贫困大学生孤独感特点及相关因素研究

[目的]探讨贫困大学生孤独感的特点及影响因素,为高师院校心理健康教育提供依据. [方法]采用UCLA孤独量表、艾森克人格问卷简式量表中国版(EPQ-RSC)、社会支持评定量表(SSRS)对204名贫困大学生和196名非贫困大学生进行测查. [结果] (1)贫困大学生的孤独感与非贫困大学生差异无统计学意义. (2)贫困大学生的孤独感不存在性别差异,年级差异显著,大一学生的孤独感显著低于大二、大三学生. (3)孤独感与精神质、神经质显著正相关,与内外向、社会支持显著负相关. (4)回归分析显示,神经质能正向预测孤独感,内外向、主观支持、支持利用能负向预测孤独感. [结论]贫困大学生孤独感的年级差异显著,人格、社会支持对其孤独感有显著影响.     

大学新生心理健康和人格特征的关系：心理适应能力的中介作用

目的探讨心理适应能力在大学新生心理健康与人格特征间的中介作用。方法采用90项症状自评量表（SCL-90）、艾森克人格问卷（EPQ）、大学生心理适应能力测量问卷对重庆某高校的4846名新生进行测试。结果新生的SCL-90得分显著低于全国常模,男生得分显著低于女生。新生在EPQ的内外向上的得分显著高于全国常模,在神经质、精神质和说谎上的得分显著低于全国常模;男生在内外向、精神质上的得分显著高于女生,男生在神经质和说谎上的得分显著低于女生。男生新生心理适应能力的得分显著高于女生。心理适应能力对新生人格特征和心理健康关系有中介作用。结论心理适应能力在人格特征和心理健康之间的部分中介效应显著。     

三沙市某海岛驻岛官兵社会支持现状及影响因素分析

目的了解三沙市某海岛驻岛官兵的社会支持现状及其影响因素。方法运用社会支持量表(SSRS)、艾森克人格测量量表中国版(EPQ-RSC)对三沙市某海岛部队的官兵进行问卷调查并通过线性回归分析其影响因素。结果驻岛官兵的社会支持得分显著低于军人常模(P0.05);人格特征得分显著高于国内常模(P0.05);不同兵种官兵的社会支持、主观支持和客观支持得分差异有统计学意义(P0.05);不同军龄的官兵主观支持得分差异有统计学意义(P0.05),不同婚姻状况、是否为独生子女的官兵社会支持和主观支持得分差异有统计学意义(P0.05);多元回归分析结果显示,驻岛官兵社会支持的影响因素包括是否为独生子女、婚姻状况、精神质特征、神经质特征(P0.05)。结论驻岛官兵的社会支持现状不容乐观,管理者应将军龄6年以下、工作岗位艰苦的兵种、独生子女、未婚同时有高精神质和神经质人格特征的驻岛官兵作为给予物质帮助和心理支持的重点群体,提高其感知和利用社会支持的能力。     

善恩园小学劳教人员未成年子女人格状况调查

[目的]了解服刑劳教人员未成年子女的人格状况。[方法]2007年,采用自编问卷、艾森克人格问卷（EPQ少年版）,对福州市闽侯善恩园（收养劳教服刑人员未成年子女的非盈利性社会慈善机构）3～6年级小学生58名进行调查。[结果]劳教人员男性和女性未成年子女内外向E、神经质N和掩饰性L 3个分量表得分与常模的差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01或〈0.05） 女性精神质（P）分量表的得分与常模的差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。村民男性与女性未成年子女的N、L 2个分量表得分与常模的差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01或〈0.05） 女性未成年子女P分量表得分与常模的差异也有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。善恩园中,劳教人员子女和村民子女各个分量表得分与常模的差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。[结论]与常模相比,劳教人员男性未成年子女的人格特征为偏内向（E低）、情绪不稳定（N高）、社会化水平低（L低） 女性未成年子女的人格特征为偏内向（E低）、情绪不稳定（N高）、倔强孤僻（P高）、社会化水平低（L低）。     

护理本科生应对方式、人格特征与人际信任的相关分析

[目的]了解护理本科生(护本生)这个群体中人格特征、应对方式与人际信任的关系. [方法]采用艾森克人格问卷、应对方式评定问卷和人际信任量表对石河子大学护本生采取分层整群抽样的方法进行测试、分析.[结果]护本生中有71.3%的人主要采用成熟型应对方式,26.2%的人主要采用不成熟型应对方式,2.5%的人主要采用混合型应对方式.EPQ测试护本生的内外向得分显著高于常模,掩饰性得分显著低干常模;神经质和精神质得分与常模相比,差异无统计学意义.护本生在人际信任上的得分平均为77.70分,不同年级间人际信任水平差异有统计学意义(F=8.010,P＜0.001).人格特征、应对方式与人际信任有一定的相关性. [结论]建议高校管理者了解护本生的特点,有针对性地进行心理健康教育.     

