以特发性颅内高压为表现的颅内静脉窦血栓一例

1 病例介绍患者,女,39岁,以“头痛伴阵发性视物模糊1年,加重1月余”于2010年11月25日收住我院神经内科.1年前患者晨起后出现头痛及双眼视物模糊,头痛为持续性胀痛,无固定部位,视物模糊持续数秒钟缓解,无黑朦发作,伴双耳搏动性耳鸣,于弯腰、用力时明显,症状间断出现,每日发作次数不等,不伴恶心、呕吐、肢体麻木无力、意识障碍、肢体抽搐等,未特殊诊治.     

疑似颅内静脉窦血栓形成的脑膜癌一例

目的探讨脑膜癌病(MC)的临床表现和影像学特点,以提高对该病的认识。方法报道1例疑似静脉窦血栓形成(CVST)的MC病例。结果患者男性,62岁,主因头痛恶心呕吐5d,发作性抽搐2d入院,临床表现为头痛、恶心呕吐,头痛进行性加重,头痛发作时伴双侧瞳孔不等大,右侧直径2mm,左侧直径4mm,对光反射未引出,头痛缓解双侧瞳孔可自行恢复。头颅MRV示左侧横窦、左侧乙状窦未见显影,不除外患者静脉窦血栓形成,给予抗凝、绛纤、脱水降颅压治疗,头痛未见好转。进一步查脑血管造影(DSA)提示未见静脉窦血栓形成,脑脊液(CSF)细胞学提示散在或小堆分布异常细胞,该细胞体积大,圆形,核染色质较粗,核仁隐现不一,核质比大,胞浆染蓝色、深蓝色、灰红蓝色,有空泡样改变,部分细胞胞浆边缘呈裙边样,可见双核异常细胞及核分裂象。头颅磁共振成像(MRI)增强示部分脑膜强化,故临床诊断为MC。结论本例MC患者以头痛、恶心呕吐起病,视乳头边界模糊,头颅MRV不除外静脉窦血栓形成,因而早期容易误诊,及早行腰椎穿刺CSF细胞学检查有助于MC的早期诊断。     

流行性乙型脑炎合并脑静脉窦血栓形成1例报道

流行性乙型脑炎(epidemic encephalitis type B)简称乙脑,是由乙型脑炎病毒引起的急性中枢神经系统传染病,是一种人畜共患的自然疫源性疾病,主要通过蚊虫传播,好发于儿童,主要发生在夏秋季。乙脑以急性起病、高热、意识障碍、抽搐及脑膜刺激征为主要临床特征。目前,乙脑的确诊主要依赖于血清学和病原学检查。脑静脉窦血     

颅内静脉窦血栓形成致空蝶鞍:2例报告及文献复习

目的:空蝶鞍是指蛛网膜憩室通过缺损的鞍隔从鞍上池疝入到蝶鞍内。原发性空蝶鞍的形成与垂体病变无关,而与颅内压增高和鞍隔缺损有关。本文旨在探讨临床上慢性颅内高压所致的空蝶鞍形成。方法:报道2例因颅内静脉窦血栓形成引起慢性颅内高压导致空蝶鞍的病例。结果:2例患者均以头痛为主要临床表现,行腰椎穿刺术发现脑脊液压力增高,头颅磁共振静脉造影显示颅内静脉窦血栓形成。在给予抗凝治疗后,2例患者的头痛均有一定程度的好转。其中,1例患者在连续的头颅磁共振成像检查中,发现空蝶鞍程度逐渐加重;另一例患者在随访过程中由无空蝶鞍演变成空蝶鞍。结论:慢性颅内高压可导致空蝶鞍形成,并可引起空蝶鞍程度的加重。     

颅内静脉窦血栓形成治疗现状

颅内静脉窦血栓形成(CVST)是一种特殊类型的脑血管病,临床少见,以中青年好发,占所有脑卒中病例的0.50%～1%[1]。因其发病形式复杂多样,故临床表现各异,易误诊或漏诊,因而具有较高的病残率及病死率[2]。颅内静脉窦血栓形成目前仍是神经病学和神经介入领域的难治性疾病,由于其发     

特发性颅内高压与颅内静脉窦血栓形成

特发性颅内高压(idiopathic intracranial hypertension,IIH)以往曾称为假性脑瘤(pseudotumor cerebri,PTC)或良性颅内高压(benign intracranial hypertension,BIH),是指一组颅内压升高、但颅脑计算机断层扫描(computer tomography,CT)检查无脑积水或颅内占位、且脑脊液成分正常的综合征.     

