自体肾盂输尿管在肾移植术中的应用

目的 报告自体肾盂输尿管在肾移植术中的应用。方法 应用自体肾盂输尿管治疗各种移植肾输尿管并发症18例，男13例，女5例，年龄28～56岁，平均42岁。10例尿瘘患者，3例行自体输尿管与移植肾盂成形术，2例行自体输尿管与移植肾输尿管吻合术，5例行自体肾盂移植、肾盂成形术；5例移植肾输尿管过短术中均行自体输尿管与移植肾输尿管吻合术；3例移植肾输尿管狭窄均行自体输尿管与移植肾输尿管吻合术。结果 术后随访3个月～8年，2例因慢性排斥反应，移植肾失功，余16例移植肾功能正常。结论 自体肾盂输尿管是治疗某些肾移植后输尿管并发症的一种有效方法。     

自体膀胱瓣管-移植肾肾盂吻合术处理输尿管坏死

目的探讨自体膀胱瓣管移植肾肾盂吻合术处理肾移植术后输尿管长段坏死的效果。方法13例患者肾移植术后发生输尿管长段坏死,将其膀胱皮瓣围绕输尿管内支架管(双J管)缝合成管状,以代替坏死的输尿管,上部修剪成斜形后,与移植肾肾盂吻合。留置双J管做支架管,切口留置胶管引流。结果13例患者均成功进行移植肾肾盂膀胱瓣管吻合术,其中1例术后7d发生严重肾周感染而切除移植肾,其余12例肾功能恢复良好,术后随访1年,2例出现返流,人、肾1年存活率分别为100%(13/13)、92.3%(12/13)。结论自体膀胱瓣管移植肾肾盂吻合术是治疗肾移植术后输尿管长段坏死的有效手段。     

移植肾输尿管并发症的自体肾盂输尿管修复

我们对 1990年 3月～ 2 0 0 1年 12月收治的 12例移植肾输尿管并发症患者行自体输尿管再植修复 ,效果满意 ,报告如下。1　临床资料本组 12例 ,男 9例 ,女 3例。年龄 2 8～ 5 1岁。其中移植肾输尿管坏死 4例 ,输尿管膀胱吻合口瘘 2例 ,移植肾输尿管梗阻 5例 ,重度移植肾输尿管返流 1例。就诊时间 :异体肾移植术后 8天～ 3年。并发症 :移植肾输尿管坏死出现在术后 8～ 14天 ,突发移植肾区胀痛、少尿 ,其中 3例切口漏尿 15 0～ 180 0 ml/日 ,B超示移植肾周大量积液 ;移植肾输尿管梗阻在术后 6个月～ 3年 ,B超或 MRI显示不同程度移植肾积水及…     

腹腔镜下肾盂输尿管吻合术治疗肾移植术后长段输尿管狭窄2例

本文回顾性分析2例肾移植受者术后并发长段输尿管狭窄病例的临床诊治过程。2例受者均诊断为输尿管狭窄, 发生部位均在中下段, 长度分别为3 cm和3.5 cm。2例受者的手术方案为腹腔镜下移植肾肾盂与自体输尿管吻合术。术后血清肌酐稳定(例1:135 μmol/L;例2:110 μmol/L), 移植肾功能恢复良好。术后3个月随访移植肾肾盂未见积水。本病例为今后肾移植术后长段输尿管狭窄受者的治疗提供借鉴。     

肾移植术后输尿管并发症17例临床分析

目的 总结肾移植术后输尿管并发症的诊治经验.方法 回顾分析济南军区总医院诊治的17例肾移植术后输尿管并发症患者的临床资料.结果 17例患者伴有不同程度的少尿和局部肿胀不适等症状,实验室检查血清肌酐（Scr）升高,彩色多普勒超声（彩超）检查示移植肾积水、移植肾输尿管扩张,经磁共振水成像或计算机断层摄影术（CT）尿路成像明确诊断.其中输尿管膀胱吻合口狭窄15例,输尿管坏死2例.治疗经过：14例行开放性手术,包括行移植肾输尿管膀胱重新吻合术12例,移植肾输尿管-自体输尿管吻合1例,移植肾输尿管游离、重新放置输尿管支架管1例.3例行非开放性手术治疗,包括输尿管皮肤造瘘1例、腔内球囊导管扩张术1例、软膀胱镜下逆行输尿管支架管插管治疗1例.疗效：14例开放手术治疗患者与1例输尿管皮肤造瘘患者的移植肾肾盂与膀胱的连接部恢复通畅,移植肾功能均明显改善.另2例非开放手术治疗患者,包括1例腔内球囊导管扩张术及1例行软膀胱镜下逆行输尿管支架管插管术患者术后复发,行开放手术治疗.结论 彩超及磁共振成像水成像或CT尿路成像等影像学检查是确诊移植肾输尿管并发症的主要方法.肾移植术后输尿管并发症应以预防为主,确诊后视具体情况行开放性手术或非开放性手术治疗,开放手术治疗的疗效较佳.     

