Signaling of cell death and cell survival following focal cerebral ischemia: life and death struggle in the penumbra

Focal ischemia by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) results in necrosis at the infarct core and activation of complex signal pathways for cell death and cell survival in the penumbra. Recent studies have shown activation of the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of caspase-mediated cell death, as well as activation of the caspase-independent signaling pathway of apoptosis in several paradigms of focal cerebral ischemia by transient MCAO to adult rats and mice. The extrinsic pathway (cell-death receptor pathway) is initiated by activation of the Fas receptor after binding to the Fas ligand (Fas-L); increased Fas and Fas-L expression has been shown following focal ischemia. Moreover, focal ischemia is greatly reduced in mice expressing mutated (nonfunctional) Fas. Increased expression of caspase-1, -3, -8, and -9, and of cleaved caspase-8, has been observed in the penumbra. Activation of the intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway following focal ischemia is triggered by Bax translocation to and competition with Bcl-2 and other members of the Bcl-2 family in the mitochondria membrane that is followed by cytochrome c release to the cytosol. Bcl-2 over-expression reduces infarct size. Cytochrome c binds to Apaf-1 and dATP and recruits and cleaves pro-caspase-9 in the apoptosome. Both caspase-8 and caspase-9 activate caspase-3, among other caspases, which in turn cleave several crucial substrates, including the DNA-repairing enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), into fragments of 89 and 28 kDa. Inhibition of caspase-3 reduces the infarct size, further supporting caspase-3 activation following transient MCAO. In addition, caspase-8 cleaves Bid, the truncated form of which has the capacity to translocate to the mitochondria and induce cytochrome c release. The volume of brain infarct is greatly reduced in Bid-deficient mice, thus indicating activation of the mitochondrial pathway by cell-death receptors following focal ischemia. Recent studies have shown the mitochondrial release of other factors; Smac/DIABLO (Smac: second mitochondrial activator of caspases: DIABLO: direct IAP binding protein with low pI) binds to and neutralizes the effects of the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP). Finally, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) translocates to the mitochondria and the nucleus following focal ischemia and produces peripheral chromatin condensation and large-scale DNA strands, thus leading to the caspase-independent cell death pathway of apoptosis. Delineation of the pro-apoptotic and pro-survival signals in the penumbra may not only increase understanding of the process but also help to rationalize strategies geared to reducing brain damage targeted at the periphery of the infarct core.     

Apoptotic mitochondrial pathway in neurones and astrocytes after neonatal hypoxia-ischaemia in the rat brain

Neuronal apoptosis plays an essential role in early brain development and contributes to secondary neuronal loss after acute ischaemia. Recent studies have provided evidence that caspase-3 is an important downstream event after hypoxia-ischaemia in the immature brain, but a minor event in the adult brain. Our investigations have focused on cell populations that expressed apoptotic effectors in the enzymatic death pathway including cytochrome c, caspase-9 and caspase-3. Expression, activation and cellular localization of these proteins were studied using cleavage of fluorogenic substrate and immunohistochemistry in neonatal rat brain after unilateral focal ischaemia. Caspase-3 enzyme activity was elevated in brain homogenate between 6 and 48 h after reperfusion. This activation was preceded by that of caspase-9, between 3 and 24 h. Apoptotic cell death was finally accomplished by poly-ADP-ribose polymerase cleavage, an endogenous caspase-3 substrate. In addition, immunodetection demonstrated that cytochrome c and activated caspase-9 and caspase-3 were expressed not only in the neurones, the primarily affected cells, but also within the astrocytes, which constituted a dense network delineating the infarct. These results suggested that glial injury may promote the formation of cystic lesions such as those observed clinically in the newborn brain.     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血损伤后半暗带区锌离子的变化

目的观察大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后半暗带区锌离子的变化,探讨锌离子在脑缺血再灌注损伤中的可能作用。方法将28只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(n=12)和大脑中动脉梗死(MCAO)组(n=16),以线栓法制作大鼠MCAO模型。分别于再灌注0h、3h、12h和24h时处死大鼠,取脑组织行TTC染色检测梗死体积,并制作脑组织冷冻切片,采用Newport Green(NG)染色法计数半暗带区NG阳性细胞数目并检测其平均荧光强度,分析NG阳性细胞数目与脑梗死体积的相关性。结果 (1)假手术组大鼠脑组织无梗死灶,也未见NG染色阳性细胞。MCAO组大鼠随再灌注时间延长脑梗死体积增大(均P<0.01),脑缺血半暗带区域NG阳性染色细胞数目随再灌注时间延长递增(均P<0.01)。各时间点间NG染色阳性细胞平均荧光强度无统计学差异(P>0.05)。(2)MCAO组大鼠脑切片NG阳性细胞数目与脑梗死体积比率呈正相关(r=0.88,P<0.01)。结论锌离子可能参与了脑缺血再灌注损伤的过程。     

