ManLAM对树突状细胞成熟及下游免疫的影响

目的:研究结核分枝杆菌(MTB)成分带甘露聚糖帽的脂阿拉伯甘露聚糖(mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan,ManLAM)对树突状细胞(dendriticcells,DCs)成熟及下游免疫的影响。方法:分离健康人外周血单个核细胞,用GM-CSF和IL-4诱导DCs生长,培养至第五天换液加细胞因子,第六天分三组,按实验设计加ManLAM和LPS。第七天收集细胞送流式检测DC-SIGN、HLA-DR、CD86、CD83表达水平;ELISA检测DCs培养上清液中IL-12和IL-10水平;混合淋巴细胞反应检测DCs诱导CD4+T淋巴细胞增值能力;DCs与初始CD4+CD45RA+T细胞共培养48小时后,ELISA检测培养上清液中IFN-γ水平。结果:(1)ManLAM组DCs表达CD86、CD83等成熟标志物较成熟DCs组下降,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);(2)ManLAM组DCs培养上清液中IL-10水平较成熟组升高,IL-12水平较成熟组下降,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);ManLAM组DCs刺激淋巴细胞增殖能力及刺激初始CD4+CD45RA+T细胞向Th1细胞分化能力较成熟组下调,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:ManLAM干扰DCs成熟,下调DCs诱导的淋巴细胞增殖能力和激活初始CD4+CD45RA+T细胞向Th1细胞分化能力。     

PHA-CIK细胞的免疫表型和细胞毒活性

目的：探讨PHA-CIK细胞的免疫表型和细胞毒活性。方法：分离健康人外周血单个核细胞，用PHA先刺激单个核细胞24小时，然后按培养CIK细胞的传统方法继续培养至第15天。用流式细胞术检测免疫表型和MTT法检测细胞毒作用。结果：培养体系中CD3^ 、CD8^ 、CD3^ CD8^ 、CD3^ CD56^ 细胞较多，PHA-CIK细胞有较强的细胞毒活性。结论：PHA-CIK(细胞有较强的抗肿瘤活性，可作为生物治疗应用于临床。     

肾癌细胞冻融抗原负载树突状细胞瘤苗的活化

目的: 探索体外诱导DCs活化的方法和制备肾癌树突状细胞(DCs)瘤苗。方法: 制备肾癌细胞冻融抗原；取健康人新鲜血分离外周血单个核细胞(PBMC),应用GM-CSF+IL-4刺激，诱导PBMC为iDCs,然后进行分组，采用不同因子刺激iDCs转化为mDCs,其中Ａ组:冻融抗原负载；Ｂ组: TNF-α+冻融抗原负载；Ｃ组: IL-1β+冻融抗原负载；Ｄ组: TNF-α+IL-1β+冻融抗原负载。 结果:各组均可诱导iDCs的成熟,并高表达CD86、CD80和HLA-DR；相对于其它组，D组DCs 更显著上调CD83和CD54表达(P<0.05)和IL-12分泌(P<0.01)，且D组mDCs更有效地刺激淋巴细胞增殖(P<0.05)。 结论: TNF-α+IL-1β与肾癌细胞冻融抗原协同可有效促进DCs成熟、增强诱导淋巴细胞活化的能力。     

小鼠肺间质树突状细胞的分离、纯化与鉴定

目的:建立肺间质树突状细胞(DCs)的分离与纯化方法,为肺间质DCs的相关研究提供实验基础。方法:雄性BALB/c小鼠肺组织经Ⅰ型胶原酶消化、密度梯度离心、CD11c+免疫磁珠分选纯化DCs,流式细胞术鉴定分选DCs纯度,倒置相差显微镜观察孵育细胞生长状态,扫描电镜和透射电镜观察DCs超微形态,流式细胞术检测肺间质DCs的CD11c、CD11b、CD86和I-Ab表型。结果:分选获得的肺间质DCs经鉴定,纯度为92.59%±5.62%,在RPMI1640培养基中生长状态良好,少数细胞形成小细胞集落。DCs超微形态观察显示细胞表面多见长1~2μm密集的树枝状突起,细胞器不发达,细胞核形不规则。90%以上肺间质DCs为未成熟状态或前体DCs,低表达成熟标志物I-Ab和CD86,并具有异质性,近40%起源于髓系细胞分化。结论:密度梯度离心和免疫磁珠分选是分离、纯化肺间质DCs的理想方法,获得的DCs纯度高、活性好、免疫表型稳定,但操作步骤比较复杂,技术要求高。     

