腹腔镜Palomo术式丝线结扎治疗精索静脉曲张17例

目的评价腹腔镜Palomo术式丝线结扎治疗儿童精索静脉曲张的安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析2009年1月-2011年2月在本院行腹腔镜Palomo术式治疗的17例精索静脉曲张患儿的临床资料。均为左侧单发精索静脉曲张,诊断依据查体及超声检查结果。术前行超声检查,静脉直径(3.03±0.69)mm,手术指征为有临床症状或重度(Ⅱ～Ⅲ度)精索静脉曲张,术式为腹腔镜Palomo术式。二氧化碳气腹压力1.33 kPa,置入3个Trocar。直视下于脐下置入第1个Trocar作为镜鞘,另2个置于左腹股沟区及耻骨联合上方。采用丝线双重结扎增粗的精索血管,间隔1.0～1.5 cm,双极电凝离断。结果手术均顺利完成。手术效果依据查体及术后超声检查结果综合评定。术后2 d复查彩超,患儿静脉直径明显缩小[(1.66±0.31)mm],睾丸血运良好。无手术并发症发生。术后2个月曲张的精索静脉均消失。随访无睾丸萎缩及鞘膜积液发生。结论腹腔镜下Palomo术式是治疗儿童精索静脉曲张安全有效的手术方法。     

腹腔镜Palomo手术治疗青少年精索静脉曲张112例

目的探讨腹腔镜下Palomo手术治疗青少年精索静脉曲张的临床疗效。方法总结本院2001年7月至2014年3月,采用腹腔镜Palomo手术治疗,并具有术前、术后3、6、12个月完整B超随访资料的112例精索静脉曲张青少年患儿临床资料。结果共112例患儿,均为左侧,年龄11岁至16岁6个月,中位年龄14岁3个月,年龄≥12岁108例,占96.4%。病史最长3年,平均1.3年。患儿治疗前均行阴囊彩色超声检查确诊,并根据B超测量结果计算睾丸体积。112例中,Ⅱ度25例,Ⅲ度87例,全部在腔镜下完成Palomo手术,手术时间20~35 min,平均27 min。无术后出血、阴囊水肿,平均住院时间5 d。112例均完成术后3、6、12个月随访,并复查B超,无一例复发,发现鞘膜积液6例,附睾囊肿1例。Ⅱ度25例中,术前左右睾丸体积差异在10%~15%者11例(44%);体积差异15%共4例(16%)。Ⅲ度87例,术前左右睾丸体积差异在10%~15%者48例(55.2%);体积差异15%共18例(20.6%)。术后112例中,96例(85.7%)患侧睾丸存在显著的"追赶"生长。术后12个月,Ⅱ度25例中,左右睾丸体积差异在10%~15%者4例(16%),15%共2例(8%);Ⅲ度87例中,左右睾丸体积差异在10%~15%者18例(20.6%),15%者8例(9.1%),手术后睾丸体积差异明显缩小(P0.01)。结论青少年Ⅱ、Ⅲ度精索静脉曲张已经存在两侧睾丸差异性生长,随着临床分度的增加,差异越发显著。Palomo手术后可观察到患侧睾丸显著的"追赶"性生长,左右睾丸体积差异明显缩小。腹腔镜palomo手术具有复发率低,睾丸萎缩可能小等特点,是一种安全可靠的手术方法 。     

显微镜下精索静脉结扎术治疗青春期精索静脉曲张

目的青春期精索静脉曲张的转归和治疗日益被重视,本文就显微镜下精索静脉结扎术治疗精索静脉曲张的疗效进行分析。方法回顾性分析自2006年3月至2010年8月我们收治的26例青春期精索静脉曲张患儿临床资料,年龄10~18岁,平均年龄14.4岁。就诊原因包括睾丸或阴囊涨痛10例,阴囊外观异常4例,体检发现12例。术前均行彩色多普勒超声检查测定睾丸体积、曲张精索内静脉最大内径及反流时间。患儿均接受显微镜下精索静脉结扎术。手术取腹股沟外环口下方切口,提出精索,在放大8~15倍手术显微镜下逐一结扎离断精索静脉,术中淋巴管和动脉予以完整保留。结果术后随访3~12个月,所有患儿未见睾丸萎缩,阴囊鞘膜积液,精索静脉曲张复发。2例术后1个月内出现阴囊水肿,3个月内自然缓解。21例术前患侧睾丸发育迟缓患儿16例出现恢复性生长。结论青春期精索静脉曲张采取腹股沟外环口下方的显微镜下精索静脉结扎术可以在彻底结扎曲张静脉的同时,保护睾丸的动脉及淋巴管系统,是一种安全、有效的手术方法。     

