词语记忆量表在老年人认知功能损害中的应用

目的评估词语记忆量表在区分正常老年人、轻度认知功能损害(MCI)及轻度阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者中的应用。方法选择认知功能正常者108例(对照组),MCI患者105例(MCI组)及轻度AD患者57例(轻度AD组),进行简易智能状态检查量表及词语记忆量表检查,量表内容包括词语即刻回忆、延迟回忆、原词再认和新词再认,并分析各组的词语记忆得分及组间比较。结果与对照组比较,MCI组及轻度AD组的词语记忆量表各项得分均降低,且延迟回忆得分降低显著,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000);3组间各项得分比较,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000),MCI组与轻度AD组比较,延迟回忆、原词再认和新词再认差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);多因素分析对年龄和教育程度进行调整后,年龄影响第1次即刻回忆、第2次即刻回忆、延迟回忆;临床诊断影响词语记忆量表的各项得分,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000)。结论词语记忆量表中的延迟回忆及延迟再认有助于MCI的早期识别以及MCI与轻度AD的鉴别。     

血清睾酮对老年男性轻度认知损伤和轻度痴呆患者认知功能的影响

目的　探讨认知损伤的老年男性患者中血清睾酮水平与认知功能的关系。方法　对 15例轻度认知损伤(MCI组 )、17例轻度阿尔茨海默病 (AD组 )、7例轻度血管性痴呆 (VaD组 )患者进行详细的认知功能检查。应用放射免疫法检测血清睾酮浓度。应用多元线性回归分析各项认知功能成绩与血清睾酮的关系 ,对年龄和文化水平进行调整。结果　MCI组睾酮与结构性检查的成绩呈正相关。轻度AD组睾酮与词表学习 3、复杂图形回忆和延迟回忆、领悟力、词语流畅性均呈正相关。轻度VaD组睾酮与词表学习 1的成绩呈负相关。当轻度AD和轻度VaD合并后 ,睾酮与词表学习 3、复杂图形复制和回忆及延迟回忆、领悟力、词语流畅性、简易智力状态检查表、地点定向、符号数字呈正相关关系 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　血清睾酮水平与MCI和轻度痴呆患者的视空间技能有选择性关系 ,并可能与词语和图形记忆以及执行功能有关 ,这对于雄激素替代治疗痴呆的研究有重要意义。     

序列位置效应联合延迟回忆识别不同认知障碍水平患者的研究

目的 探索序列位置效应联合延迟回忆在区分不同认知障碍水平人群的诊断价值.方法 共纳入310例受试,其中认知正常(NC)组128例,轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)组133例,轻度阿尔茨海默病(AD)组49例.3组性别、年龄、受教育程度无显著性差异.所有受试进行成套神经心理学测验,使用听觉词语学习测验量表华山版(AVLT-H)...     

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment

OBJECTIVES: To develop a 10-minute cognitive screening tool (Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA) to assist first-line physicians in detection of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a clinical state that often progresses to dementia. DESIGN: Validation study. SETTING: A community clinic and an academic center. PARTICIPANTS: Ninety-four patients meeting MCI clinical criteria supported by psychometric measures, 93 patients with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) (Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score > or =17), and 90 healthy elderly controls (NC). MEASUREMENTS: The MoCA and MMSE were administered to all participants, and sensitivity and specificity of both measures were assessed for detection of MCI and mild AD. RESULTS: Using a cutoff score 26, the MMSE had a sensitivity of 18% to detect MCI, whereas the MoCA detected 90% of MCI subjects. In the mild AD group, the MMSE had a sensitivity of 78%, whereas the MoCA detected 100%. Specificity was excellent for both MMSE and MoCA (100% and 87%, respectively). CONCLUSION: MCI as an entity is evolving and somewhat controversial. The MoCA is a brief cognitive screening tool with high sensitivity and specificity for detecting MCI as currently conceptualized in patients performing in the normal range on the MMSE.     

