氨酚伪麻那敏片（Ⅱ）含量测定方法的改进

目的:建立改进的同时测定氨酚伪麻那敏片（Ⅱ）中对乙酰氨基酚、盐酸伪麻黄碱、马来酸氯苯那敏含量的HPLC法。方法:采用Inertsil C₁₈柱（150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,流动相:0.3%十二烷基硫酸钠溶液（含0.2%磷酸溶液）-乙腈（45:55）（用浓氨溶液调节pH至3.9）,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,检测波长215 nm。结果:对乙酰氨基酚、盐酸伪麻黄碱、马来酸氯苯那敏分别在62～682,6.23～68.56,0.384～4.226μg·ml^-1浓度范围内与各自峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系;平均回收率分别为99.47%（RSD=0.24%）,99.33%（RSD=0.34%）,99.18%（RSD=0.20%）（n=6）。结论:该方法准确、简便,可用于氨酚伪麻那敏片（Ⅱ）中3个组分的含量测定     

高效液相色谱法测定小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒中马来酸氯苯那敏含量及均匀度

目的 建立小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒中马来酸氯苯那敏含量及均匀度的检测方法。方法 采用高效液相色谱法对小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒中的马来酸氯苯那敏含量及均匀度进行测定。以shimpack VP-ODS(150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)色谱柱为固定相;甲醇-0.01 mol·L-1辛烷磺酸钠溶液(三乙胺调节pH值至3.0,63∶37)为流动相;流速为1 mL·min-1;检测波长为261 nm;进样量为10 μL。结果 马来酸氯苯那敏在7.928~31.712 mg·L-1的范围与峰面积呈良好线性关系,r=0.999 92。样品中马来酸氯苯那敏的平均回收率为99.8%(n=9,RSD=0.83%)。用该文建立的方法对5个批次小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒中的马来酸氯苯那敏含量及均匀度进行了测定,其含量均为标示量的90.0%～110.0%,均匀度符合规定。结论 该方法准确可靠,可作为小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒中马来酸氯苯那敏含量及均匀度的测定方法。     

HPLC法测定小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒中马来酸氯苯那敏含量及均匀度

目的 建立小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒中马来酸氯苯那敏含量及均匀度的检测方法。方法 采用HPLC法对小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒中的马来酸氯苯那敏含量及均匀度进行测定。以shimpack VP-ODS(150mm×4.6mm,5μm)色谱柱为固定相;甲醇-0.01mol.L-1辛烷磺酸钠溶液(三乙胺调节pH值至3.0,63∶37)为流动相;流速为1mL.min-1;检测波长为261nm;进样量为10μL。结果　马来酸氯苯那敏在7.928~31.712μg/ml的范围与峰面积呈良好线性关系,r=0.99992。样品中马来酸氯苯那敏的平均回收率为99.8%( n=9,RSD=0.83%)。用本文建立的方法对5个批次小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒中的马来酸氯苯那敏含量及均匀度进行了测定,其含量均为标示量的90.0%～110.0%,均匀度符合规定。结论 本方法准确可靠,可作为小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒中马来酸氯苯那敏含量及均匀度的测定方法。     

HPLC法测定小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒中二组分的含量及马来酸氯苯那敏含量均匀度考察

目的:应用HPLC测定小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚与马来酸氯苯那敏的含量,并对马来酸氯苯那敏的含量均匀度进行考察。方法:采用ODS柱(大连依利特250mm×4.5mm,5μm),以甲醇-0.5mol·ml-1磷酸二氢钠-三乙胺(150∶850∶0.25),用磷酸调节pH为2.3为流动相,检测波长215nm。结果:平均回收率(n=3)对乙酰氨基酚为99.5%(RSD=0.3%),马来酸氯苯那敏96.8%(RSD=0.4%)。结论:该方法快速准确,能更好地控制产品质量。     