人外周血单个核细胞来源CD4~+CD25~+调节性T细胞的体外扩增培养及功能研究

目的建立人外周血单个核细胞来源的CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞体外扩增培养方法 ,研究体外扩增后细胞功能改变。方法 Ficoll-Paque密度梯度分离健康人外周血单个核细胞,免疫磁珠纯化CD4+T细胞,流式分选CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞。用抗人CD3/CD28单抗和IL-2联合刺激CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞,检测其Foxp3、IL-10和TGF-β表达改变。结果人外周血单个核细胞分离纯化得到纯度98%的CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞,Foxp3表达率为95%;使用IL-2加抗CD3/CD28单抗刺激6周后细胞数量可扩增1 000倍;扩增后细胞Foxp3的表达和IL-10、TGF-β的分泌均显著降低。结论本研究成功建立了高纯度大量CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞纯化和体外扩增方法,研究了CD4+CD25+T细胞体外扩增后功能表型的改变。     

可诱导共刺激分子诱导骨髓来源不成熟树突状细胞特异性分泌IL-6

目的:分析可诱导共刺激分子(ICOS)可溶性融合蛋白(ICOSIg)能否向不成熟DCs传递逆向信号及其性质。方法:以流式细胞仪结合特异性抗体检测DCs表型分子改变;以ELISA检测培养上清细胞因子变化;以RT-PCR检测各组DCs细胞内细胞因子及受体、趋化因子等mRNA表达水平。结果:ICOSIg或膜锚定ICOS作用于不成熟DCs,均可诱导其高表达MHC-Ⅱ、CD80、CD86和CD83等表型分子;促进DCs特异性分泌IL-6。结论:ICOS作用于不成熟DCs表面的ICOSL可以向DCs细胞传递逆向信号,诱导DCs细胞高分泌IL-6,同时其表面重要的表型分子也上调,可能参与了DCs细胞免疫功能的调节,其信号转导机制可能涉及p38-MAPK通路。     

肝癌细胞冻融抗原负载树突状细胞瘤苗的制备与活化

目的: 探讨制备肝癌树突状细胞(DCs)瘤苗和体外诱导DCs活化的优化方法。方法: 取健康人新鲜血50mL, Ficoll密度梯度离心分离外周血单个核细胞(PBMC), 制备肝癌细胞冻融抗原, 采用不同因子组合培养PBMC, 诱导和激活DCs, A组: rhGM-CSF+IL-4; B组: rhGM-CSF+IL-4+冻融抗原负载;C组:rhGM-CSF+IL-4+TNF-α; D组: rhGM-CSF+IL-4+TNF-α+冻融抗原负载。结果: 各组均诱导出DCs, 并高表达CD11c和CD54, 冻融抗原可明显上调CD86、CD80、HLA-DR表达和IL-12 p40分泌(P<0.01), TNF-α促进CD86表达的作用更显著, 但对IL-12分泌无影响, 依次用TNF-α诱导和冻融抗原负载可进一步促进CD86表达和IL12 p40分泌(P<0.05)。CD54和HLA-DR双标记免疫细胞化学染色显示, 各组DCs大多为CD54⁺。表达HLA-DR的DCs均为CD54⁺HLA-DR⁺, 其中, A组CD54⁺HLA-DR⁺细胞数量最少, D组最多, 平均每个细胞HLA-DR的表达水平也与此对应。结论: 采用rhGM-CSF、IL-4诱导的未成熟DCs, 依次使用TNF-α刺激与肝癌细胞冻融抗原修饰可有效促进DCs的活化与成熟。     