不同影像技术在表现为孤立性颅内高压的脑静脉窦血栓诊断中的应用

脑静脉窦血栓形成(cerebralvenous sinus thrombosis,CVST)是指由不同病因引起的颅内静脉窦血栓形成,引起窦腔狭窄、闭塞,脑静脉血回流受阻和脑脊液吸收障碍,进而引起颅内高压等一系列病理生理改变以及相应症状的一组疾病[1].     

颅内静脉窦血栓形成的临床研究

研究背景颅内静脉窦血栓形成是一种特殊类型的脑血管疾病,其病因及诱发因素复杂多样、临床表现各异,易被误诊或漏诊。该病具有较高的病残率和病死率,如何提高诊断与治疗水平一直是临床研究的热点问题,本文旨在探讨颅内静脉窦血栓形成不同治疗方法的安全性及有效性。方法回顾分析52例颅内静脉窦血栓形成患者的临床资料,并根据临床症状与体征、腰椎穿刺脑脊液压力和影像学表现分为轻症和重症组,分别接受全身抗凝联合静脉溶栓、血管内溶栓或锥颅上矢状窦溶栓治疗,同时辅助华法林口服6～12个月。术后通过磁共振静脉血管造影术观察静脉窦形态。结果轻症组27例患者接受全身抗凝药物联合静脉溶栓治疗,14例痊愈、9例好转、4例无效;重症组25例患者中22例经全身抗凝药物联合血管内溶栓治疗后18例痊愈、3例好转、1例死亡,余3例行锥颅上矢状窦溶栓治疗,均痊愈。共随访6～60个月(平均36个月),无一例复发。结论根据患者病情轻重程度,针对临床分型选择不同方法治疗颅内静脉窦血栓安全有效。     

小儿颅内静脉窦血栓形成12例临床分析

目的 总结小儿颅内静脉窦血栓形成(CVST)的病因、临床表现和影像学特征,以期早期诊断和及时治疗.方法 对复旦大学附属儿科医院于2008年8月至2012年5月收治住院的12例CVST患儿的临床表现、实验室资料、影像学特征、治疗经过及短期预后进行回顾性分析.结果 (1)病因:12例患儿中,7例病因不明,临床表现为亚急性或者慢性头痛进行性或急性加重;2例与感染相关;1例为颅内肿瘤术后;另外2例发生在肾病综合征激素治疗过程中.确诊前有7例发生误诊.(2)诊断:12例患儿均行头颅磁共振及磁共振静脉成像检查,明确诊断为颅内静脉窦血栓.(3)短期预后:所有患儿确诊后均予以抗凝治疗,11例临床症状好转;7例病因不明的患儿中确诊时4例存在不同程度的视力障碍,治疗后短期视力无改善;1例患儿确诊后至外院行数字减影血管造影及球囊扩张,后治疗无效死亡.结论 小儿CVST临床表现缺乏特异性,误诊率高,认识其临床特征并及时行磁共振静脉成像检查是诊断的关键.抗凝治疗是一种安全且有效的方法.     

48例脑静脉窦血栓形成的诊治

目的 对脑静脉窦血栓形成（cerebral venous sinus thrombosis,CVST）的发病特点进行综合分析并评估其治疗效果。方法 回顾性分析北京天坛医院和青岛即墨市人民医院神经内科收治的脑静脉窦血栓患者的临床资料。结果 2006～2010年两院共收治确诊的脑静脉窦血栓患者48例,24例（50.0%）患者为亚急性起病,主要表现为高颅压综合征,8例（16.7%）患者伴肢体活动障碍或肢体抽搐,8例（16.7%）患者有意识障碍。颅脑磁共振静脉血管成像（magnetic resonance venography,MRV）均表现为不同程度的脑静脉窦闭塞。治疗以病因治疗、抗凝治疗、对症支持治疗为主,部分患者联合介入溶栓治疗。痊愈15例（占31.3%）,好转30例（占62.5%）,无效3例（占6.25%）。结论 CVST临床表现缺乏特异性,及时行颅脑磁共振检查是正确诊断和及时治疗的关键,抗凝治疗是CVST的主要治疗方法,治疗后该病预后相对良好。     

溃疡性结肠炎合并坏疽性脓皮病、脑静脉窦血栓1例报告

<正>1病例介绍患者,女,58岁,因"头晕5 d,发作性意识丧失伴肢体抽搐1 h"于2013年11月13日转入我院神经内科。患者因坏疽性脓皮病于2013年10月15日于我院皮肤科住院治疗,期间于2013年11月8日无诱因出现头晕,无视物旋转,无耳鸣及肢体力弱,无头痛、恶心、呕吐等不适。神经系统查体无明显异常,Glasgow评分15分。计算     

