老年起病型重症肌无力患者的临床特点

目的探讨老年起病型重症肌无力(MG)的临床特点。方法回顾性分析332例起病年龄≥65岁的MG患者的临床资料。结果该组MG患者男女比例为1.3∶1。全身型MG (GMG)和眼肌型MG(OMG)的比例为1.9∶1,OMG在男性多于女性而GMG在女性多于男性(P=0.033)。以OMG起病和以GMG起病的比例为1.5∶1,起病症状以眼睑下垂最多见占38.6%;在以OMG起病的患者中,女性患者转化为GMG的比率要明显高于男性患者(P=0.035)。病程中位数为3.7年,平均定量MG评分为7分。新斯的明试验阳性率为96.7%。低频重复频率电刺激波幅递减的总体发生率为48.2%,其中面神经的阳性率最高。MG合并胸腺异常的发生率为36.3%,以合并胸腺瘤者最多;胸腺瘤手术后病理分型以AB型最多,女性患者AB型胸腺瘤所占的比率要明显高于男性(P=0.048)。MG合并甲状腺功能异常的发生率为16%,以合并甲状腺功能亢进者最多。结论老年起病型MG患者GMG多于OMG、以OMG起病的女性患者转化为GMG的比率高于男性患者,胸腺瘤是最常见的胸腺异常且最常见的胸腺瘤病理分型为AB型。充分认识其临床特点有利于更好的治疗该类患者。     

老年重症肌无力住院患者48例临床特点分析

目的分析老年重症肌无力(MG)住院患者的有关临床特点。方法回顾性分析近年来在我院住院诊治的48例老年MG患者的临床资料。结果老年MG患者占总住院MG病例数(175例)的比例为27.4%。男性多于女性,男∶女=2.7∶1。老年MG多在60~69岁之间发病,在其常见首发症状中,眼部症状最多,为34例(70.8%)、球麻痹其次,为8例(16.7%)、肢体肌无力5例(10.4%)、肌萎缩1例(2.1%)。老年MG患者中,全身型比例(70.8%)显著高于眼肌型(29.2%),较少合并自身免疫性疾病和发生危象,常合并胸腺病变(17例)及其他内外科疾病(36例),其中15例为胸腺瘤。伴胸腺病变的老年MG患者出现首发症状的年龄与无胸腺病变的老年MG患者比较差异无统计学意义;而伴胸腺病变的老年MG患者需住院治疗时的年龄显著小于无胸腺病变的老年MG患者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论老年MG具有其自身特点,男性多见,早期表现多为眼肌无力,全身型比例高于眼肌型,胸腺病变主要为胸腺瘤,危象发生率较低等临床特点。     

伴胸腺瘤重症肌无力的临床特点(附96例分析)

目的　研究伴胸腺瘤重症肌无力的临床特点。方法　对经手术病检证实的 96例MG伴胸腺瘤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析 ,并采用 χ2 检验及t检验与 114 9例经影像学检查无胸腺瘤表现的MG患者进行比较。结果　胸腺瘤组男性发病者多 (男∶女 =1 82∶1) ,且多于 30岁后发病 (71 9% ) ,以肢体无力和延髓症状首发者多见 (4 3 8% ) ,按改良Os serman分型 ,以Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型为主 (4 5 8% ) ,危象发生率高 (38 5 % ) ,病死率高 (8 3 % )。结论　伴胸腺瘤的重症肌无力有其独特临床特点 ,充分认识这些特点将有利于指导对这类患者的临床诊断和治疗     

青少年起病的重症肌无力患者临床特点分析

目的分析青少年起病的重症肌无力(MG)患者的临床特点。方法回顾性分析2006-2013年作者医院神经内科住院的351例起病年龄≤18岁MG患者的临床资料,包括人口统计学(性别、年龄),临床特点(临床分型、起病症状、疾病转归、胸腺情况)和合并疾病(自身免疫性疾病)。结果青少年起病的MG患者发病年龄小于5岁者占45.9%,女性多见占53.6%。根据美国重症肌无力协会(myasthenia gravis foundation of America,MGFA)分型,Ⅰ型占80.3%,Ⅱa型占8.5%,Ⅱb型占9.1%,Ⅲa型占0.3%,Ⅲb型占1.4%,Ⅳb型占0.3%。由眼肌型MG(OMG)转化为全身型MG(GMG)患者39例(13.8%),主要诱发转化的因素为不规律用药或停药。诱发病情复发或加重的因素中以受凉多见,占63.6%。合并胸腺异常患者有60例,其中28例行胸腺切除术,术后病理分型:胸腺增生20例,胸腺瘤4例。合并有其他自身免疫性疾病共20例,其中甲状腺功能亢进占4.6%,甲状腺功能减低占0.6%,甲状腺囊肿占0.6%。共有6例患者发生过危象,其中5例发生肌无力危象者为由OMG转化为GMG患者。结论青少年MG患者有自己独特的临床特点:5岁之前发病更多见;诱发病情复发或加重的因素中以受凉多见;合并胸腺增生者多于合并胸腺瘤者;最常见的甲状腺功能异常为甲状腺功能亢进。     