人CK8&18阳性胸腺上皮细胞对脐血CD34~+细胞向T细胞分化的影响

目的:通过CK8/18阳性胸腺上皮细胞与人脐血单个核细胞在Transwell板的共培养,探讨CK8/18阳性TEC对T细胞增殖分化的影响。方法:用胶原酶消化法分离纯化胸腺上皮细胞、免疫组化鉴定分离纯化的TEC,采用密度梯度离心法分离获得脐血单个核细胞,并采用免疫磁珠分选CD34+细胞,将TEC种植培养于Transwell双层培养板上层,使其均匀平铺于上层板底部,再将分选后的细胞加入上层小室,经过48小时的共培养,流式细胞术检测进入下室细胞的表型变化。结果:分离纯化的TEC经免疫组化鉴定CK8/18阳性。TEC与脐血单个核细胞共培养后,CD3+CD4-CD8-双阴性、CD3+CD4+CD8-单阳性细胞显著增加,CD3+CD4+CD8+双阳性细胞亚群细胞减少,CD8单阳性细胞增加不明显;CD45RA阳性细胞比率无显著变化,CD45RO阳性细胞比率显著增加。结论:CK8/18阳性TEC能选择促进脐血单个核细胞CD4+T细胞和CD45RO+细胞增殖。     

小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞对同种异体骨髓来源的树突状细胞分化和功能的影响

目的:研究小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)对同种异体骨髓来源的树突状细胞(DCs)分化、成熟及功能的影响,探讨MSCs发挥免疫调节作用的机制.方法:体外分离培养BALB/c小鼠BMSCs,与C57BL/6小鼠骨髓有核细胞(BMCs)在体外按不同的细胞比例混合培养,诱导DC分化,流式细胞术(FCM)分析DC细胞表型及FITC-Dextran内吞能力,ELISA检测分泌的细胞因子IL-12的水平.结果:当MSC/BMC达到较高的比例(1:10)时,细胞表面的CD11c、CD14、CD83、CD86、I-A~b的表达均显著下降(P<0.05),FITC-Dextran内吞能力及IL-12分泌水平亦显著降低(P<0.05).结论:小鼠MSCs在体外能抑制同种异体骨髓来源的DCs的分化、成熟. SCs,与C57BL/6小鼠骨髓有核细胞(BMCs)在体外按不同的细胞比例混合培养,诱导DC分化,流式细胞术(FCM)分析DC细胞表型及FITC-Dextran内吞能力,ELISA检测分泌的细胞因子IL-12的水平.结果:当MSC/BMC达到较高的比例(1:10)时,细胞表面的CD11c、CD14、CD83、CD86、I-Ab的 达均显著下降(P<0.05),FITC     

Ag85B调节小鼠髓样树突状细胞的成熟和TSLP介导下TSLPR和OX40L的表达

目的:研究抗原85B(Ag85B)体外诱导小鼠未成熟的髓样树突状细胞(m DCs)的成熟以及对胸腺基质淋巴细胞生成素(TSLP)介导下m DCs表达TSLP受体(TSLPR)和OX40L的影响,探究Ag85B抑制哮喘气道炎症的可能机制。方法:应用重组小鼠GM-CSF和IL-4体外诱生C57BL/6小鼠未成熟的m DCs,并运用免疫磁珠分离的方法纯化,采用光镜和扫描电镜、流式细胞术进行形态学观察和细胞表型鉴定;分别用0、50、100、200μg/L不同浓度的Ag85B或TSLP作用于纯化并鉴定后的m DCs,培养24 h,流式细胞术检测细胞表面分子CD80、CD86、TSLPR和OX40L的表达,选取最佳的Ag85B或TSLP处理浓度。随后将m DCs随机分为空白对照组、Ag85B处理组、TSLP处理组和Ag85B+TSLP处理组,培养24 h后检测m DCs的促炎表面分子TSLPR和OX40L的表达。结果:体外诱导培养7 d,倒置相差显微镜下可见细胞表面呈现不规则树突样突起,扫描电镜下见细胞类圆形,表面有少量皱褶和较少分叉的树突状突起,符合未成熟m DCs的形态学特点;纯化后的m DCs表达表面分子CD11c的细胞较表达共刺激分子CD80和CD86的细胞多,符合未成熟m DCs的表型特征。与空白对照组比较,50~200μg/L的Ag85B处理组m DCs表达CD80和CD86的细胞比率显著增高(P0.05),表达TSLPR和OX40L的细胞比率无显著差异。与空白对照组相比较,50、100和200μg/L浓度的TSLP处理组的m DCs表达CD80和CD86的细胞比率均显著增加(P0.05);与空白对照组和50μg/L TSLP处理组相比较,100μg/L和200μg/L TSLP处理组的m DCs表达TSLPR和OX40L的细胞比率均显著升高(P0.05)。选取200μg/L作为Ag85B和TSLP的优化作用浓度,结果发现Ag85B处理组和Ag85B+TSLP处理组的m DCs表达TSLPR和OX40L的细胞比率较TSLP处理组均显著降低(P0.05),与空白对照组比较差异不显著。结论:Ag85B可通过上调m DCs表达共刺激分子CD80和CD86促进其成熟,同时下调TSLP介导的m DCs表达促炎表面分子TSLPR和OX40L,推测Ag85B可能通过TSLP介导的m DCs途径抑制气道炎症。     