脑静脉窦血栓的综合血管内治疗

目的评价综合应用颈动脉溶栓、静脉窦置管溶栓及静脉窦支架置入术治疗脑静脉窦血栓的疗效。方法对我科1997年7月～2005年6月收治的99例脑静脉窦血栓患者进行综合血管内治疗,其中5例患者接受静脉窦置管溶栓合并静脉窦支架置入术(方案1),38例患者接受颈动脉溶栓合并静脉窦置管溶栓(方案2),56例患者接受单纯颈动脉溶栓(方案3),观察3组患者的临床疗效。结果经治疗,99例患者中有94例颅内压降至300 mm H_2O, 75例患者静脉窦实现再通,93例患者循环时间降至11 s以下。结论综合应用颈动脉溶栓、静脉窦置管溶栓及静脉窦支架置入术等方法治疗脑静脉窦血栓是一种安全、有效的手段。     

Churg-Strauss综合征合并颅内静脉窦血栓形成1例

1病例介绍患者,女,43岁,主因"左足无力16天,右手麻木无力13天,右下肢近端麻木疼痛3天"于2011年3月28日入院。患者于16天前静脉滴注"阿奇霉素、氨溴索"治疗"支气管哮喘"过程中逐渐出现左足力弱,伴踝部麻刺样疼痛、尚可耐受,伴左膝以下麻木,可自行站立、行走,无视物模糊、言语不清、大小便障碍,就诊于当地县医院,行颅脑计算机体断层成像(computed tomography,CT)检查未见异     

脑静脉窦血栓形成的诊断

目的探讨诊断脑静脉窦血栓形成(CVST)的方法。方法对54例CVST患者的发病诱因、起病形式、临床表现、影像学特征以及血液和脑脊液检查等资料进行回顾性分析。结果 54例CVST患者平均年龄(33.33±12.20)岁,其中45岁以下45例。在妊娠和产褥期(31.5%)、脱水(22.2%)、上呼吸道感染(18.5%)、乳突炎(9.3%)等诱因下急性或亚急性起病,首发出现头痛(87.0%)、恶心(50.0%)、性发作(7.4%)、意识障碍(5.5%)以及肢体无力(3.7%)等症状,同时有D-二聚体水平增高,影像学表现为静脉窦闭塞及脑组织水肿或梗死,伴有出血性病变。多数脑脊液压力增高、白细胞数正常。结论在妊娠、产褥、脱水、感染等诱因下,出现头痛、恶心、意识障碍、性发作等症状的青年患者,要高度怀疑CVST,应及时行头颅CT或MRI检查;D-二聚体增高的情况下,脑静脉造影和脑脊液检查有助于进一步确诊。     

侧窦血栓合并脑出血一例

侧窦血栓临床较少见,发病率低,临床表现复杂多样,缺乏特异性,容易误诊和漏诊而影响预后。现将本病例分析如下.     

Latent Cerebral Venous and Sinus Thrombosis

The incidence of cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis (CVST) is still unknown. Several assumptions of the incidence have been made. In the one and only series of consecutive brain autopsies series by Towbin in1973 CVST was found in 10,9 % of patients aged 60 years or more. These findings suggest that the true incidence of CVST is higher than generally thought, but there are no other reports supporting these findings. Therefore in order to determine the incidence of latent CVST we conducted a new prospective post mortem study. All brain autopsies performed in our hospital between 1996 and 1998 on patients 60 years of age or older were examined for the presence of CVST in a prospective way. We examined the sagittal sinus, the torcula, the straight sinus, both transverse sinuses, and both sigmoideal sinuses for the presence of thrombosis. The clinical condition, medication, brain-imaging results, clinical cause of death, general findings from the body autopsy and definite cause of death were recorded. Additionally we requested the annual mortality figures of CVST at the department of the National Agency for Statistics of the Netherlands (CBS). A consecutive and prospective series of 102 brain autopsies was performed in our general hospital during a period of two years. We found one case of latent CVST in our series of 102 patients. Comparison with the findings of Towbin using a chi-square test yielded a significant difference in the incidence of latent CVST (χ₂ = 7.65, p < 0.01) between the two studies. The present autopsy study demonstrates that latent CVST is rare. Received: 7 June 2002, Received in revised form: 14 October 2002, Accepted: 21 October 2002 Correspondence to H. P. Bienfait, MD     

Obstructive Hydrocephalus from Venous Sinus Thrombosis

Background  Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a rare form of stroke. Although increased intracranial pressure is a well-described complication of CVST, hydrocephalus has rarely been reported. Case  We present the case of a 49-year-old woman who presented with one week of headache, vomiting, and progressive neurologic deterioration leading to coma. Head CT and MRI identified extensive CVST and accompanying hydrocephalus. She was treated with systemic anticoagulation as well as mechanical and pharmacologic endovascular thrombolysis. An external ventricular drain (EVD) was not inserted given the potential bleeding risk while anticoagulated. Subsequently, she made an excellent recovery and had a normal neurologic exam at long-term follow up. Conclusion  Hydrocephalus is a rare complication of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Treatment of hydrocephalus with an EVD may not be necessary if interventions are undertaken to urgently recanalize thrombosed venous sinuses.     