蒙特利尔认知评估量表在帕金森病认知功能损害筛查中的应用

目的探讨蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)和简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)在帕金森病(PD)患者认知功能损害筛查中的应用。方法选取1 29例年龄≥60岁的PD患者,根据认知功能将其分为正常组(60例)、轻度认知功能障碍(MCI,37例)组和PD痴呆(PDD,32例)组,采用MoCA和MMSE对患者进行评估和分析。结果 3组MoCA得分差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。与正常组比较,MCI组和PDD组患者在画立方体、复述、1 mm动物数、抽象能力、延迟回忆得分较低(P<0.01);与PDD组比较,正常组和MCI组患者在命名、数字广度和定向力得分较高(P<0.05)。此外,受试者ROC曲线结果显示,MMSE诊断MCI的曲线下面积为0.803;MoCA诊断MCI的曲线下面积为0.947。MMSE诊断PDD的曲线下面积为0.952;MoCA诊断PDD的曲线下面积为0.990。结论 MoCA可作为有效的PD患者认知功能损害的筛查工具,且随着PD患者病情的进展,MoCA得分逐渐降低。MoCA筛查MCI的最佳界值为≤23分,且MoCA在筛查PD患者MCI方面的敏感性较MMSE高。     

简易认知量表和8条目痴呆筛查问卷在高龄老年人群早期认知功能下降筛查中的应用

目的探讨简易认知量表（Mini-Cog）和8条目痴呆筛查问卷（8-item ascertain dementia, AD8）对80岁以上老年人群早期轻度认知功能障碍（mild cognitive impairment, MCI）的筛查价值。 方法选取杭州市某福利中心的2014年10月前已入住的908名高龄老年人进行Mini-Cog和AD8筛查,随访5年后对仍然健在且能配合完成检查者进行二次认知功能评估。计算Mini-Cog和AD8初筛的敏感度和特异度,并分析随访5年后AD8的ROC曲线结果以及两种量表的一致性检验结果。 结果908例高龄老年人中523例确诊为痴呆（不计入后续筛查及随访调查）,余385例筛查结果显示：Mini-Cog、AD8诊断MCI的敏感度分别为54.88%、57.32%,特异度分别为85.52%、86.43%。随访5年后仍健在且接受二次评估的老年人共167名,其中认知功能正常106例（54例出现认知功能下降）,MCI 61例（36例出现认知功能进一步下降）。对于随访5年的认知功能正常者及MCI者,AD8诊断的AUC分别为0.572（95%CI=0.486-0.658）、0.723（95%CI=0.611-0.835）,Mini-Cog和AD8（以得分>3为分界线）诊断的一致性Kappa值分别为0.105、0.018和0.225、0.524。 结论AD8和Mini-Cog均具有一定的MCI评估效能,尤其适用于养老机构及社区高龄老年群体的认知功能筛查。     

Memory complaint is not necessary for diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment and does not predict 10-year trajectories of functional disability, word recall, or short portable mental status questionnaire limitations

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence and utility of memory complaint in a geographically representative cohort and, in cases with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), to determine whether memory complaint alters 10-year trajectories of disability in activities of daily living (ADLs), Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ) score, and 20-item word recall. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Washington and Iowa counties, Iowa. PARTICIPANTS: Iowa Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (N = 3,673; aged > or =65; 61.3% female; 99.9% white). MEASUREMENTS: Age, sex, education, SPMSQ score, 20-item word recall, ADL or instrumental ADL disability, and chronic medical conditions. RESULTS: The prevalence of memory complaint was 34%. Although proportionally more cognitively impaired individuals were in the memory complaint group (34% vs 27%), the pattern of subclassification into cognitively intact and MCI Stage 1 and 2 subgroups was similar for people with and without memory complaint. Median SPMSQ score and number of words recalled at baseline were comparable across memory complaint categories in each subgroup. MCI participants without subjective memory complaint constituted a larger proportion of the overall sample than individuals with subjective memory complaint (460 (14%) vs 295 (8.9%)) and of persons objectively classified as having MCI (61% vs 39%). The distribution of individual 10-year change in ADL disability, SPMSQ score, and word recall were similar for those with and without memory complaint across all subgroups of cognitive impairment. CONCLUSION: Memory complaint is not necessary for MCI diagnosis and does not distinguish cases with different progression rates in disability or cognitive impairment. 2006.     