儿童精索静脉曲张对睾丸的影响

了解精索静脉曲张对小儿睾丸的影响。方法；４３例患儿中，Ｂ超观察２２例术前及２８例术后患儿双侧睾丸体积差异，并分别对光镜和电镜下观察１３例及９例患侧睾丸标本的病理改变。结果；术前患侧睾丸体积明显小于健侧。术后睾丸体积有增大改变，但１年内仍小于健侧，３年后则健侧。光镜下１０例睾丸标本可见曲细精管界膜增厚和未成熟的精细胞脱落。     

小儿精索静脉曲张的腹腔镜治疗及随访

目的探讨腹腔镜在小儿精索静脉曲张中的治疗作用，以及保留或切断睾丸动脉对睾丸功能的影响。方法采用腹腔镜技术对32例患儿行睾丸动、静脉高位结扎术。其中，26例保留睾丸动脉．6例切断睾丸动脉。结果术后1～3个月．29例阴囊内曲张的静脉团块完全消失。术后6个月时．24例患侧睾丸体积增加约20％～30％；15～24个月时，患侧睾丸发育程度与对侧相比，没有明显差异。所有患儿均未发生睾丸萎缩。结论应用腹腔镜技术行睾丸动、静脉结扎切断术，创伤小．并发症少。保留或切断睾丸动脉，对睾丸的发育没有明显影响．但其远期效果需进一步随访。     

腹腔镜超选择精索静脉高位结扎术治疗青少年精索静脉曲张预后分析

目的探索腹腔镜辅助下超选择精索静脉高位结扎术对于青少年精索静脉曲张治疗的作用及优势。方法收集2019年6月至2020年12月郑州大学第一附属医院收治的33例(34侧)精索静脉曲张患儿的临床资料, 以Dubin分级、患儿自觉症状及超声诊断阳性为纳入标准;以亚临床型及继发性精索静脉曲张为排除标准。所有病例均接受由亚甲蓝辅助识别精索淋巴管, 由罂粟碱辅助识别精索动脉的腹腔镜下超选择精索静脉高位结扎术。术前及术后6个月进行性激素和精索静脉及睾丸超声检查, 对比术前术后睾丸容积及性激素水平的变化。利用SPSS 20.0软件进行对数据进行t检验或秩和检验。结果术前的性激素检查中发现随着精索静脉曲张分级升高, 卵泡刺激素(follicular stimulating hormone, FSH)水平逐渐升高, 黄体生成素(luteinizing hormone, LH)和睾酮(testosterone, TT)水平逐渐降低;术后6个月FSH明显回落, LH和TT水平则有不同程度的上升, 且各分级术后6个月性激素水平差异无统计意义。术前、术后以及各分级间睾丸容积均存在差异。术后超声复查未发现精索静脉曲张...     

腹腔镜Palomo手术治疗精索静脉曲张的疗效

目的 通过与儿童精索静脉曲张精索内静脉结扎术比较,探讨儿童精索静脉曲张腹腔镜Palomo手术治疗的效果.方法 收集2000年1月-2007年6月本院收治的8～15岁儿童精索静脉曲张64例(65侧,其中1例为双侧),精索静脉曲张的诊断依据为一般检查能摸到静脉曲张团块, Valsalva试验团块增大,外观血管显露.采用精索内静脉结扎术治疗29例(常规手术组,29侧),平均10.8岁, Valsalva平均分度2.6度;腹腔镜Palomo手术治疗35例(腹腔镜组,36侧),平均12.1岁, Valsalva平均分度2.6度,比较二组患儿手术时间、住院时间、复发率、并发症发生率及术后异常率(复发加并发),以评价二组手术疗效.采用SPSS 11.0软件进行t检验和X2检验.结果 腹腔镜组的平均住院时间(2.7d)与常规手术组比较(5.5d)有统计学差异(P<0.05),腹腔镜组并发症发生率(2.8%)与常规手术组比较(17.2%)有统计学差异(P<0.05).手术时间(腹腔镜组平均37min,常规手术组平均33min)、复发率(腹腔镜组2.8%,常规手术组6.9%),二组间比较均无统计学差异(Pа>0.05).患儿术后异常率(复发加并发)腹腔镜组(5.6%)低于常规手术组(24.1%),二组比较有统计学差异(P<0.05).结论 腹腔镜Palomo手术治疗儿童精索静脉曲张的疗效优于精索内静脉结扎术,并且该手术方法简单易掌握.     