胃黏膜树突状细胞与幽门螺杆菌相关性胃炎的关系

目的:研究胃黏膜树突状细胞在幽门螺杆菌(Hp)相关性胃炎发生中的作用。方法:内镜下收集正常/慢性胃炎胃黏膜标本,快速尿素酶试验、C14呼气试验和Warthin-Star-ry银染色检测Hp,Ficoll-Hypaque密度梯度离心法分离胃黏膜标本中的单个核细胞,进一步采用磁珠分选技术分离HLA-DR+DCs,分析DCs数量与Hp分布密度和胃黏膜炎症程度的关系。结果:Hp阴性正常胃黏膜中巨噬细胞平均含HLA-DR+DCs4.93%,Hp阳性正常胃黏膜中HLA-DR+DCs含量为17.93%,明显高于Hp阴性组(P<0.01);胃黏膜DCs数量与Hp分布密度成正相关(P<0.05);胃黏膜炎症程度为中度和重度的标本中HLA-DR+DCs含量明显高于轻度(P<0.05),中度和重度相比差异无统计学意义。结论:成功分离了胃黏膜DCs,并证实DCs与Hp相关性胃炎发生的早期阶段密切相关。     

Human nasal mucosa contains antigen-presenting cells of strikingly different functional phenotypes

Professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) constitute a heterogeneous leukocyte population that controls T cell induction. Experimental animal studies have delineated the principal APCs of the airway mucosa as a network of intraepithelial dendritic cells (DCs). Whether the situation is comparable in the human airways is unknown. Here we performed a detailed characterization of putative APCs residing in the normal upper airway mucosa, employing confocal microscopy of whole-mount preparations combined with immunophenotyping. A dense network of human leukocyte antigen-DR+ cells with dendritic morphology was found not only in the epithelium (median number, 573/mm2), but also in the lamina propria. In both compartments these cells could be divided into two main populations based on their phenotypic characteristics: the majority expressed a macrophage-like phenotype (CD11b+CD14+CD64+CD68+RFD7+), whereas the smaller population was predominantly constituted by CD1c+CD11c+ immature DCs intermingled with the former. These immature DCs corresponded to the lineage-negative human leukocyte antigen-DR+CD11c+ DC subset present in peripheral blood. Thus, the human upper airway mucosa, in contrast to the rodent counterpart, contains a heterogeneous dense network of dendritic APCs consisting of spatially closely related macrophages and DCs. How these two cell populations regulate the tone of the local adaptive immune system should be the focus of further studies.     

Norwalk virus does not replicate in human macrophages or dendritic cells derived from the peripheral blood of susceptible humans

Human noroviruses are difficult to study due to the lack of an efficient in vitro cell culture system or small animal model. Murine norovirus replicates in murine macrophages (MΦ) and dendritic cells (DCs), raising the possibility that human NoVs might replicate in such human cell types. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated DCs and MΦ derived from monocyte subsets and CD11c⁺ DCs isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of individuals susceptible to Norwalk virus (NV) infection. These cells were exposed to NV and replication was evaluated by immunofluorescence and by quantitative RT-PCR. A few PBMC-derived DCs expressed NV proteins. However, NV RNA did not increase in any of the cells tested. These results demonstrate that NV does not replicate in human CD11c⁺ DCs, monocyte-derived DCs and MΦ, but abortive infection may occur in a few DCs. These results suggest that NV tropism is distinct from that of murine noroviruses.     

