例为研究对象。根据术后血清肌酐浓度变化情况分为两组,即造影剂肾病组（CIN组）58例,非造影剂肾病组（非CIN组）312例,回顾性调查分析两组患者的临床资料,分析发生造影剂肾病的相关因素。结果术后58例发生CIN,发生率为15．67％;相关分析发现年龄（r=0．193,P〈0．001）、Ⅱ型糖尿病（r=0．104,P=0．045）、肾功能不全（r=0．331,P〈0．001）、糖尿病肾病（r=0．150,P=0．004）、原发性高血压（高血压）（r=0．164,P=0．002）、贫血（r=0．127,P=0．015）、利尿药（r=0．300,尸〈0．001）的使用与CIN发生相关。Logistic回归分析发现,肾功能不全,高血压,手术前后使用利尿药为造影剂肾病的危险因素。结论肾功能不全,高血压和手术前后使用利尿药是PCI治疗后造影剂肾病的危险因素,在进行PCI治疗前应进做好预防措施。     

Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy with haemofiltration in high-risk patients after percutaneous coronary intervention

Background: The incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is increasing. The aim of the study is to assess the benefits of prophylactic haemofiltration (PHF) in patients with high risk of developing CIN after PCI. Methods: 20 patients who underwent PHF after PCI in the context of acute coronary syndrome were selected retrospectively and compared with 20 matched controls with similar risk characteristics. The main variable analysed was the appearance of CIN and the secondary variables were the development of acute clinical kidney failure, heart failure, therapeutic HF and mortality.Results: The baseline characteristics were similar in both groups, with reference creatinine of 2.4 ± 1.3 mg/dl, contrast used 392±213 cc and Mehran score of 21.9±5.2 in the PHF group, as opposed to values of 2.0±0.6 mg/dl, 368±126 cc and 20.2±6.9 respectively in controls. The incidence of CIN was of 6 patients (30%) in the PHF group and 13 patients (65%) in the control group (P=0.03). There were no significant differences in the rest of the variables studied.Conclusion: Haemofiltration after PCI may be an effective strategy for the prevention of CIN in patients at high risk of developing it.     

Association of klotho protein with contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention

Background Serum Klotho protein level is a novel marker for various types of renal injury. However, the association of Klotho protein with contrast-induced nephropathy(CIN) in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction(STEMI) with percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI) is unclear. Methods According to predefined criteria, 143 STEMI patients undergoing PCI were included in this analysis. Clinical data were compared and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to detect the risk factors of CIN. Results24 patients were diagnosed with CIN(16.8%). Serum Klotho protein level was significant lower in the CIN group(0.35 ± 0.16 vs. 0.47 ± 0.18, P = 0.004). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that serum Klotho protein was independently associated with decreased risk of CIN(OR = 0.03, 95% CI: 0.00-0.57, P = 0.019).Conclusions Serum Klotho protein may be a useful marker for diagnosis of CIN in patients with STEMI undergoing PCI.     

Relationship between hyperuricemia and contrast-induced nephropathy in patients after emergent percutaneous coronary intervention

Background Few studies have investigated the role of serum uric acid(SUA) on the risk of contrast-induced nephropathy(CIN) in patients with acute coronary syndrome(ACS)after emergent percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI). The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between hyperuricemia(HUA)and CIN in patients after emergent PCI. Methods A total of 558 consecutive patients with ACS undergoing emergent PCI in Fujian Provincial Hospital were enrolled in this study. Patients were divided into hyperuricemic group(n=136) and normouricemic group(n=422). Hyperuricemia was defined as SUA420 μmol/L for male,360 μmol/L for female.CIN was defined as an absolute ≥44.2 μmol/L(0.5 mg/d L)increase inthe serum creatinine(SCr)level within 72 hours after contrast medium exposure. In hospital incidences of CIN and the major adverse cardiac events were compared between the two groups. The relationship between the incidence of CIN and HUA was evaluated by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results Among the 558 patients, CIN was observed in 34(6.1%) patients, and incidence of CIN was significantly higher in the HUA group than in the normouricemic group [13.2%(18/136) vs. 3.8%(16/422), P0.001]. SUA concentration was significantly higher in CIN group compared with that in non-CIN group([490.21±76.48 μmol/L)vs.(307.00±65.37 μmol/L), P0.001].Need for renal replacement therapy(RRT), congestive heart failure(CHF), in hospital mortality after PCI were significantly higher in the HUA group compared with Normouricemic group(all P0.05). Patients who developed CIN had higher in hospital mortality[44.1%(15/34) vs. 2.9%(15/524), P0.001].Multivariate analysis indicates that HUA(OR=3.020,95% CI:1.3340-6.805,P0.001)、Intra-aortic balloon pump(IABP)use(OR=15.724,95%CI:3.913-63.179,P0.001) and Perioperative hypotension(OR=3.342, 95%CI:1.373-8.138,P0.01) were predictors of CIN in patients after emergent percutaneous coronary intervention. Conclusion Hyperuricemia is the independent risk predictor of CIN in patients with ACS undergoing emergent PCI.     