气相色谱法测定马来酸氯苯那敏乳膏的含量

目的:建立气相色谱法测定马来酸氯苯那敏乳膏中马来酸氯苯那敏和防腐剂羟苯乙酯含量的方法。方法:采用HP-5石英毛细管柱经程序升温技术分离待测组分,内标法计算含量。进样口温度:270℃;FID检测器,检测器温度280℃;进样量1μl。结果:各组分分离良好,马来酸氯苯那敏在0.2～2.0 mg·ml^-1（r=0.999 6）,羟苯乙酯在0.125～1.250 mg·ml^-1（r=0.999 7）范围内呈良好线性关系,平均加样回收率马来酸氯苯那敏为98.45%（RSD=1.13%,n=6）,羟苯乙酯为97.92%（RSD=0.48%,n=6）。结论:该法简便快速,结果准确,可用于测定该药品的含量。     

复方氨酚葡锌片质量标准的提高研究

目的:建立同时测定复方氨酚葡锌片中对乙酰氨基酚含量及溶出度和盐酸二氧丙嗪含量及含量均匀度的HPLC方法。方法:色谱柱为ZORBAX SB-C₁₈（150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）柱,流动相为乙腈-0.5%磷酸二氢钾溶液（50:50）,流速为1.0ml·min^-1,检测波长为226 nm。结果:对乙酰氨基酚的线性范围为8.09～80.88μg·ml^-1（r=1.000 0）;平均回收率为100.36%,RSD为0.6%（n=6）;盐酸二氧丙嗪的线性范围为4.00～40.00μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）;平均回收率为99.74%,RSD为1.3%（n=6）;对乙酰氨基酚溶出度和盐酸二氧丙嗪的含量均匀度均符合要求。结论:该方法简单,快速,准确,可为复方氨酚葡锌片的质量控制提供依据。     

HPLC法测定小儿氨酚黄那敏片中马来酸氯苯那敏含量及含量均匀度

目的：建立HPLC法测定小儿氨酚黄那敏片马来酸氯苯那敏含量及含量均匀度。方法：采用HPLC法,色谱柱：KromasilC18（250mm×4.6mm,5μm）;流动相：乙腈-0.05mol/L磷酸氢二钠（含0.02%三乙胺,用磷酸调pH为3.5）（20：80）;流速：1.0ml/min;检测波长：260nm。柱温：30℃。结果：马来酸氯苯那敏检测浓度的线性范围为0.811～8.12μg/ml（r=0.9996）。平均回收率为99.21%,RSD为0.25%。结论：方法灵敏,可靠,简单可行,可用于该制剂的马来酸氯苯那敏含量及含量均匀度测定。     

小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒中马来酸氯苯那敏的含量测定及制剂检查

目的：建立HPLC法,测定小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒中马来酸氯苯那敏的含量并考察其含量均匀度。测得小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒中马来酸氯苯那敏的含量为0.023%,占标示量的百分含量为90.89%,根据药典规定,该样品马来酸氯苯那敏的含量符合要求（占标示量的90.0%～110.0%）[1]。色谱柱为C18柱,流动相为乙腈-水（36%醋酸溶液40ml与1ml三乙胺稀释至1000ml）,流速为lm/min,检测波长为260nm,进样量为5μl。马来酸氯苯那敏的峰面积Y对进样量X（μg）的回归曲线为：Y=534.14X＋41.358;R2=0.9953,线性范围为14～140μg/ml。该方法快速简便,重复性好,适用于小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒中的马来酸氯苯那敏的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚和马来酸氯苯那敏的含量

目的：建立HPLC法同时测定小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚和马来酸氯苯那敏的的含量。方法：U-Bondpak C18钢柱（150mm×4.6mm）色谱柱;流动相：甲醇-（0.1mol/L）磷酸二氢钠（30∶70）;流速：1.0ml/min;检测波长215nm;进样量20μl;柱温：室温。结果：平均回收率（n=5）对乙酰氨基酚100.51%,RSD为0.42%;马来酸氯苯那敏99.72%,RSD为0.71%。结论：该方法简单,快速,重现性好。     