肿瘤抗原联合CD40L致敏树突状细胞诱导CTLs杀伤K562细胞的实验研究

目的：以健康人外周血单核细胞为前体细胞，体外诱导为树突状细胞（DCs），负载K562细胞冻融抗原，并联合CD40L诱导产生特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞（CTLs）对K562细胞的杀伤作用。方法:密度梯度离心法、贴壁法分离健康人外周血单核细胞，应用rhGM-CSF、rhIL-4、rhTNF-α等细胞因子诱导扩增，培养DCs，用K562细胞冻融抗原联合rhsCD40L致敏DCs。实验分4组：K562细胞冻融抗原致敏DCs为实验组A，联合CD40L致敏DCs为实验组B，未致敏DCs为对照组A，单核细胞+异体淋巴细胞组为对照组B，观察CTLs对K562细胞的杀伤效应。结果:培养出具有典型特征的DCs，表达CD40最高达96%、CD86达97%、CD80为77%、CD1a为 69%，体外能诱导强烈的同种异体混合淋巴细胞增殖反应。在效靶比为 20∶1 时，实验组A对K562细胞的杀伤率为71.3%，实验组B为86.9%，对照组A为37.6%，对照组B为21.1%。实验组均显示高水平杀伤率，与对照组比较差异显著（P＜0.05），实验组B加CD40L杀伤率高于实验组A（P＜0.05） 。结论：K562细胞冻融抗原冲击致敏DCs能有效诱导T细胞特异性抗白血病作用，联合CD40L能增强其CTL的杀伤作用。     

Glucocorticoids hamper the ex vivo maturation of lung dendritic cells from their low autofluorescent precursors in the human bronchoalveolar lavage: decreases in allostimulatory capacity and expression of CD80 and CD86

Dendritic cells (DCs) were prepared from human bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells. We previously reported that, in particular, the CD1a fraction of the low autofluorescent (LAF) cells contains the precursors for DCs: after overnight culture, 40% of the LAF cells change into functionally and phenotypically prototypic dendritic/veiled cells. There are, as yet, no data on the modulatory effects of glucocorticoids (GC) on the maturation and function of such DCs isolated from the human lung. Functional tests (allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction: allo-MLR) were therefore performed with CD1a+ LAF cells at different stimulator-to-T-cell ratios and after preincubation with different dexamethasone (DEX) concentrations. DEX caused suppression of the T-cell stimulatory capacity of CD1a+ LAF cells, which was dose-dependent, and more evident at the higher stimulator-to-T-cell ratios. Here, we also show that CD80 and CD86 are normally expressed at low levels on CD1a+ LAF cell-derived DCs compared to other DC populations. This low-level expression of costimulatory molecules is discussed here in relation to the previously reported low-level expression of CD80 (and CD86) on lung DCs in experimental animals. This appears to play a role in a predominant Th2 cell stimulating potential of DC from the lung environment. DEX exposure of CD1a+ LAF cells prevented the upregulation of even this low-level expression of CD80 and CD86. The veiled/dendritic morphology and the expression of other relevant cell surface markers and adhesion molecules was not affected by DEX exposure. It is concluded that DEX hampers the maturation of CD1a+ LAF cells into active lung DCs.     

人外周血CD4~+树突状细胞的纯化及鉴定

目的　建立人外周血树突状细胞 (dendriticcell,DC)的分离方法 ,观察其形态学和免疫组织化学特点 ,为下一步细胞融合提供DC来源。方法　以免疫磁珠分选法从人外周血单个核细胞中分离CD4 + DC ,流式细胞仪检测所得细胞的纯度 ,光镜、电镜和激光共聚焦扫描显微镜观察其形态 ,SP免疫细胞化学方法检测DC的分子表达。结果　此纯化方法所得细胞纯度可达到 80 %以上 ,形态学观察可见纯化细胞具有典型的DC特征 ,该细胞能高表达HLA DR和S 10 0分子。结论　免疫磁法可获得较高纯度典型DC ,为进一步进行DC与肿瘤的融合实验及临床应用提供了可能     