Cerebral Venous Sinus Incision for Surgical Thrombectomy Combined with Thrombolysis During Decompressive Craniectomy for Malignant Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis Complicated with Cerebral Hernia

For malignant cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) complicated with cerebral hernia, decompressive craniectomy may be life-saving, and thrombectomy combined with thrombolysis may obtain better outcomes. This report describes an approach performed on 2 patients diagnosed with CVST combined both thrombectomy and thrombolysis with decompressive craniectomy through incising the superior sagittal sinus. The general procedure of the operation is as follows. The anterior part of the superior sagittal sinus was exposed firstly. After cutting the dura matter for decompression, a superior sagittal sinus incision was taken to detect sinus thrombus. In order to facilitate hemostasis during detecting the sagittal sinus, 2 silk sutures were sutured along the incision. The incision was 5 millimeters long approximately along the middle line of the front third of the superior sagittal sinus. A silicone intubation was inserted in the sinus through the incision. Thrombus was seen in the suction tube. At a depth of about 10 cm, while it is difficult to penetrate the tube, we used the gelatin sponge to cover the sinus incision and fixed the suture lines after cross-knotting. The silicone intubation was drawn out through the forehead and connected to external micro pump for injecting anticoagulant drugs, then cut the dura mater into star-shaped and discard bone flap for decompression. Absorbable artificial dura mater was used to repair bilateral dura mater, respectively. At last, connect the catheter to the micro pump for pumping anticoagulant. After operation, the 2 patients received thrombolysis through the catheter placed in the sinus. Both of them recovered well. There was no incision-related bleeding occurred after surgery. Both the patients achieved incredibly good outcomes. For patients with malignant cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, acute cerebral hernia or cerebral hernia tendency, it may be an effective approach combined both thrombectomy and thrombolysis with decompressive craniectomy through incising the superior sagittal sinus.     

孕产妇合并颅内静脉窦血栓形成的诊疗策略

目的 探讨孕产妇合并颅内静脉窦血栓形成可能的病因、临床表现、影像学特征、诊断,总结诊疗策 略。 方法 回顾性分析北京协和医院神经内科1993-2013年连续收治的孕产妇合并危重颅内静脉窦血 栓形成患者12例,平均年龄（26±5）岁（19～34岁）。12例患者均在急性/亚急性期行计算机断层扫描 （computed tomography,CT）或磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging,MRI）检查;9例行磁共振静脉 成像（magnetic resonance venography,MRV）,6例行数字减影血管造影（digital subtraction angiography, DSA）检查诊断静脉窦血栓形成。分析可能的病因、临床表现、影像学特征、诊断及治疗策略。 结果 发病时期：孕早期7例,孕晚期1例,产后2周内4例,人工流产后1例;合并疾病包括：蛋白S缺乏 1例,高同型半胱氨酸1例,特发性血小板减少性紫癜1例,全身感染1例,贫血1例;临床特征：均为急性 或亚急性起病。头痛12例,痫性发作5例,其他局灶性神经系统体征5例（包括肢体无力、病理征、麻 木、共济失调、周围性面瘫等）,视力下降1例,不同程度意识障碍4例。12例患者中9例存在脑实质异 常,其中脑梗死或出血性梗死7例,脑出血1例,脑组织明显肿胀1例。受累静脉窦：横窦、乙状窦9例, 上矢状窦8例,直窦、下矢状窦2例,颈静脉2例。治疗：6例妊娠期发病患者均及时终止妊娠,1例因家 属不同意终止妊娠,病情加重,自动放弃回家。10例积极尽早给予肝素化抗凝治疗,所有患者均病情 好转出院。 结论 孕产妇出现急性/亚急性头痛、抽搐及其他局灶体征时,需警惕危重颅内静脉窦血栓形成可 能;影像学提示符合静脉窦引流区域的脑实质异常信号（出血性梗死为主）,可作为及时诊断的重要 线索;病情危重时及时选择终止妊娠去除病因可能与良好预后相关,同时需尽早开始抗凝治疗。