小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒中马来酸氯苯那敏的含量测定及含量均匀度考察

目的建立HPLC法,测定小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒中马来酸氯苯那敏的含量并考察其含量均匀度.方法色谱柱为岛津C18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),以乙腈0.3%十二烷基硫酸钠磷酸(60∶40∶0.02)为流动相,检测波长210nm,流速1.0 ml·min-1,柱温25℃.结果马来酸氯苯那敏在0.08～0.24μg·ml-1范围内,浓度与峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.9993).平均回收率98.9%,RSD=1.19%.结论该方法专属性好,操作简便、快速,结果准确,可用于小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒中马来酸氯苯那敏的质量控制.     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Synthesis and anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of gaultherin and its analogs

The synthesis of gaultherin (1) and its analogs was carried out to provide 11 glycosides under phase-transfer catalytic conditions. The activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated by nitric oxide production inhibitory assay in vitro. Methyl 2-O-(4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylbenzoate (5f) showed significantly anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by the evaluation in vivo. Structure–activity relationships within these compounds were discussed.     

Modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty in toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics

Two important methodological issues within the framework of the variability and uncertainty analysis of toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic systems are discussed: (i) modelling and simulation of the existing physiologic variability in a population; and (ii) modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty when there is insufficient or not well defined (e.g. small sample, semiquantitative, qualitative and vague) information available. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are especially suited for separating and characterising the physiologic variability from the overall variability and uncertainty in the system. Monte Carlo sampling should draw from multivariate distributions, which reflect all levels of existing dependencies in the intact organism. The population characteristics should be taken into account. A fuzzy simulation approach is proposed to model variability and uncertainty when there is semiquantitative, qualitative and vague information about the model parameters and their statistical distributions cannot be defined reliably.     

成骨细胞的功能与损伤和骨质疏松的防治

骨质疏松是一种全身性骨骼疾病,导致骨折风险增加。成人的骨量通过破骨细胞的骨吸收和成骨细胞的骨形成作用来维持动态平衡,治疗骨质疏松症的理想策略是抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收和/或增强成骨细胞的骨形成功能。目前针对保护成骨细胞及增强其功能的骨质疏松疗法相对较少。因此,本文针对成骨细胞相关功能蛋白、各种细胞损伤机制（内质网应激、氧化应激、机械过载、微小RNA和长链非编码RNA的影响等）及骨质疏松的治疗与预防作一综述,以期为针对增强成骨细胞功能的骨质疏松治疗策略提供新思路。     

益生菌与肿瘤防治

益生菌广泛存在于自然界中,通过维持宿主体内菌群平衡、影响肠屏障功能和调节免疫应答等作用,提高宿主健康水平,被公认为"肠道健康卫士".一些益生菌可以增强机体的免疫功能,抑制致癌物质,影响肿瘤细胞的基因表达,对肿瘤具有拮抗作用.大量研究表明,益生菌在未来的肿瘤防治中有很好的应用和发展前景.     

Self-stimulation and amphetamine: Tolerance to d and l isomers and cross tolerance to cocaine and methylphenidate

The effects of the d and l isomers of amphetamine on self-stimulation responding were tested following acute and chronic administration. Tolerance and post-drug depression of responding occurred in tests with both isomers, indicating no role for p-hydroxynorephedrine (PHN) which is one of the metabolites of d-amphetamine. In the second experiment, d-amphetamine, methylphenidate and cocaine all produced quantitatively and qualitatively similar effects on self-stimulation responding following acute administration. Following chronic administration of d-amphetamine, animals showed tolerance to all three drugs, indicating cross-tolerance among them. These data are consistent with an hypothesis that tolerance and post-drug depression following chronic amphetamine treatment are the result of decreases in postsynaptic receptor sensitivity, which would lead to a decreased effectiveness of all three drugs, regardless of their pre-synaptic mechanisms.     