草分支杆菌对人脐血树突状细胞体外扩增的影响

背景：树突状细胞因其强大的抗原提呈能力而在机体抗肿瘤作用的中心地位逐渐受到重视,但如何能有效获得足够数量有功能的树突状细胞成为目前研究的重点,尤其是有关低毒免疫调节剂的报道较少。 目的：观察草分支杆菌F.U.36(乌体林斯,Utilins)对人脐血来源树突状细胞体外扩增的影响。 方法：应用Ficoll-Hypaque法分离人脐血单个核细胞,分别用乌体林斯,细胞因子(重组人粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子+重组人肿瘤坏死因子α+重组人白细胞介素4),细胞因子联合乌体林斯进行干预,并以RPMI-1640培养液诱导培养人脐血单个核细胞作为对照组,诱导培养树突状细胞,并于倒置显微镜下观察其生长情况及形态。培养第9天,采用流式细胞仪检测各组人树突状细胞特异性表型CD1a及MHC-Ⅱ分子HLA-DR的变化,并将细胞涂片行瑞氏-姬姆萨染液染色,油镜下观察摄片。 结果与结论：除对照组外,实验各组均得到高表达CD1a及HLA-DR的典型树突状细胞。乌体林斯组CD1a及HLA-DR阳性细胞比例亦明显高于对照组而低于细胞因子组 (P < 0.05),联合组HLA-DR阳性细胞比例高于细胞因子组(P < 0.05)。结果提示,草分支杆菌F.U.36(乌体林斯)不仅能促进脐血树突状细胞体外扩增,还能协同细胞因子促进树突状细胞成熟。     

人食管癌间质干样细胞分离培养及生物学特性鉴定

 摘要：目的 探讨人食管癌间质干样细胞（mesenchymal stem-like cells from human esophageal carcinoma，hEC-MSCs）体外分离培养方法，并对其生物学特性进行鉴定。方法 用胶原酶消化法分离培养人食管癌间质干样细胞，RT-PCR 检测基因表达，流式细胞仪检测表面标记和细胞周期，绘制生长曲线，检测染色体核型，成骨诱导和心肌诱导检测其多向分化潜能。结果 胶原酶消化法分离的hEC-MSCs呈长梭形样，细胞增殖迅速，表达间质干细胞（MSCs）相关基因Oct-4、Nanog、vimentin、N-cadherin，不表达上皮细胞相关基因E-cadherin；表达MSCs相关表面标记CD13、CD29、CD44、CD105，不表达CD33、CD45、CD133、CD14、CD34及HLA-DR。细胞周期分析显示多数细胞处于G0/G1期，少数在S和G2/M期。细胞内含有 46 条染色体, 形态正常；具有分化为成骨细胞及心肌细胞的潜能。结论 胶原酶消化法能有效分离hEC-MSCs，对进一步研究食管癌的微环境具有重要意义。     

Adhesion molecules are upregulated on dendritic cells isolated from human blood.

This study investigated whether the high expression of adhesion molecules on enriched preparations of circulating dendritic cells (DCs) was an intrinsic property of the cells or whether it was a consequence of the procedure used to isolate them from blood. Expression of the beta 1, beta 2 integrins (CD11/CD18 family) and other adhesion molecules on DCs in whole blood was compared with that on isolated DCs. Dendritic cells were identified by flow cytometry as leucocytes that were positive for human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DR, but negative for CD3, CD14, CD16, CD19 and CD56. In contrast to a minority of DCs in whole blood, the majority of isolated DCs expressed the beta 2 integrins and there were a greater number of cells bearing CD44, CD54 and some of the beta 1 integrins (notably CD49b, CD49d, CD49e and CD29). An increase in the proportion of DCs bearing adhesion molecules was generally apparent at the isolation stage when mononuclear cells, which had been incubated overnight, were centrifuged on a metrizamide gradient to enrich for cells of low density. Inclusion of an inhibitor of protein glycosylation and exocytosis (brefeldin A) at all stages of separation partially prevented an increase in the percentage of DCs bearing CD18, C29 and C54 whereas the inclusion of cycloheximide (an inhibitor of polypeptide synthesis) interfered with increases in the percentage of cells bearing CD29 and CD54. Neither of these antagonists had an effect on the intensity of adhesion molecule expression. We suggest that some of the adhesion-dependent functions of isolated DCs are caused, in part, by an upregulation of surface adhesion molecules induced by the enrichment procedure.