神经生长因子对兔局灶性脑缺血再灌注神经功能修复的影响和MR影像学评价

目的:研究神经生长因子(NGF)对兔局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤神经功能修复的影响,并利用MR成像技术进行评价。方法:采用兔大脑中动脉阻断(MCAO)局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,分别在缺血2h再灌注损伤后0、1、3和6h应用微量进样器将NGF立体定向导入梗死灶周,于再灌注72h,应用MR影像学、TTC染色和流式细胞术评价兔梗死体积、水肿体积、表观弥散系数(ADC)及神经功能缺损和凋亡状态。结果:缺血再灌注0h、1h、3h和6h灶周给予NGF,梗死体积分别比对照组下降50.1%、48.4%、37.6%和13.7%。同时再灌注3h内应用NGF水肿体积、神经功能缺损评分、灶周凋亡率及caspase-3含量明显下降,梗死中心区及灶周ADC比率(ADCR)升高;再灌注6h后给药,则无明显作用。相关分析显示各组灶周ADCR与灶周凋亡率具有明显负相关。结论:NGF对兔局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤有保护作用,抑制caspase-3活性的表达和细胞凋亡是其保护机制之一,MR影像学检查可作为定量评价基因疗效的可靠指标。     

Neuroprotection against focal ischemic brain injury by inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and attenuation of the mitochondrial apoptosis-signaling pathway.

c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is an important stress-responsive kinase that is activated by various forms of brain insults. In this study, we have examined the role of JNK activation in neuronal cell death in a murine model of focal ischemia and reperfusion; furthermore, we investigated the mechanism of JNK in apoptosis signaling, focusing on the mitochondrial-signaling pathway. We show here that JNK activity was induced in the brain 0.5 to 24 h after ischemia. Systemic administration of SP600125, a small molecule JNK-specific inhibitor, diminished JNK activity after ischemia and dose-dependently reduced infarct volume. c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibition also attenuated ischemia-induced expression of Bim, Hrk/DP5, and Fas, but not the expression of Bcl-2 or FasL. In strong support of a role for JNK in promoting the mitochondrial apoptosis-signaling pathway, JNK inhibition prevented ischemia-induced mitochondrial translocation of Bax and Bim, release of cytochrome c and Smac, and activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. The potential mechanism by which JNK promoted Bax translocation after ischemia was further studied using coimmunoprecipitation, and the results revealed that JNK activation caused serine phosphorylation of 14-3-3, a cytoplasmic sequestration protein of Bax, leading to Bax disassociation from 14-3-3 and subsequent translocation to mitochondria. These results confirm the role of JNK as a critical cell death mediator in ischemic brain injury, and suggest that one of the mechanisms by which JNK triggers the mitochondrial apoptosis-signaling pathway is via promoting Bax and Bim translocation.     

Induction of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) expression in rat brain after focal ischemia/reperfusion.

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), a glycolytic enzyme, has been recently identified to be involved in the initiation of neuronal apoptosis. To investigate the serial changes and cellular localization of GAPDH expression, and its role in ischemia/reperfusion-induced neuronal apoptosis, the authors analyzed immunohistochemically brain areas of rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and reperfusion. Nuclear overexpression of GAPDH was noted in the ischemic core area after 2 hours of MCAO without reperfusion. During the subsequent reperfusion, nuclear accumulation of GAPDH in this area decreased in a time-dependent manner. However, cytoplasmic and nuclear GAPDH immunoreactivity was detected in neurons of the penumbra area of the parietal cortex, in rats subjected to 2-hour MCAO followed by 3-hour reperfusion. The increase of nuclear GAPDH immunoreactivity was persistently noted up to 48 hours of reperfusion, whereas cytoplasmic immunoreactivity correlated inversely with the duration of reperfusion. Moreover, double staining revealed colocalization of nuclear GAPDH and TUNEL in the penumbra area. The authors' study demonstrated that overexpression of GAPDH and nuclear translocation occurred in both the ischemic core and penumbra area soon after focal ischemia. These processes could be viewed as an early marker of ischemia/reperfusion-induced apoptotic neuronal death. The results suggest that GAPDH may play a critical role in the progression and spread of ischemic neuronal damage.     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后凋亡诱导因子的表达与神经元凋亡的关系