转流术治疗小儿精索静脉曲张

目的 采用转流术治疗小儿精索静脉曲张，重新建立精索静脉通道，使静脉回流受阻立即得到改善，消除因睾丸淤血而造成的损害，以利睾丸的正常发育。方法 对28例30侧(左侧26例，双侧2例)精索静脉曲张与腹壁下静脉进行吻合，通过腹壁下静脉，髂静脉转流，手术在放大镜下应用显微外科技术进行，其中28侧用精索静脉主干，2侧结扎一条属支，用另一条静脉进行吻合。结果 通畅率为100％。术后扩张迂曲静脉团消失，阴囊下坠感消失。术后随访24例，时间为3个月-10年。除1例二次手术证实为一条静脉属支漏扎而复发外，另23例全部治愈。结论 精索静脉曲张转流术效果明显优于结扎术，可减少因睾丸淤血对其造成的进一步损害，且术后复发率低。     

小儿非嵌顿性腹股沟斜疝对精索、睾丸影响的临床研究

目的：研究非嵌顿性腹股沟斜疝对精索、睾丸的影响。方法：阴囊外手法测定163例无嵌顿史、单侧腹股沟斜疝患儿睾丸体积,作为对照同时测定131例同年龄段正常儿双侧睾丸体积;患儿组有97例、对照组有82例,同时采用B超阴囊外测定。将采用不同方法测定的患儿睾丸体积分别进行统计学处理;同时将患儿组双侧睾丸体积差和对照组双侧睾丸体积差进行统计学处理。患儿组均手术治疗,术中观察精索静脉,术后3个月、6个月及6－12个月随访测定患睾体积的变化。结果：患儿组双侧睾丸体积有明显差异（P＜0．05）,患侧大于健侧;术后6个月内患睾与健睾仍存在较明显差异（P＜0．05）,术后6－12个月后双侧无明显差异（P＞0．05）。结论：非嵌顿性腹股沟斜疝对精索、睾丸的发育有不良影响,应重新认识腹股沟斜疝及其并发症。     

保留淋巴管的腹腔镜精索静脉高位结扎术12例治疗体会

目的 探讨以亚甲蓝染色、保留精索淋巴管的腹腔镜精索静脉高位结扎术的可行性,并总结治疗经验及手术技巧.方法 回顾性分析2014年2月至2014年9月收治的12例精索静脉曲张患儿的临床资料.12例均为左侧,均以阴囊上方肿物就诊,其中10例伴有明显的阴囊坠胀感.所有患儿通过物理检查及B型超声确诊.其中Ⅱ级精索静脉曲张3例,Ⅲ级9例.B型超声检查表现为阴囊上方不规则血管团块,血管内径明显增宽,与对侧相比患侧睾丸体积均有不同程度缩小.手术年龄7～14岁,平均(11.42±1.78)岁.采用保留淋巴管的腹腔镜精索静脉高位结扎术,手术开始前通过阴囊穿刺在睾丸鞘膜与白膜之间注入亚甲蓝1 ml并轻柔按摩,使精索淋巴管染色.结果 11例患儿淋巴管成功显色并得以保留,10例患儿保留了睾丸动脉.术中出血量少,无1例中转开放手术.手术时间45～90 min,平均(58.33±12.12)min.所有患儿在术后第1天出院,除1例外,余者均无明显阴囊肿胀.随访5个月至1年,无一例发生鞘膜积液,无一例出现明显并发症.结论 通过在睾丸鞘膜囊内注射亚甲蓝能够使精索淋巴管染色,为手术中确切地保留淋巴管提供指引,而通过该方法保留淋巴管对减少术后鞘膜积液发生的意义尚需进一步随访明确.     