蒙特利尔认知评估量表筛查轻度认知功能障碍分界值的研究

目的研究蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Montreal cognitive assessment,MoCA)在筛查轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)中的应用价值,初步探讨MoCA筛查MCI的最佳界值。方法分别采用简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)及MoCA评估入组的男性患者153例,根据诊断标准分为对照组69例、MCI组60例、AD组24例。进行2种量表得分的相关性分析,并且计算MoCA筛查MCI患者的敏感性、特异性、Kappa值、约登指数等,并选取最佳分界值。结果与对照组比较,MCI组和AD组MMSE评分和MoCA评分明显降低(P<0.05)。MMSE评分与MoCA评分呈正相关(r=0.847,P<0.01);以26分为分界值,MoCA诊断MCI的敏感性为98.3%,特异性为85.5%,Kappa值=0.830;绘制ROC曲线得到MoCA筛查MCI的最佳分界值为25分,敏感性为93.3%,特异性为97.1%,Kappa值=0.906。结论本研究人群MMSE评分与MoCA评分有很好的相关性,并且与临床诊断一致性好,推荐25分为该类人群MCI的分界值。     

轻度阿尔茨海默病患者记忆障碍的临床研究

目的　探讨轻度阿尔茨海默病患者记忆障碍的临床特点及损害类型。　方法　轻度阿尔茨海默病患者 3 0例 ,轻度认知功能障碍患者 2 0例 ,健康老年人 2 0名 ;语言工作记忆和注意力测定应用韦氏数字广度测验进行 ;非陈述性记忆测定应用改良后SegwinGaddand型板测验 ;情节性记忆测定应用简历记忆访谈测验 ;词语性记忆测查应用临床记忆量表及ADAS cog量表。　结果　与健康老年人组比较 ,在记忆损害类型中 ,轻度阿尔茨海默病组及轻度认知功能障碍组语言工作记忆均受到损害 ,组间差异有显著性 (t =2 3 4 2 ,P <0 0 5) ;非陈述性记忆两组间差异无显著性 (t =1 653 ,P >0 0 5) ,且几乎不受损害。轻度阿尔茨海默病患者组与轻度认知功能障碍患者组之间 ,情节性记忆组间差异有显著性 (t =3 469,P <0 0 1) ,而词语性记忆中 (除即刻回忆、物品命名外 )组间差异有显著性 (t =2 618,P <0 0 5)。　结论　轻度阿尔茨海默病患者临床最早出现的并具特异性的记忆损害类型为情节性记忆和词语性记忆 ,且情节性记忆损害较词语性记忆损害更具特异性     

2013年第1期中文目录

随着人口老龄化的到来,老年性相关疾病的发生越来越突出,轻度老年认知功能障碍是老年性痴呆的高危人群,是介于正常认知老化与轻度痴呆之间的一种临床状态。然而,在临床常规工作对轻度老年认知功能障碍认识严重不足,故加强对老年早期认知功能障碍的认识水平,提高对老年人早期认知功能障碍的评估与筛查,是尽早干预和预防老年性痴呆发生的重要保障。     