移植肾输尿管短缺肾移植术的尿路重建（附7例报告）

报告７例供肾输尿管短缺情况下肾移植术中尿路重建的方法。其中行供肾与受者输尿端端吻合４例，供肾肾盂与受者输尿管吻合２例，供肾肾盂与受者膀胱吻合１例。除１例供肾肾盂与受者输尿管吻合术后发生漏尿外，均愈合良好。随诊６～２４个月未发现吻合口狭窄。供肾肾盂与受者膀胱吻合１例，术后反复发生泌尿系感染。提示当移植肾发生输尿管短缺时，只要针对具体情况，采取灵活的手术方法，是可以在肾移植术中使尿路重建的。     

带蒂大网膜移植修补肾移植术后复杂性尿瘘

目的探讨带蒂大网膜移植修补肾移植术后复杂性尿瘘的应用价值。方法肾移植术后尿瘘行多次手术失败的患者21例，年龄23-55岁，平均32岁。尿瘘瘘口部位：肾盂2例，输尿管2例，输尿管膀胱吻合口11例，输尿管末端坏死6例。肾盂瘘切除瘘口后局部修补再用带蒂大网膜移植覆盖，输尿管瘘、输尿管膀胱吻合瘘或输尿管长段坏死者在行移植肾输尿管与自体输尿管对端吻合或与膀胱再植后用带蒂大网膜包绕于吻合口。结果21例患者手术一次成功20例（95％），失败1例（5％）。手术时间75-120min，平均95min。术中失血100-550ml。平均310ml。失败原因为伤口感染导致大网膜坏死而切除移植肾。随访1-7年，尿瘘无复发，吻合口无狭窄、肾积水及尿路感染，肾功能正常。结论利用大网膜的生物学特性，采用带蒂大网修补肾移植术后复杂性尿瘘取材方便，组织修复快，尿瘘复发率低，一次成功率高。     

移植肾输尿管长段缺损的预防和外科处理

本文总结了我院１９７８－１９９３年年９６９例肾移植中１４例输尿管长段缺损的治疗情况。治疗手段包括输尿管膀胱吻合，自体输尿管与供肾肾盂或输尿管吻合，膀胱瓣与供明肾盂或输尿管吻合，移植肾切除。手术治愈１０例，术后发生尿漏３例。认为应根据正常输尿管的残留长度、自身僵尿管情况、伤口内有无合并感染等决定手术方式。     

肾移植术后长段输尿管狭窄的诊断与开放性手术治疗

目的 总结肾移植术后发生长段输尿管狭窄的诊断方法与手术治疗经验.方法 分析11例肾移植术后发生长段输尿管狭窄患者的临床资料.患者发生长段输尿管狭窄的时间为肾移植术后2～6个月,临床表现为血肌酐升高、体重增加、尿量减少和移植肾区肿胀.所有患者均经B型超声、64层螺旋CT尿路造影(CTU)或磁共振尿路水成像(MRU)确诊,输尿管狭窄长度为3～7 cm.11例患者的治疗方法为:5例行膀胱壁瓣输尿管成形术;2例行供肾肾盂-自体输尿管吻合术;4例行供肾输尿管-自体输尿管吻合术.结果 11例长段输尿管狭窄的患者经开放性手术治疗后,均取得成功,恢复了尿路的通畅.手术时间为2.5～4 h,无明显手术并发症.术后尿量显著增加,血肌酐下降至75～156μmol/L,B型超声示移植肾积水明显减轻或消失.术后随访8～62个月,患者肾功能稳定,无再发狭窄.结论 对肾移植术后出现血肌酐升高等临床特点的患者,应考虑到输尿管狭窄的可能,及时采用B型超声进行常规的检查,采用CTU或MRU明确狭窄的长度及部位;明确诊断后应及时进行开放性手术治疗.肾移植术后的长段输尿管狭窄经早期诊断和及时治疗成功率较高.     