Acamprosate and naltrexone treatment effects on ethanol and sucrose seeking and intake in ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats

Rationale  Two pharmacotherapies are approved for treating alcohol craving (acamprosate and naltrexone), but both have shown mixed findings in animals and humans. Objectives  The present experiments utilized a “reinforcer blocking” approach (i.e., rats were able to consume ethanol during treatment) to better understand the efficacy of these treatments for ethanol seeking and drinking using ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats. Materials and methods  In “nondependent” experiments, drugs (acamprosate 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg; naltrexone 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg) were administered over 3-week periods prior to operant sessions with a low response requirement to gain access to reinforcers for 20 min. For “dependent” experiments, rats were made dependent in vapor/inhalation chambers. Results  Acamprosate and naltrexone had similar effects on intake in nondependent and dependent rats; neither drug was selective for ethanol over sucrose drinking. In nondependent animals, naltrexone was more efficacious at more doses than acamprosate, and acamprosate’s effects were limited to a dose that also had adverse effects on body weight. Both pharmacotherapies showed more selectivity when examining reinforcer seeking. In nondependent rats, acamprosate and naltrexone had response-attenuating effects in ethanol, but not sucrose, groups. In dependent animals, acamprosate had selective effects limited to a decrease in sucrose seeking. Naltrexone, however, selectively decreased ethanol-seeking in nondependent rats. Conclusions  The naltrexone-induced decreases in seeking suggested a change in incentive motivation which was selective for ethanol in nondependent rats. The “nondependent” paradigm may model early stages of “problem drinking” in humans, and the findings suggest that naltrexone could be a good intervention for this level of alcohol abuse and relapse prevention.     

Antiinfective and encrustation-inhibiting materials--myth and facts

Catheters, urethral and ureteral stents and other urological implants are frequently affected by encrustration and infection due to their permanent contact with urine. Indwelling urinary catheters provide a haven for microorganisms and thus require extensive monitoring. Several surface modification techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of devices including the immobilization of biomolecules, the incorporation of hydrophilic grafts to reduce protein adsorption, the creation of hydrophobic surfaces, the creation of microdomains to regulate cellular and protein adhesion, new polymers and antimicrobial coatings. Physico-chemical explanation to elucidate the mechanism of such encrustation or infection inhibiting materials is still not available. Our series of experiments showed a marked decrease of silver-activity in biological fluids which corresponds with the controversial clinical results obtained with silver coated urinary catheters. Rifampicin/minocycline coated catheters had very low activity against Gram-negative rods, enterococci and Candida spp., the main causing organisms of urinary catheter infection. Surface engineered materials and antimicrobial drug delivery systems will be the next generation of sophisticated urinary catheters and stents, if both efficacy as well as efficiency has been proved clinically.     

Alprazolam and lorazepam single and multiple-dose effects on psychomotor skills and sleep

Summary The effects of alprazolam 0.5 mg and lorazepam 2 mg on cognitive and psychomotor skills were assessed in twelve normal volunteer subjects in a randomised, double-blind, crossover design. Single and multiple dose effects were monitored using a battery of tests comprising critical flicker fusion threshold (CFFT), choice reaction time (CRT), simulated car tracking, and subjective ratings of perceived sedation (LARS) and of sleep behaviour (LSEQ). Compared with placebo baseline scores, treatment with lorazepam 2 mg (both single and multiple doses) resulted in a widespread impairment of CRT, tracking accuracy, and CFFT. Single doses of alprazolam 0.5 mg reduced CFFT with respect to the placebo baseline. Single and multiple dose treatment with both drugs resulted in subjective reports of sedation, a reduction of sleep onset latency, and improved sleep quality. Only lorazepam 2 mg significantly disrupted the integrity of behaviour on waking from sleep. These results suggest important pharmacodynamic differences between the two drugs in the doses used.