培哚普利对冠脉介入术后对比剂肾病的影响

目的观察培哚普利对冠状动脉介入术后对比剂肾病（CIN）发生的影响。方法采用前瞻性、开放性、随机对照研究方法,并依估算肾小球滤过率（eGFR）不同将334例行冠脉介入的冠心病患者分为4组。A组（eGFR≥90ml·min-1·1．73m‘）：A1治疗组122例,A2对照组118例;B组（60ml·min-1·1．73m。≤eGFR〈90ml·rain-1·1．73m一2）：B1治疗组48例,B2对照组46例。所有患者围手术期均给予常规水化。对照组于冠脉介入前后5d停用培哚普利,治疗组则持续使用。测定介人前后肾功能变化,观察CIN的发生情况。结果介入术后第3天,各组血肌酐、尿素氮均升高,A2对照组升高较Al治疗组明显。Al治疗组同A2对照组相比,其CIN发生率明显降低（P〈O．05）;而B1治疗组与B2对照组相比,CIN发生率差异无统计学意义。结论培哚普利对对比剂肾病的作用与基础肾功能有关,对肾功能正常的患者,培哚普利可降低对比剂肾病的发生率;而对肾功能受损患者,培哚普利无预防CIN作用。     

The SYNTAX score as a predictor of contrast-induced nephropathy patients with chronic total occlusion undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention

Background The SYNTAX score was developed to assess the severity and complexity of coronary artery disease and was determined to be effective in predicting contrast-induced nephropathy(CIN) in patients with STelevation myocardial infarction(STEMI) and non-STEMI(NSTEMI). However, the relationship between SYNTAX score and CIN of patients with CTO undergoing PCI has been unclear. Methods We retrospectively enrolled 667 patients with CTO who underwent our institution′s basic PCI protocol between January 2010 and September 2012. The patients were divided into 3 groups: a low-risk group(SYNTAX score 23; n = 231), a moderate-risk group(SYNTAX score = 23-32; n = 214), and a high-risk group(SYNTAX score32; n = 222). CIN was defined as an absolute increase in SCr of ≥ 0.5 mg/d L over baseline values within 48-72 h after administration of contrast medium. We observed the correlation between SYNTAX score and the CIN rates. Results CIN developed in 74(11.09%) of the 667 study patients. The CIN rate showed a positive trend in the 3 groups based on the SYNTAX score, the higher SYNTAX score corresponds to the higher incidence of CIN(6.93%,13.08%,13.51%P = 0.044). In the multivariate analysis, SYNTAX score was identified as an independent predictor of CIN(OR:1.956,95% CI: 1.014-3.773; P = 0.045; OR: 1.942,95% CI: 1.005-3.752; P = 0.048). The incidence of in-hospital(1.3% vs. 4, 21% vs. 5.86%, P = 0.035) and long-term MACE(4.59% vs. 7.88% vs. 11.66%, P = 0.046) rates were more frequent in the higner SYNTAX score groups. Conclusions SYNTAX score is an independent predictor of CIN among patients with CTO undergoing PCI.     

普罗布考对冠心病合并糖尿病患者经皮冠状动脉介入术后对比剂肾病的影响

目的:观察普罗布考对冠心病合并糖尿病患者经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)后对比剂肾病(CIN)的预防作用,探讨其可能机制。方法:将90例择期行PCI的冠心病合并糖尿病患者随机分为治疗组(46例)及对照组(44例)。治疗组在常规治疗基础上,于术前3~5 d开始服用普罗布考0.5g/次,2次/d。入院时及术后24、48、72 h测定血肌酐(SCr)和胱抑素C(Cys C)水平,检测患者术前及术后3 d血超敏C反应蛋白(hs CRP)、脂质过氧化物(MDA)、一氧化氮(NO)、内皮素-1(ET-1)水平变化。结果:治疗组CIN发生率显著低于对照组(6.5%vs 15.9%,P0.05);治疗组术后3d hs CRP、MDA及ET-1水平低于对照组(P0.05),而术后3 d血浆NO水平高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:普罗布考能抑制PCI术后炎症反应,减轻脂质过氧化损伤,改善内皮功能,预防CIN发生。