遗忘型轻度认知损伤患者内隐和外显记忆的研究

目的　对遗忘型轻度认知损伤 (MCI)患者的内隐记忆和外显记忆进行研究。方法　为横断面研究 ,采用词语自由回忆、再认、自由联想和字根补笔的方法 ,分别测试 2 0例遗忘型MCI患者 (MCI组 )和 2 0例认知功能正常的老年人 (对照组 )的外显记忆和内隐记忆。结果　遗忘型MCI组存在语义性启动效应和知觉性启动效应 ,遗忘型MCI组较对照组外显记忆降低 ,而内隐记忆无显著差异。结论　遗忘型MCI患者的记忆功能呈外显记忆损害 ,内隐记忆保存的特点 ,这种记忆功能的双重性为MCI患者记忆功能康复训练提供了理论依据。     

Screening for Alzheimer's disease: the memory impairment screen versus the conventional three-word memory test

OBJECTIVES: To improve screening for Alzheimer's disease (AD) with the Memory Impairment Screen (MIS), a 4-minute, four-item delayed free and cued recall memory test with controlled learning and high discriminative validity. To assess the discriminative validity of the MIS for AD and to compare it with the conventional three-word memory test, a delayed free recall task, widely recommended as a dementia-screening test in clinical practice. DESIGN: Cross-sectional validation study nested within a longitudinal study of aging and dementia. The MIS and the standard three-word memory task were administered as part of a comprehensive neurological and neuropsychological evaluation. SETTING: Einstein Aging Study at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred forty community-dwelling older adults. MEASUREMENTS: Sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value (PPV) were calculated for the MIS and three-word memory test as screening tests for AD. RESULTS: In comparison with the three-word memory task, the MIS had higher sensitivity (.86 vs.65), higher specificity (.97 vs.85), and greater PPV (.80 vs.37) as a screen for AD. CONCLUSIONS: The MIS had high discriminative validity as a screening test for AD and substantially outperformed the three-word memory task. Given its validity and brevity, the MIS has important advantages as an AD screen for use in primary care.     

EC301数字加工和计算量表在早期识别阿尔茨海默病中的作用

目的分析EC301数字加工和计算量表中文修订版(EC301-CR)在早期识别阿尔茨海默病(AD)中的作用。方法正常老年人41例(正常组)、轻度认知功能损伤患者41例(MCI组)和轻度AD患者23例(轻度AD组)完成简易智能状态量表、逻辑记忆测验、听觉词语学习测验、韦氏成人智力测验-计算分测验和EC301-CR。EC301-CR包括数字与非数字次序、数字大小概念、数字的感知与表达、算术符号的感知与表达、数字转化、运算、数字相关记忆和说出相邻数字。结果MCI组患者的数字加工和计算能力介于正常组和AD组患者之间;AD组患者依然保持一般的数字大小和运算符号知识,但是,在心算、笔算、估算、珠算等所有计算方式、听写数字、数字转化和"说出相邻数字"方面有明显减退。对于识别AD最敏感的指标是"说出相邻数字"的能力,以其总分≤15分作为划界分,识别AD的敏感性是78%,特异性是87%。结论EC301-CR可用于AD早期诊断和严重度判断。     

首次发作晚发抑郁障碍患者认知功能特征

目的考查首次发作晚发抑郁障碍(LOD)患者的认知功能特征。方法 LOD患者26例(LOD组)、轻度认知损害(MCI)患者35例(MCI组)和健康体检者44例(对照组),采用认知功能筛检工具(CASI)评估总体认知功能,跨文化神经心理成套测验评估不同领域认知功能,老年抑郁量表-30项评估情绪状况。结果 LOD组和MCI组CASI总分明显低于对照组(P0.05)。与对照组比较,LOD组患者言语记忆和视觉记忆各测验评分、言语流畅性(1 min)和连线测验A评分、注意力和集中注意能力评分均明显降低(P0.05);而MCI组患者仅言语记忆相关测验评分(CASI短时记忆、物品即刻回忆、物品5 min延迟回忆、段落逻辑记忆)、言语流畅性测验评分明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论 LOD患者存在神经认知功能缺陷,且累及认知领域较MCI更广泛,推测与LOD额叶和颞叶功能受损有关。     