肾移植术后上尿路梗阻14例临床诊治体会

目的探讨肾移植术后上尿路梗阻的诊断及处理。方法回顾总结2000—2006年我院1090例肾移植患者中的14例移植后上尿路梗阻患者，其中输尿管膀胱吻合口狭窄9例，6例行膀胱输尿管二次吻合手术，1例移植肾周感染输尿管末段坏死采用移植肾近端新鲜存活输尿管与自体输尿管吻合，1例采用膀胱肌瓣代移植输尿管，1例采用输尿管镜下气囊扩张后放置双J管。出血相关性梗阻、输尿管扭曲和输尿管结石所致梗阻5例，均行开放手术。结果14例肾移植术后上尿路梗阻患者中2例切除移植肾，其余各例患者经开放手术及腔镜处理均成功挽救移植肾功能。再次手术后随访0．5—1年，血肌酐68-155μmol／L，B超未见移植肾扩张积水加重。结论新上尿路梗阻是肾移植术后常见亦是较为棘手的外科并发症，多数和外科手术操作有关，可以通过提高手术技巧避免。一旦发生上尿路梗阻，应根据梗阻原因采取相应的治疗方法及时处理。     

Ligation of the native ureter in renal transplantation.

PURPOSE: Native ureteral ligation may be required in renal transplantation when ureteroureterostomy is performed. Native nephrectomy has been done to avoid the complication of hydronephrosis after native ureteral ligation. We reviewed the records of renal transplant recipients who underwent native ureteral ligation to determine the incidence of post-ligation symptoms and need for native nephrectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 1,275 renal transplants performed from January 1986 through September 1999, including 278 cases (22%) of native ureteral ligation. The majority of patients had anuria or oligouria before transplantation, although 3 were not dialysis dependent. Followup was 1 to 140 months. Charts were reviewed for flank pain, infection and the need for native nephrectomy. RESULTS: Six of 278 patients (2.2%) required native nephrectomy 7 to 82 months after transplantation with flank pain as the indication in all. The cause of renal failure was polycystic disease in 3 of the 6 cases, unknown in 2 and diabetes in 1. The patient with diabetes had papillary necrosis and bleeding in the nephrectomized kidney. None of the 278 patients had infection and early post-ligation flank pain developed in only 1 (0.4%). CONCLUSIONS: The native ureter may be safely ligated during renal transplantation. Late nephrectomy may be required in a small percent of cases, most commonly in those of polycystic disease. The need for nephrectomy is most often related to the original renal disease.     

肾移植术后并发双侧自体肾盂和输尿管移行细胞癌16例

目的 总结肾移植术后发生双侧自体肾盂、输尿管移行细胞癌的诊治经验.方法 回顾性分析16例肾移植术后发生双侧自体肾盂、输尿管移行细胞癌患者的资料.首次发现上尿路肿瘤的时间为移植后(56.2±33.0)个月.2例同时发现双侧上尿路肿瘤,其余14例双侧上尿路肿瘤先后发现的时间间隔为(8.6±6.7)个月.临床症状和检查阳性结果以血尿和自体肾积水为主.均行自体上尿路根治性切除术,术后行膀胱灌注化疗.结果 16例手术均成功.32次自体肾、输尿管的病理检查结果均为移行细胞癌,包括单纯肾盂肿瘤4次,单纯输尿管肿瘤9次,合并肾盂、输尿管肿瘤19次.23次肾盂肿瘤的分级为1级8例,2级11例,3级4例;28次输尿管肿瘤的分级为1级6例,2级10例,3级12例.术后随访(26.8±25.1)个月,1例出现肺部转移后死亡;1例发生腰背部软组织转移性移行细胞癌,局部切除;其他患者未发现肿瘤复发及转移.结论 肾移植后自体上尿路移行细胞癌的常见表现为血尿合并自体肾积水,该肿瘤侵袭性较强,对于膀胱及一侧自体上尿路同时存在移行细胞癌者,应行对侧自体肾上尿路预防性切除术.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the clinical features of bilateral native pelvic and ureteral transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) in renal transplant patients. Methods A retrospective analysis was carried out on 16 patients with bilateral native pelvic and ureteral TCC after kidney transplantation.The mean time between transplantation and diagnosis of upper urinary TCC was 56. 2 ± 33. 0 months.Two patients were suffered from bilateral upper urinary TCC at the same time. The mean interval between 2 upper urinary tract operations of the remaining 14 cases was 8. 6 ± 6. 7 months. Hematuria and hydronephrosis of native kidneys were the main symptoms and targets in checkup. Intravesical chemotherapy was postoperatively given. Results All operations were performed successfully. All specimens obtained from the operations were pathologically diagnosed as TCC. The TCC location involved pure native pelvis (n = 4), pure native ureter (n = 9), and pelvis combined with ureter (n = 19). Pelvic TCC pathological grades included grade 1 in 8 cases, grade 2 in 11 cases, and grade 3 in 4 cases; Ureteral TCC grades included grade 1 in 6 cases, grade 2 in 10 cases, and grade 3 in 12 cases.Patients were followed up for 26. 8 ± 25. 1 months. One patient died of lung metastasis. (One case of lumbar soft tissue transfer was given local excision. The remaining patients had no recurrence and metastasis. Conclusion Renal transplant patients with hematuria and native renal hydronephrosis should be highly vigilant of the occurrence of upper urinary tract TCC. TCC after renal transplantation is invasive. Prophylactic contralateral nephroureterectomy should be performed on the recipients having TCC at the bladder and one side of native upper urinary tract.     