目的 探讨大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后凋亡诱导因子(AIF)的表达变化及与细胞凋亡的关系.方法 将Wistar大鼠分为假手术组(6只)和模型组(30只).模型组大鼠采用线栓法建立大脑中动脉闭塞模型,假手术组大鼠插线较模型组浅,不造成大脑中动脉闭塞.观察假手术组及模型组缺血再灌注后6 h、24 h、48 h、72 h和7 d缺血半暗带AIF的表达,同时利用TUNEL法观察对应区域细胞凋亡的动态变化规律.结果模型组脑缺血再灌注6 h在缺血半暗带区AIF阳性细胞显著增加,再灌注48 h达到高峰[(130.47±11.32)个];各时相点均可见细胞凋亡,凋亡细胞数以再灌注48 h最多f(118.53±11.67)个];各组问比较差异均有统计学意义(JP<0.05).结论 局灶性脑缺血再灌注可致AIF表达增加.并引起细胞凋亡.     

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorsgamma (PPARgamma) differently modulate the interleukin-6 expression in the peri-infarct cortical tissue in the acute and delayed phases of cerebral ischaemia

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) exerts neuroprotective effects after cerebral ischaemia but can also exacerbate inflammation and induce neuronal death. The current study investigates the role of cerebral peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor(s) gamma (PPARgamma) in the regulation of IL-6 expression in the peri-infarct cortical tissue in rats exposed to focal cerebral ischaemia. Pioglitazone, a high-affinity PPARgamma ligand, was infused intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) via osmotic minipumps over a 5-day period before, during and 24 h or 48 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 90 min followed by reperfusion. The expression of PPARgamma and IL-6 in cortical tissue adjacent to the ischaemic core was studied 24 h and 48 h after MCAO. Pioglitazone augmented the ischaemia-induced upregulation of PPARgamma at both time points. Cerebral ischaemia substantially increased IL-6 expression in the peri-infarct cortical tissue. Twenty-four hours after MCAO, the majority of microglial cells/macrophages showed an intense IL-6 immunoreactivity. IL-6 was also localized in neurons, but the distribution of neurons positively stained for IL-6 at the border of the infarct was very heterogeneous. Pioglitazone effectively decreased the number of IL-6-immunoreactive cells and IL-6 protein levels at 24 h but not at 48 h after MCAO. Pioglitazone treatment reduced the infarct size and improved neurological functions. The present study demonstrates that cerebral PPARgamma suppresses the expression of IL-6 in ischaemic brain tissue during the initial phase of ischaemic stroke, in which the overproduction of IL-6 may aggravate neuronal damage, but not at later time points, when IL-6 promotes neuroprotection and inhibits neuronal death.     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后血管内皮细胞凋亡及其与P53表达的关系

目的 探讨大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤后血管内皮细胞凋亡及其与P53蛋白表达的关系。方法 采用原位末端标记法和免疫组化法分别观察脑缺血再灌注2、6、12小时,1、2、3、7、14和21天血管内皮细胞凋亡和P53蛋白表达的变化。结果 脑缺血再灌注2小时在缺血周围区即有凋亡的内皮细胞出现,12－24小时达高峰,之后逐渐下降,至21天与假手术组已无显著性差异。脑缺血再灌注6小时在缺血周围区P53蛋白开始表达,1－2天达高峰,之后逐渐下降,至7天与假手术组已无显著性差异。P53蛋白表达高峰时间迟于内皮细胞凋亡24小时。结论 脑缺血再灌注损伤中凋亡是血管内皮细胞的死亡形式之一,P53蛋白表达参与缺血再灌注后血管内皮细胞凋亡机制的调节。     

人脂肪组织来源的神经干细胞移植对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后细胞凋亡及Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达的影响