临沂市部分农村中小学教师生存质量及其影响因素分析

[目的]了解临沂市农村中小学教师的生存质量状况及其影响因素,为制定提高农村中小学教师生存质量的措施提供依据。[方法]2005年6月,采用生存质量测定量表简表、艾森克个性问卷、生活事件量表、领悟社会支持量表和简易应对方式问卷,对临沂市189名农村中小学教师进行测试。[结果]测试对象的生理、心理、社会关系、环境4个领域得分(分)分别为(15.63±1.92)(、14.66±2.21)、(14.52±2.84)、(13.08±2.27),人格的内外向和神经质维度、负性生活事件、社会支持、积极应对和消极应对因子得分(分)分别为(7.29±2.63)、(6.93±2.75)、(6.51±2.92)、(47.75±15.56)、(1.95±0.52)(、1.05±0.50),除消极应对因子得分外其他因子得分与生存质量各领域得分均有相关关系。人格的内外向和神经质维度、社会支持、生活事件、消极应对因子得分分别进入生存质量4个领域的多元逐步回归方程。[结论]农村中小学教师的生存质量状况较好,人格的内外向和神经质维度、社会支持、生活事件、消极应对因子在一定程度上影响生存质量。     

石油工人心理健康状况及相关因素调查分析

目的 探讨石油工人心理健康状况,以及职业紧张、人格特征和社会支持对其影响,为制定心理健康教育措施提供理论依据.方法 采用整群抽样的方法随机抽取1 100名石油工人,采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、职业紧张量表、艾森克人格问卷中文版和社会支持评定量表进行问卷调查.以SCL-90评分纳入阳性症状者为阳性症状组,未纳入者为正常组.结果 ①1 100名石油工人SCL-90评分结果显示238(21.64％)名具有阳性症状;人际关系敏感因子得分低于全国常模,躯体化、强迫症状、抑郁、焦虑、恐怖、精神病性等因子得分均高于全国常模,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01);敌对因子和偏执因子得分与全国常模比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);与新疆地区部分汉族职业人群SCL-90常模比较,躯体化、恐怖2个因子得分均低于该常模,抑郁、精神病性因子得分均高于该常模得分,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).②阳性症状组石油工人在个体紧张反应、神经质维度得分均高于正常组,主观支持、社会支持利用度维度得分均低于正常组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).③多因素逐步Logistic回归分析显示心理紧张反应、自我保健、神经质、精神质、支持利用度是影响石油工人心理应激的主要因素.结论 石油工人存在一定程度的心理健康问题且具有自身的特点,适度降低工作压力的同时增强自我保健意识,合理有效的调解情绪是预防其出现心理应激障碍的重要措施之一.     

流动人口人格特征和社会支持对心理健康影响

目的 了解流动人口的心理健康状况,探讨人格特征和社会支持与心理健康状况的关系.方法 采用判断抽样方法 对江苏省江阴和张家港市流动人口集中居住点、企业和集贸市场等地抽取的1 097名流动人口进行问卷调查.结果 1 097名流动人口的心理异常发生率为18.O%;流动人口躯体化因子得分低于3省区正常人群(P＜0.01);强迫症状、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执和精神病性因子得分均高于3省区正常人群(P＜0.01);典型外向和典型内向组流动人口躯体化因子得分均低于3省区常模(P＜0.05);典型外向组流动人口人际关系敏感、焦虑、恐怖、偏执和精神病性因子得分均高于3省区常模(P＜0.05);典型内向组流动人口人际关系敏感因子得分高于3省区常模(P＜0.05);典型高神经质和典型高精神质流动人口9因子得分均高于3省区常模(P＜0.01);典型低神经质组除恐怖因子外,其他8因子得分均低于3省区常模(P＜0.01);典型低精神质组流动人口躯体化和偏执因子得分均低于3省区常模(P＜0.05);流动人口心理正常者客观支持、主观支持、支持利用度得分和社会支持总分均高于心理异常者(P＜0.01);高社会支持组流动人口躯体化因子得分低于3省区常模(P＜0.01),焦虑、恐怖和精神病性因子得分均高于3省区常模(P＜0.05);低社会支持组除躯体化因子外,其他8因子得分均高于3省区常模(P＜0.01).结论 流动人口的人格特征和社会支持能影响其心理健康状况.     

大学生生命价值观与人格特征的相关研究

[目的]了解大学生生命价值观现状,探讨大学生生命价值观与人格的关系,为大学生心理健康教育提供依据。[方法]采用大学生生命价值观量表、人格量表调查768位大学生。[结果](1)大学生生命价值观各因子平均得分分别是积极乐观(4.34±0.62)、拼搏进取(4.31±0.59)、珍爱生命(4.07±0.55)、狭隘(2.74±0.97)、悲观困惑(2.33±0.72)、消极宿命(2.06±0.76)。生命价值观在积极进取的主流中呈现多元化趋势。(2)相关分析显示大学生生命价值观各因子与人格特征各因子大多存在不同程度显著相关(P﹤0.05)。(3)回归分析显示,内外向、神经质、精神质、掩饰性4个因子进入回归方程,分别对生命价值观多个因子具有预测作用(P﹤0.01)。人格各因子可以在一定程度上预测生命价值观。[结论]高内外向、掩饰性,低神经质、精神质对大学生生命价值观的形成具有积极作用;低内外向、掩饰性,高神经质、精神质对大学生生命价值观的形成具有消极作用。健康的人格特征对个体的生命价值观有积极意义。     

大学生抑郁症状与人格特征及社会支持关系

目的 探讨大学生抑郁症状与人格特征及社会支持的关系.方法 用领悟社会支持量表(PSSS)、流调中心用抑郁量表(CES-D)和艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)对1 100名大学生进行分层整群抽样调查,并分析大学生抑郁症状与人格特征及社会支持的相关性.结果 新乡市大学生总的抑郁情绪检出率为81.04％;家庭内支持、朋友支持、其他支持及领悟社会支持和抑郁呈负相关(r=-0.163、-0.202、-0.214、-0.219,P=0.000);EPQ中的神经质、精神质对抑郁具有正预测作用(r=0.398、0.247),内外向、掩饰性对抑郁具有负预测作用(r=-0.172、-0.120);PSSS各个维度与人格特质中的内外向(E)、掩饰性(L)呈正相关,与神经质(N)、精神质(P)呈负相关.结论 大学生抑郁情绪与社会支持、人格特征密切相关,社会支持状况与人格特征有关.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.