全膀胱切除术后输尿管梗阻的诊断和微创治疗

目的　总结全膀胱切除术后输尿管梗阻的诊断和微创处理方法。　方法　全膀胱切除术后输尿管梗阻患者 12例。原发病膀胱肿瘤 10例、结核性小膀胱 1例、放射性膀胱炎 1例。术后输尿管贮尿囊吻合口狭窄 9例、吻合口以上梗阻 3例。均采用MRI和肾镜下肾盂输尿管插管造影诊断。行手术治疗 11例 ,其中镍钛合金记忆金属网支架术 6例 ,输尿管支架术 4例 6侧 ,输尿管贮尿囊吻合术 1例。　结果　 12例均诊断明确。 11例术后随访 3个月～ 5年。IVU示患肾功能恢复正常、肾积水消失 9例 ,肾积水减轻 2例。肌酐及尿素氮正常。 1例膀胱癌患者术后 6个月死于肿瘤肺转移。　结论　MRI和肾镜下的肾盂输尿管插管造影是最有价值的检查手段 ;输尿管支架术、输尿管镍钛记忆合金支架术手术简单、创伤小、效果好。     

Ureteroureterostomy and pyeloureterostomy without native nephrectomy in renal transplantation

A series of 23 patients, receiving full immunosuppression following renal transplantation, underwent a uretero- or pyelo-ureterostomy with ligation of the native ureter and no nephrectomy. In 5 patients this was carried out at the time of transplantation because of a short donor ureter and in 18 patients, at a median of 47 days after transplantation, following ureteric complications. With a median follow-up of 22 months, no complications have been seen in relation to the native kidney. Ureteroureterostomy was successful in all but 3 patients. A ureteroureterostomy without native nephrectomy is a safe and effective treatment for the management of ureteric complications following renal transplantation.     

Silent urothelial cancer detected by sonography after renal transplantation

OBJECTIVES: Organ transplantation increases the incidence of cancer through unclear mechanisms. In our observation, urothelial cancer happens much more frequently in Chinese people. We reviewed the detection of urothelial cancer in our series after renal transplantation. METHODS: From July 1981 to June 2005, we performed 620 renal transplantations. We do graft and native kidney sonography survey annually even if the patient is asymptomatic. During this period, 10 urothelial tumors were detected. Herein we have reviewed the findings in these cases, along with their management and outcomes. RESULTS: Moderate to severe hydronephrosis of native kidneys was observed in 14 patients, including 9 (64.3%) who had cancer including eight asymptomatic and only one with flank pain and lymph nodes metastasis succumbing in 10 months with a functioning graft. Three patients showed similar degrees of graft hydronephrosis and graft ureteral cancer was diagnosed in one. Mean time from transplantation was 5.09 years. There was a female predominance (7:3). The bladder-to-renal pelvis-to-ureter ratio was 2:5:7, which was distinct from the usual 51:3:1 distribution. In native ureter cancer, we found the left ureter more prone to develop cancer than the right (8:1). CONCLUSION: The pattern of cancer in renal transplant patients is thoroughly different from the general population, namely female predominance, with a higher incidence of ureteral and renal pelvis versus bladder cancer. In our observation, routine periodic sonography survey even in asymptomatic patients is important for urothelial tumor detection, as the incidence of cancer is surprisingly high.     