QT dispersion and heart rate variability abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease and in mild cognitive impairment

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of cardiovascular changes (i.e., QT interval, QT dispersion (QTD), heart rate variability (HRV), and other cardiovascular measures) in subjects with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). DESIGN: Each subject underwent clinical and cognitive examination, a structural brain imaging study, echocardioDoppler, electrocardiogram (ECG), HRV analysis using 24-hour ECG monitoring, and 24-hour blood pressure monitoring. SETTING: Community population-based sample of patients admitted to an AD center for investigation of cognitive disturbances. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-three subjects with AD, 39 subjects with MCI, and 29 cognitive healthy subjects (controls) matched for demographic characteristics, hypertensive condition, smoking habits, and laboratory parameters were enrolled consecutively. MEASUREMENTS: Clinical and cognitive examination, structural brain imaging study, echocardioDoppler, ECG, HRV analysis using 24-hour ECG monitoring, and 24-hour blood pressure monitoring. RESULTS: QTD and QT corrected dispersion mean values were significantly higher in patients with AD than in patients with MCI and controls and higher in patients with MCI than in controls. HRV time and domain parameters were lower in patients with AD than in patients with MCI and controls. No difference in other cardiovascular measures was found. QTD and HRV were found to be significantly correlated with the degree of cognitive impairment. CONCLUSION: These findings support the presence of a peculiar neuroanatomic dysfunction in patients with AD and MCI that parallels the disease progression. These noninvasive parameters might prove to be powerful predictive tools in the worsening of cognitive function and mortality risk.     

Diagnostic Accuracy of the Chinese Version of the Trail‐Making Test for Screening Cognitive Impairment

Background/Objectives

The Trail‐Making Test (TMT), which is commonly used to measure executive function, consists of two components (TMT‐A and TMTB). There is a lack of normative TMT data for Chinese elderly adults. This study aimed to evaluate the validity of the TMT in screening for cognitive impairment.

Design

2,294 Chinese‐speaking adults aged 50 to 85: 1,026 with normal cognition (NC), 462 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 108 with Alzheimer's disease (AD), 113 with vascular mild cognitive impairment (VaMCI), 121 with vascular dementia (VaD), 282 with uncertain types of dementia, and 15 with mixed dementia. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to test the ability of TMT scores to differentiate between NC and cognitive impairment.

Results

Age, education, and sex were significantly associated with TMT completion time. The TMT‐A exhibited sensitivity of 77.8% and specificity of 92.0% with cut‐off value of 98.5 seconds for discriminating AD from NC. The TMT‐B had sensitivity of 83.3% and specificity of 91.8% with a cut‐off value of 188.5 seconds for discriminating AD from NC. The TMT‐A had sensitivity of 85.7% and specificity of 81.6% for discriminating NC from VaD with a cut‐off value of 77.5 seconds, and the TMT‐s had sensitivity of 81.6% and specificity of 83.9% with a cut‐off value of 147.5 seconds. The TMT had less sensitivity distinguishing MCI from NC.

Conclusion

The Chinese version of the TMT is reliable for detecting AD or VaD but poor at distinguishing MCI from NC.     