目的 探讨人脂肪组织来源的神经干细胞移植对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后细胞凋亡及Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达的影响.方法 线栓法制作大鼠大脑中动脉缺血2 h再灌注模型.60只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为4组:正常对照组(6只),假手术组(6只),缺血对照组(24只)和移植治疗组(24只);后2组又分为再灌注7 d、14 d、21 d、28 d组(各6只).体外培养脂肪基质细胞,诱导分化为神经干细胞.造模成功后24h,移植治疗组经尾静脉移植人脂肪组织来源的神经干细胞悬液(细胞浓度为2×106/ml),缺血对照组经尾静脉注射生理盐水,假手术组不做任何处理.TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡,免疫组化SABC法检测Bcl-2、Bax表达.结果 与缺血对照组比较,移植治疗组各时间点的细胞凋亡数均明显减少(均P＜0.01),Bcl-2阳性细胞数明显增高(均P＜0.01),Bax阳性细胞数明显减少(P＜0.05～0.01).结论 人脂肪组织来源的神经干细胞可能通过上调Bcl-2蛋白表达、下调Bax蛋白表达,减少局灶性脑缺血细胞凋亡;对脑缺血再灌注损伤后的神经细胞起保护作用.     

脑缺血再灌注后血管内皮细胞凋亡及其与Bcl—2表达的关系

目的 探讨大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤后血管内皮细胞凋亡及其与Bcl-2蛋白表达的关系。方法 采用原位末端标记法和免疫组化法分别观察脑缺血再灌注2h、6h、12h、24h、2d、3d、7d、14d和21d等时间 点血管内皮细胞凋亡和Bcl-2蛋白的表达。结果 （1）脑缺血再灌注2h在缺血周围区即有凋亡内皮细胞出现,12－24h达高峰,之后逐渐下降,至21d与假手术组已无显著性差异。（2）脑缺血再灌注后2h在缺血周围区内皮细胞Bcl-2开始表达,12－24h达高峰,之后逐渐下降,至14d接近假手术组水平。（3）Bcl-2蛋白表达时相变化与内皮细胞凋亡基本一致。结论 脑缺血再灌注损伤中凋亡是血管内皮细胞的死亡形式之一,Bcl-2蛋白具有抑制缺血再灌注后血管内皮细胞凋亡的作用。     

细胞外信号调节激酶在NGF/VEGF介导的神经保护作用中的动态变化及其调控机制

目的探讨细胞外信号调节激酶1(ERK1)在局灶性脑缺血/再灌注不同时间、不同脑区的动态时空变化,以及其在NGF/VEGF介导的神经保护作用中的调控表达机制。方法采用兔大脑中动脉阻断(MCAO)局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,所有动物随机分为假手术组(n=6)、缺血/再灌注组(n=60)、因子干预组(n=40)。应用免疫组化检测ERK1在脑缺血/再灌注损伤不同脑区的动态表达,同时,应用免疫组化、流式细胞术和电镜检测caspase-3表达、凋亡和超微结构的变化。结果免疫组化分析显示,再灌注损伤1hERK1首先在海马CA3和齿状回(DG)表达增加,6h后其它脑区也相继增加,随再灌注时间延长而加剧,1~3d达高峰。再灌注1hcaspase-3活性表达在各脑区迅速增加,3d达高峰。应用神经保护剂(NGF/VEGF)后各脑区ERK1表达呈明显抑制,caspase-3表达同时被抑制。结论ERK信号通路可能通过调节死亡受体途径介导神经保护作用,抑制ERK信号途径可能是减轻脑缺血损伤过程中神经细胞死亡的有效方法。     

Activation of caspase-3 in permanent and transient brain ischaemia in man

Animal studies have shown brain ischaemia to cause oxidative damage to DNA and activation of caspase-3, leading to apoptosis. These changes may be exacerbated by reperfusion. To assess caspase-3 activation after transient and permanent brain ischaemia in man, we examined brain tissue from patients who had experienced a cardiac arrest with resuscitation or an atherothrombotic brain infarct, and died 12 h to 9 days later. Sections were immunostained for activated caspase-3 or the 89 kDa caspase-3-mediated cleavage product of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Brain ischaemia caused activation of caspase-3 in macrophages/microglia. Some neurons showed delayed activation of caspase-3 after cardiac arrest, but very few in atherothrombotic infarcts. In man, activation of caspase-3 plays little part in neuronal death in atherothrombotic infarcts but may contribute to delayed death of neurons after cardiac arrest.     