改良膀胱壁瓣输尿管成形术治疗婴幼儿供肾肾移植术后输尿管坏死的临床分析

目的探讨采用改良膀胱壁瓣输尿管成形术（改良Boari术）治疗婴幼儿供肾肾移植术后输尿管长段坏死的疗效。方法回顾性分析济南军区总医院泌尿外科2012年1月至2014年4月施行婴幼儿供肾肾移植术后发生移植肾输尿管长段坏死的3例受者临床资料。第1例为婴儿供者双肾整块移植。第2例和第3例为同一名幼儿供者双侧供肾分别移植给2例成人受者。3例受者分别于术后21,23,26d出现移植肾区肿胀、疼痛,切口渗液或阴囊水肿,以及血清肌酐升高;行移植肾彩色多普勒超声示。肾周积液增多;1例受者行CT尿路造影示造影剂大量外漏、单侧肾积水、输尿管扩张。手术探查切除坏死的输尿管后行改良Boari术,将移植肾输尿管残端插入自体膀胱管状瓣内1-2cm,不作吻合,仅行黏膜和浆肌层缝合加固。术后酌情选用抗生素控制尿路感染,定期行肾功能检测和移植肾彩色多普勒超声检查,术后6个月复查CT尿路造影。结果3例患者均成功进行改良Boari术,手术时间分别为85,90,115min,术中无明显出血,术后切口愈合良好。3例患者分别在术后12,13,16周顺利拔除双J管,血清肌酐均下降至正常范围。截至2014年3月,术后随访6-18个月,复查移植。肾彩色多普勒超声和CT尿路造影均未发现移植肾积水、肾周积液、尿漏或尿液返流等异常。结论改良膀胱壁瓣输尿管成形术是治疗婴幼儿供肾肾移植术后输尿管长段坏死的有效方法。     

腹腔镜肾折叠术治疗巨大肾积水(附12例报告)

目的　探讨腹腔镜肾折叠术治疗巨大肾积水的可行性及初步临床经验。　方法　巨大肾积水 12例。男 5例 ,女 7例。年龄 19～ 6 4岁 ,平均 4 3岁。左侧 7例 ,右侧 5例。输尿管上段结石4例 ,肾盂输尿管连接部 (UPJ)梗阻 2例 ,输尿管中段结石 2例 ,肾盂结石 3例 ,输尿管中段狭窄 1例。通过腹腔镜解除上尿路梗阻并于镜下用 2 0可吸收线“8”字缝合肾皮质 ,将肾脏中盏缝至上盏、下盏缝至中盏 ,折叠为拳头大小 ,并缝合肾周筋膜。　结果　 12例手术均取得成功。手术时间 75～ 2 10min ,术中出血 5 0～ 2 0 0ml。术后 1～ 4d肛门排气 ,1～ 3d拔除腹腔引流管 ,1周拔除导尿管并出院。术后 1个月于膀胱镜下拔除双J管 ,无尿漏 ,随访 3～ 18个月 ,无输尿管狭窄 ,IVU及经腹超声 (BUS)复查显示患肾积水明显减轻 ,核素电子断层扫描 (ECT)检查术侧肾脏肾小球滤过率 (GFR)好转 ,肾功能有不同程度恢复。　结论　腹腔镜肾折叠手术是巨大肾积水保肾手术的微创途径 ,不仅可以促进肾解剖和肾功能的恢复 ,加快尿囊内尿液排出 ,减少术后感染和结石的形成 ,创伤小、恢复快、痛苦少。     

经皮肾镜联合输尿管镜气压弹道碎石治疗输尿管石街

目的探讨经皮肾镜取石术（percutaneous nephrolithotripsy,PCNL）联合经尿道输尿管镜气压弹道碎石治疗输尿管石街的可行性。方法 2008年3月～2011年10月对27例经B超、KUB、泌尿系CT三维重建等检查确诊的输尿管石街,在输尿管镜下气压弹道加水冲将石街推至肾盂或输尿管上段,再行PCNL。结果 23例1次取石成功,3例2次取石成功,1例因输尿管下端闭锁无法进镜,仅行经皮肾造瘘置管引流术。19例随访3～12个月,平均6个月,8例积水完全消失,7例轻度积水,4例中度积水,无出血、输尿管梗阻、结石复发。结论 PCNL联合输尿管镜气压弹道治疗输尿管石街,疗效确切、安全。     

Late ureteropelvic necrosis after transplantation

Total ureteropelvic necrosis of the transplanted kidney occurred more than one month after transplantation in 5 of 575 consecutive renal transplants performed at the University of Minnesota Hospital since 1963. Necrosis became evident long after normal renal function had been established. Histologic signs of rejection were minimal, but perinephric or periureteral hematomas were found in 3 of 5 patients; post-transplant acute tubular necrosis requiring hemodialysis occurred in all. The pathogenesis of this complication probably involves (1) a primary deficit of blood supply from the renal vessels to the pelvis and ureter, (2) a failure to develop a new ureteral blood supply because of surrounding hematoma, (3) early swelling of the ischemic ureter resulting in oliguria interpreted as acute tubular necrosis, (4) resolution of edema resulting in diuresis, and (5) late patchy ureteral necrosis and fistula formation due to ureteral ischemia.