伴胸腺异常的重症肌无力临床研究

目的:研究伴胸腺异常重症肌无力(MG)的临床特点。方法:回顾性分析1990-2002年诊治的伴胸腺异常21例MG,病例资料并与同期无胸腺异常59例MG对比。结果:胸腺异常组男女比例为1:0.91,胸腺正常组男女比例为:1:2.11,按改良Osserman临床分型胸腺异常组临床多表现为Ⅱa、Ⅱb型,胸腺正常组多表现为Ⅰ、Ⅱa,胸腺异常以胸腺瘤和恶性胸腺瘤为主。胸腺异常组危象发生率23.3%,死亡率40%,胸腺正常组危象发生率13.6%,死亡率12.5%。结论:胸腺异常组男性患者明显增加,发病年龄以30-49岁为主。伴胸腺瘤MG临床症状重,胸腺瘤是MG危象的一个重要危险因素。     

女性重症肌无力1316例临床特点分析

目的　研究女性重症肌无力 (MG)的临床特点及某些实验室指标。方法　回顾性分析1984～ 2 0 0 2年我院诊治的 1316例女性MG患者的临床资料 ,检测乙酰胆碱受体抗体和血清性激素水平 ,并与同期诊治的男性MG患者进行对比分析。结果　MG患者男女比例基本相同 (1∶1 0 1) ,但不同年龄段男女患者比例差异有显著意义 ;延髓肌型MG虽少见 ,但女性 (6 0例 )患者明显多于男性 (35例 ,P <0 0 5 ) ;女性MG患者病情加重或者发生危象存在特殊诱因 ;女性MG患者伴胸腺瘤者较男性低 ;女性MG患者合并其他自身免疫性疾病者更多 ;MG患者存在性激素水平异常 ,女性较男性为甚。结论　我国女性MG的临床特点与男性MG相比有其独特之处 ,充分认识这些特点将有利于指导临床的诊断和治疗。     

中国北方地区老年重症肌无力患者的临床特点

目的 总结中国北方地区60岁以后发病的老年重症肌无力(MG)患者的临床特点.方法 回顾性总结47例老年MG患者的性别构成、首发症状、病情严重程度、胸腺改变、伴发疾病、治疗情况、发生危象比例等,并与中青年MG患者进行比较.结果 老年MG患者占所有住院MG患者的23.04%,男女比例为0.96∶1.00;老年MG患者以上睑下垂为主要首发症状,病情最重时约68.09%的患者进展为全身型MG,这一比例低于中青年组(P<0.05);该组老年MG患者合并胸腺瘤的比例为22.5%,低于中青年组(P<0.05); 59.57%的患者合并糖尿病、原发性高血压、冠心病等内科疾病,高于中青年组(P<0.05);除应用溴吡斯的明治疗以外,72.34%的患者应用了免疫抑制剂治疗,仅19.15%的患者应用激素治疗,应用激素治疗的比例低于中青年组(P<0.05);12.76%的老年MG患者出现肌无力危象,与中青年组比较差异无统计学意义.结论 老年MG患者并不少见,男女比例相近,以上睑下垂为最常见首发症状,病情最重时大多数患者会发展为全身型MG,故仍需要给予免疫调节治疗;老年MG患者合并胸腺瘤比例低于中青年患者,但合并其他内科疾病比例高于中青年患者,其治疗以免疫抑制剂为主,而激素应用和胸腺切除术受到限制.     

老年重症肌无力的临床特点(123例临床分析)

目的 研究老年重症肌无力(MG)的临床特点。方法 回顾性分析1990-01—2002-05北京医院123例老年MG住院患者的临床特点，并与507例青壮年MG患者进行对比。结果 老年MG患者占同期MG患者的18．14％，男性患者较多(占68．29％)，眼肌首发症状多见(占80．49％)，分型以I型和Ia型多见(占56．10％)，胸腺异常主要为胸腺瘤(占老年MG患者手术病理证实伴发胸腺异常的100％)，低频重复电刺激(RNS)阳性率为74.19％，老年MG危象发生率较低(为2．44％)。结论 老年MG患者具有男性、眼肌首发症状、I型与IA型多见，以及胸腺异常主要为胸腺瘤，而RNS阳性率与MG危象发生率低等临床特点。     