Coordinate expression of survival p-ERK and proapoptotic cytochrome c signals in rat brain neurons after transient MCAO

In order to determine possible coordinate expression of major survival and proapoptotic signals, immunofluorescent analyses for phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK) and cytochrome c were carried out after 90 min of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. Strong induction of p-ERK was primarily expressed in the ischemic penumbra, while that of cytosolic cytochrome c signal was strongly induced in the ischemic core from 3 min to 3 h of reperfusion. The double-stained cells with strong p-ERK/weak cytochrome c became most apparent at 3 min primarily expressed in the ischemic penumbra, whereas the cells with weak p-ERK/strong cytochrome c were predominantly found in the ischemic core at 3 h. The proportion of double positive cells among the total number of single positive cells decreased in the ischemic core, and increased in the ischemic penumbra. These findings suggest that the coordinate expression of p-ERK and cytochrome c is fundamentally involved in cell survival or death at the early stage of reperfusion, and that they could play roles in different temporal and spatial profiles.     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血Bcl-2和Bax的表达与细胞凋亡

目的:研究大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后凋亡相关基因Bcl-2和Bax在缺血皮层表达的变化及其与神经元凋亡的关系。方法:线栓法制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,免疫组化法观察Bcl-2和Bax的表达变化,TUNEL法观察神经元凋亡的情况。结果:再灌注2h后皮层神经元Bcl-2表达开始明显上调,6h为高峰,之后开始下降。再灌注早期 Bax在皮层神经元的表达即明显增强,24～48h达高峰。Bcl-2／Bax的比率在再灌注开始时升高,6h达高峰,随后开始下降。TUNEL阳性细胞主要分布在缺血中心的边缘,再灌注48h之内,随时间的延长而不断增加。结论:Bcl-2／Bax的比率改变与缺血再灌注后的神经元存亡相关。     

Inhibition of caspase-3 activation and apoptosis is involved in 3-nitropropionic acid-induced ischemic tolerance to transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats

Our aim was to investigate the involvement of caspase-3 activation and apoptotic cell death in mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA)-induced ischemic tolerance to transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Rats were administrated either vehicle control or 3-NPA ip doses of 20 mg/kg. Three days later, rats were exposed to 2 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion, followed by 24 h of reperfusion. Infarct volumes were assessed by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining 24 h after reperfusion. We measured neural cell apoptosis in the cerebral ischemic penumbra by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin in situ nick end labeling (TUNEL) and flow cytometry (FCM). Cleavage of the fluorogenic substrate zDEVD-afc was used to assay caspase-3 activity. Compared with the vehicle-injected group, pretreatment with 3-NPA reduced the infarct volume by 22.3% and decreased the number of TUNEL-positive neural cells and apoptotic percentages by 47% (p < 0.05) and 43.9% (p < 0.01), respectively. In terms of caspase-3 activity in ischemic penumbral tissues, the 3-NPA-pretreated group showed 13.9% (p < 0.05) less caspase-3 activity than the control group. The development of 3-NPA-induced ischemic tolerance in brain may be related to decreases in caspase-3 activation, which leads to decreased neural cell apoptosis.     

IL-10基因转染对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤半影区钠氢交换器-1基因表达的影响