老年认知功能障碍患者的3种事件相关电位研究

目的：探讨老年认知功能障碍患者,包括轻度认知功能障碍（MCI）和阿尔茨海默病（AD）患者的3种事件相关电位P300,失匹配负波（MMN）和关联性负变（CNV）的改变,以了解三者在MCI中的诊断价值。方法2011年2月至2013年3月上海交通大学附属第六人民医院老年病科门诊或住院的患者及健康体检者120位,年龄≥60岁。测量轻度AD患者（AD组,n＝40）、MCI患者（MCI组,n＝40）、认知正常老人（NC组,n＝40）的事件相关电位（ERP,包括P300,MMN,CNVM1,CNVM2）的峰潜伏期（PL）与振幅（Amp）。结果 AD组ERP的PL均长于MCI组（P＜0.05）。MCI组中P300和MMN的PL[（380.94±37.55）,（188.63±31.63）ms]均长于NC组[（342.88±41.72）,（137.48±28.69）ms;P＜0.05],而MCI组中CNVM1及CNVM2的PL与NC组相比,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。AD组与NC组相比,ERP的Amp明显降低（P＜0.05）。MCI组中MMN和CNVM2的Amp与NC组相比降低（P＜0.05）,MCI组与AD组相比,ERP的Amp差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 P300,MMN和CNV对MCI的诊断有一定的参考价值,其中P300和MMN区分MCI患者与正常人的敏感性略高于CNV。     

Clinical Interview Assessment of Financial Capacity in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease

OBJECTIVES: To investigate financial capacity in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) using a clinician interview approach.
DESIGN: Cross-sectional.
SETTING: Tertiary care medical center.
PARTICIPANTS: Healthy older adults (n=75) and patients with amnestic MCI (n=58), mild AD (n=97), and moderate AD (n=31).
MEASUREMENTS: The investigators and five study physicians developed a conceptually based, semistructured clinical interview for evaluating seven core financial domains and overall financial capacity (Semi-Structured Clinical Interview for Financial Capacity; SCIFC). For each participant, a physician made capacity judgments (capable, marginally capable, or incapable) for each financial domain and for overall capacity.
RESULTS: Study physicians made more than 11,000 capacity judgments across the study sample (N=261). Very good interrater agreement was obtained for the SCIFC judgments. Increasing proportions of marginal and incapable judgment ratings were associated with increasing disease severity across the four study groups. For overall financial capacity, 95% of physician judgments for older controls were rated as capable, compared with 82% for patients with MCI, 26% for patients with mild AD, and 4% for patients with moderate AD.
CONCLUSION: Physicians and other clinicians can reliably evaluate financial capacity in cognitively impaired older adults using a relatively brief, semistructured clinical interview. Patients with MCI have mild impairment in financial capacity, those with mild AD have emerging global impairment, and those with moderate AD have advanced global impairment. Patients with MCI and their families should proactively engage in financial and legal planning, given these patients' risk of developing AD and accelerated loss of financial abilities.     

Screening for cognitive impairment in an elderly veteran population: acceptability and results using different versions of the Mini-Cog

OBJECTIVES: To assess the feasibility of cognitive screening in older veterans presenting for routine primary care. DESIGN: Quality improvement initiative. SETTING: Seven Veterans Affairs Medical Centers. PARTICIPANTS: Veterans aged 70 and older without a prior diagnosis of cognitive impairment. MEASUREMENTS: Scores from 16 different versions of the Mini‐Cog, a 5‐point cognitive screen consisting of three‐word recall (0–3 points) with a clock‐drawing interference task (0 or 2 points). Five word lists were paired with three clock times and randomly ordered for presentation with the original Mini‐Cog version. The conventional dementia screening cut point was increased to maximize sensitivity; to pass, patients had to draw the clock correctly and recall at least two of three words (score 4 or 5/5). RESULTS: Administering the Mini‐Cog took 90 to 180 seconds. Of 8,342 veterans approached, 8,063 (96.7%) agreed to be screened; 2,081 (25.8%) scored less than 4 out of 5. Scores declined with age, but age did not predict pass or fail. Different word lists produced different screen failure rates, ranging from 21.2% to 33.4%. Five dementia specialists were unable to distinguish harder from easier lists. Different clock times accounted for 2% or less of the difference in failure rates. CONCLUSION: The Mini‐Cog was quick and well accepted by older veterans. Many with no prior documentation of cognitive impairment failed the screen. Failure rates varied with the word list used, revealing that even apparently minor changes in test items affect screen results. Additional study is needed to establish the value of cognitive screening in shaping primary care of older veterans.