重症肌无力伴胸腺脂肪瘤11例临床分析

目的 研究重症肌无力(MG)伴胸腺脂肪瘤的临床特点并探讨其临床病理特征、诊断和治疗.方法 回顾性分析11例MG伴胸腺脂肪瘤患者的病例资料,并与文献报道资料相比较.结果 MG可伴发胸腺脂肪瘤,病理检查结果证实瘤体由大量成熟脂肪细胞及少量胸腺上皮细胞组织构成,有的病例胸腺上皮中含有Hasal小体,但均未发现生发中心;经胸腺切除术和药物治疗后并随访1年,结果临床痊愈4例(36.36%),缓解5例(45.45%),有效1例(9.09%),无效1例(9.09%),总有效率90.91%.结论 胸腺脂肪瘤与MG是否有因果关系尚不明确,对两者并存的患者,早期诊断、及时手术治疗以及术后应用免疫抑制剂治疗可取得较好疗效.     

合并胸腺瘤的重症肌无力临床研究

目的 探讨胸腺瘤病理分型、病理分期和重症肌无力（MG）之间关系。方法 分析1986-1996年88例经手术证实为胸腺瘤患者,其中28例术前合并MG,分析这28例患者胸腺瘤病理分型、病理分期与MG发生年龄、性别、Osserman临床分型及术后MG缓解加重关系特点。结果 发现胸腺瘤伴有MG28例（31.8%)。其中男18例占64.3%;女10例占35.7%;发病年龄以40-59岁高高峰期,共20例,占71.4%;病理分型证实上皮细胞型胸腺瘤MG发病率高,且临床症状重,以Osserman临床分型Ⅱa,Ⅱb型为主,肌无力危象发生率高,死亡率高;其次为上皮淋巴细胞混合型胸腺瘤,上皮细胞型胸腺瘤术后MG症状缓解后再加重多于混合型胸腺瘤,症状加重多见为上皮淋巴细胞混合型胸腺瘤,上皮细胞型胸腺瘤术后MG症状缓解后再加重比率高。结论 胸腺瘤伴MG患者以男性多见,发病年龄以40-59岁为主,以上皮细胞型为主,Masaoka病理分期为Ⅱ、Ⅲ期胸腺瘤MG临床症状重,且术后MG症状缓解后易再加重。     

Myasthenia gravis: disease severity and prognosis

Objectives –  To examine myesthenia gravis (MG) severity and long-term prognosis in seronegative, seropositive, and thymoma MG.
Materials and Methods –  Four series of patients were studied retrospectively. Severity and treatment were assessed each year, and muscle antibodies were assayed.
Results –  Seropositive MG patients had a more severe course than seronegative MG patients. MG severity was higher in non-thymectomized compared to thymectomized early-onset MG patients. MG severity did not differ between thymectomized and non-thymectomized late-onset patients. There was no significant difference in MG severity between thymoma and non-thymoma MG patients.
Conclusions –  MG is more severe in seropositive MG patients. With proper treatment, especially early thymectomy, the long-term prognosis is good in seropositive MG patients. The present studies indicate a benefit of thymectomy in early-onset MG, but no dramatic benefit in late-onset MG. Similar MG severity and outcome was seen in thymoma and non-thymoma MG.     

非胸腺瘤性眼外肌麻痹起病重症肌无力胸腺切除时机探讨

目的比较非胸腺瘤性眼外肌麻痹起病重症肌无力(ocular onset myasthenia gravis,OMG-O)患者于不同病程行胸腺切除后病情缓解与向全身型重症肌无力(GMG)转化的差异,以期对手术时机进行探讨。方法采用双向队列研究方法,对作者医院2005年1月至2017年9月因药物治疗效果不佳而行胸腺切除的86例OMG-O患者,按起病至手术时间间隔分为早手术组(≤1年)、晚手术组(>1年),比较两组患者不同随访时间理想状态(干预后状态达到轻微异常及更好)率、GMG转化率的差异。结果 (1)与早手术组比较,晚手术组少年MG(<18岁)比例较高,起病至手术时间间隔、起病至使用激素时间间隔、激素用药时间较长(均P <0.05)。(2)与晚手术组比较,早手术组术后第3年理想状态率高(P=0.029),而第2、4~8年理想状态率有升高趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(3)9例术后发生GMG转化,起病至发生GMG转化时间中位数17.8个月,其中6例(66.7%)在3年内发生GMG转化。早手术组与晚手术组间GMG转化率比较,差异无统计学意义(12.5%比8.7%;χ~2=0.049,P=0.825)。结论对于药物治疗无效或不耐受的OMG-O患者,早期行胸腺切除手术疗效较好;但即使手术,仍有可能发生GMG转化,约1/2患者于起病后1.5年内发生,约2/3于起病后3年内发生。     