目的 观察SA脂质体介导入白介素-10(hIL-10)基因转染对脑缺血再灌注损伤模型大鼠半影区钠氢交换器-1(NHE-1)基因表达的影响,探讨IL-10缺血脑保护的作用机制.方法 成年雄性SD大鼠78只按随机数字表法分为正常对照组(6只)、缺血对照组(24只)、hIL-10基因转染组(24只)、空质粒组(24只).采用Longa法建立大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤模型.正常对照组不做任何操作;缺血对照组仅做大脑巾动脉阻塞(MCAO)模型和立体定向操作,不注射任何药物;hIL-10基因转染组和空质粒组在建立MCAO模型后,采用立体定向方式分别将SA脂质体/pcDNA3.1-hIL-10混合物或SA脂质体/pcDNA3.1混合物注射入大鼠侧脑室内.24、72、168 h分别用RT-PCR和ELISA检测其转染效果,TTC染色测定脑梗死体积,采用荧光实时定量PCR技术观察各组大鼠脑组织中NHE-1 mRNA和核转录因子NF-κB mRNA的表达水平.结果 (1)RT-PCR结果 :hIL-10基因转染组人鼠在缺血再灌注72 h时,其皮层和海马中均能检测到hIL-10mRNA的表达,而正常对照组、缺血对照组和空质粒组中则不能检测剑hIL-10 mRNA.ELISA结果 :基因转染后24 h(764.63±87.88)脑组织中hIL-10蛋白与正常对照组(81.23±8.61)比较明显升高,72h(1310.21±86.19)较24h更高,但到168 h(541.32±80.77)时已明显下降,但仍高于缺血对照组和空质粒组差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).同时hlL-10基因转染组大鼠脑梗死体积明显小于缺血对照组和空质粒组差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).(2)正常对照组、缺血对照组、空质粒组和hIL-10基因转染组NF-κBmRNA的表达量分别为1.00±0.33、4.76±0.41、4.58±0.62和2.77±0.43.与正常对照组相比,其它三组NF-κB mRNA的表达量均升高,差异有统计学意义(p＜0.01).但hIL-10基因转染组的升高水平低于缺血对照组和空质粒组,差异有统计学意义(p＜0.01).(3)正常对照组、缺血对照组、空质粒组和hIL-10基囚转染组NHE-1 mRNA的表达量分别为1.00±0.22、4.16±0.48、3.97±0.51和2.82±0.47.与正常对照组相比,后三组NHE-1 mRNA的表达量均升高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),其中hIL-10基因转染组的升高水平低于其它两组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 hIL-10基因转染可能通过抑制脑缺血再灌注引起的NHE-1基因表达的增加而发挥缺血脑保护作用.     

大鼠脑缺血再灌注半暗带β淀粉样前蛋白mRNA表达与梗死体积的关系

为了探讨大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注缺血半暗带β淀粉样前蛋白(APP)转录水平与缺血时间及梗死体积的相互关系，用插线法建立大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型，剥取缺血半暗带皮质组织，采用半定量逆转录－聚合酶链式反应（RT－PCR），测定永久性缺血48h和不同缺血时间再灌注48h后，APPmRNA水平的变化。结果显示，梗死体积随再灌注前缺血时间的延长而增大，皮质半暗带缺血30min再灌注48h APPmRNA表达升高；缺血60min和缺血120min再灌注48h APPmRNA升高明显；缺血180min再灌注48h和永久性缺血48h APPmRNA达到高峰。提示缺血半暗带APPmRNA的表达随再灌注前缺血时间延长而增加并与梗死体积有一定的相关性，早期再灌注可减少其表达。（（GFDA1））。     

蛋白激酶抑制剂H-7降低局灶性脑缺血半暗带和核心区半胱氨酸蛋白酶的活化

目的 研究蛋白激酶抑制剂H-7对局灶性脑缺血半暗带和核心区半胱氨酸蛋白酶Calpain和Caspase-3活性的影响.方法 采用动脉腔内插线法建立大鼠局灶性脑缺血模型,在缺血前15min经脑室给予H-7(125μg/大鼠),测定缺血1h再灌注23h(R23h)时,半暗带和核心区Calpain和Caspase-3的活性、Calpastatin和微管相关蛋白-2(MAP-2)的含量及梗死体积.结果 H-7明显降低R23h时半暗带和核心区μ-和m-Calpain及Caspase-3的活性,升高核心区Calpastatin的含量及半暗带和核心区MAP-2的含量,缩小梗死体积.结论 H-7通过抑制半暗带和核心区Calpain和Caspase-3的活性,降低局灶性脑缺血损伤.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effects of protein kinase inhibitor H-7 on the activation of calpain and caspase-3 in penumbra and core after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Methods Rats received 1h focal cerebral ischemia by intraluminal filament. H-7 ( 125 μg/rat) was administered intracerebroventricularly 15 min before ischemia. The activities of calpain and caspase-3, the levels of calpastatin and microtubule-associated protein-2 ( MAP-2 ) , and the infarct volume were assessed by casein zymography,fluorometry, Western blot analysis,and staining the brain sections with 2,3 ,5-tripheny-ltetrazolium chlorides,respectively. Results Compared with ischemic control, H-7 markedly reduced the activities of μ-and m-calpain, and caspase-3 , increased the levels of MAP-2 in penumbra and core, and enhanced the levels of calpastatin in core. Moreover, animals treated with H-7 showed a significant reduction in infarct volume. Conclusions These data demonstrate the protection of H-7 against focal cerebral ischemia through inhibiting the activation of calpain and caspase-3.