Muscle-Specific Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Antibody Positive Myasthenia Gravis Current Status

Muscle-specific tyrosine-kinase-antibody-positive myasthenia gravis (MuSK-MG) has emerged as a distinct entity since 2001. This disease has been reported worldwide, but with varying rates among patients with generalized acetylcholine-receptor-antibody-negative MG. MuSK-MG was detected in approximately 37% of generalized acetylcholine receptor antibody-negative MG. MuSK-MG patients were predominantly female with more prominent facial and bulbar involvement and more frequent crises. Disease onset tended to be earlier. Patients tended to have a relatively poor edrophonium response but showed prominent decrement in the repetitive nerve stimulation test in the facial muscles. Patients were more likely to display poor tolerance of, or a lack of improvement with, anticholinesterase agents. Somewhat better response was observed with steroids and plasma exchange. Most were managed successfully with aggressive immunomodulatory therapies, although a higher proportion of MuSK-MG patients had a refractory course when compared with other forms of generalized MG. I present here an up-to-date overview on MuSK-MG based on our experience at the University of Alabama at Birmingham and the existing literature.     

重症肌无力数据库的注册登记介绍

人类社会已进入了数据暴涨的大数据时代,运用大数据推动社会经济发展,在全球范围内正逐步成为一大趋势。文中介绍了临床注册登记研究的重要性及建立过程,并以成熟的、国际上通用的数据库——欧洲重症肌无力数据库为例介绍重症肌无力数据库的注册登记内容。     

Myasthenia gravis: clinical, immunological, and therapeutic advances

We give an update on clinical, immunological, and therapeutic advances in the field of myasthenia gravis, including a summary of suggested therapeutic recommendations.     

Seronegative myasthenia gravis: disease severity and prognosis

Around 10-20% of myasthenia gravis (MG) patients do not have acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies (seronegative), of whom some have antibodies to a membrane-linked muscle specific kinase (MuSK). To examine MG severity and long-term prognosis in seronegative MG compared with seropositive MG, and to look specifically at anti-AChR antibody negative and anti-MuSK antibody negative patients. Seventeen consecutive seronegative non-thymomatous MG patients and 34 age and sex matched contemporary seropositive non-thymomatous MG controls were included in a retrospective follow-up study for a total period of 40 years. Clinical criteria were assessed each year, and muscle antibodies were assayed. There was no difference in MG severity between seronegative and seropositive MG. However, when thymectomized patients were excluded from the study at the year of thymectomy, seropositive MG patients had more severe course than seronegative (P < 0.001). One seropositive patient died from MG related respiratory insufficiency. The need for thymectomy in seronegative MG was lower than in seropositive MG. None of the seronegative patients had MuSK antibodies. This study shows that the presence of AChR antibodies in MG patients correlates with a more severe MG. With proper treatment, especially early thymectomy for seropositive MG, the outcome and long-term prognosis is good in patients with and without AChR antibodies.     

Initial Repetitive Nerve Stimulation Test Predicts Conversion of Ocular Myasthenia Gravis to Generalized Myasthenia Gravis

Background and PurposeA major concern with ocular myasthenia gravis (MG) is the potential conversion to generalized MG. This study was conducted to determine if the repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) test could predict the conversion from ocular to generalized MG.MethodsThe RNS test was conducted in a consistent manner on five muscles in the face and limbs in every patient. Subjects were divided into those who remained as ocular MG (ROMG group) and those who experienced conversion to generalized MG during follow-up (GOMG group).ResultsConversion to generalized MG occurred in 24 (21.4%) of 112 MG patients with ocular onset. The proportion of patients displaying abnormal decreases in responses in the trapezius, abductor digiti minimi, or flexor carpi ulnaris muscles on the RNS test was higher in the GOMG group (p<0.001, p=0.002, and p<0.001, respectively). The Cox proportional-hazards model revealed that an abnormal result on the RNS test was significantly associated with conversion to generalized MG [hazard ratio (HR)=3.13, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.18–8.32]. Notably, the HR was higher for abnormal results on the RNS test for the limb muscles, at 5.19 (95% CI=2.09–12.90).ConclusionsAn abnormal result on the RNS test, especially in the limb muscles, is an independent predictor of the conversion from ocular to generalized MG. Applying the RNS test to limb muscles could be useful for predicting the conversion to generalized MG in patients with ocular onset.