Role of nutrients in the regulation of in vivo protein metabolism in humans

Nutrients regulate protein metabolism both in an acute fashion and on a long-term basis. The ingestion of meals is associated with a dramatic switch from an overall catabolic state to a state of net protein anabolism. The acute response of protein metabolism to meal ingestion is mediated, in part, by an increase in insulin secretion, itself a consequence of glucose absorption. Whereas insulin may primarily suppress rates of proteolysis, amino acids are responsible for the stimulation of protein synthesis that follows food intake. In the long run, the effects of nutrition on protein metabolism depend on the energy supply, the source of the energy (carbohydrate versus fat) and dietary protein intake. Finally, specific amino acids, such as glutamine, may play an additional role as protein anabolic agents.     

氨磷汀在儿童肿瘤化疗中的应用

目的研究氨磷汀在儿童肿瘤化疗中的作用及不良反应。方法随机选择肿瘤32例患儿,采用自身对照,观察患儿在同一化疗方案中使用氨磷汀辅助治疗后黏膜损伤、骨髓抑制时间、发热持续时间、抗生素及刺激因子应用时间及氨磷汀的不良反应。结果氨磷汀辅助治疗组发生黏膜溃疡4例,明显低于对照组9例;中性粒细胞<0.5×109/L持续时间缩短,血小板<5×109/L持续时间缩短;发热持续时间、抗生素和刺激因子应用时间缩短。两组化疗过程中均未出现低体温、皮疹、低血压等情况,化疗后肾功能、心电图均正常;对肝功能影响程度相似;氨磷汀组低钙血症尤其是低钙性抽搐发生率高。结论氨磷汀能够有效保护正常组织细胞,不良反应较低,可在儿童肿瘤患者化疗中应用。     

Determinants of pregnancy in adolescents in Nepal

Objective : Social factors and prevalent norms in the community determine the proportion of teenage pregnancy in the community. In the light of high risk associated with teenage pregnancy, the socio-cultural determinants, which influence the conception among teenagers in Nepal, need to be understood. These determinants may be modified by suitable interventions to reduce teenage pregnancy. Aim of this study was to examine the socio-cultural determinants of teenage pregnancy in eastern Nepal.Methods : A case-control study design was selected for comparing the education, economic status, family support and freedom towards conception among teenagers as compared to higher age group women.Result : Seventy adolescent pregnant women were compared with seventy primigravida women in the 20 to 29 years age group. The teenage pregnant women were less educated, had poor economic background, more likely to have accidental pregnancies as compared to the other group and more likely to have love marriages. Husbands were more likely to decide about continuation of pregnancy. They had less psychological and social support from the family.Conclusion : Marriage at young age and pregnancy during teens are associated with less social acceptance and poor support in the family.     

Role of nutrients in the regulation of in vivo protein metabolism in humans

Nutrients regulate protein metabolism both in an acute fashion and on a long-term basis. The ingestion of meals is associated with a dramatic switch from an overall catabolic state to a state of net protein anabolism. The acute response of protein metabolism to meal ingestion is mediated, in part, by an increase in insulin secretion, itself a consequence of glucose absorption. Whereas insulin may primarily suppress rates of proteolysis, amino acids are responsible for the stimulation of protein synthesis that follows food intake. In the long run, the effects of nutrition on protein metabolism depend on the energy supply, the source of the energy (carbohydrate versus fat) and dietary protein intake. Finally, specific amino acids, such as glutamine, may play an additional role as protein anabolic agents.     

他汀类药物在儿童家族性高胆固醇血症治疗中的研究进展

家族性高胆固醇血症(FH)是一种常染色体显性遗传的脂质代谢障碍疾病,由于FH早期就可引起动脉粥样硬化病变,增加患者严重心血管疾病的患病风险和死亡风险,因此目前越来越强调患者自儿童期就使用他汀类药物进行治疗,以改善远期预后。文章综述他汀类药物治疗儿童FH的必要性、有效性和安全性,同时也提出目前存在的一些问题和思考。     

Diagnosis of Chlamydia pneumoniae in community-acquired pneumonia in children in Chile

The incidence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in community-acquired pneumonia in children was studied prospectively in 112 children aged 1 mo to 14 y. Diagnosis of C. pneumoniae was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on nasopharyngeal aspirates and serology by the microimmunofluorescence test on a single serum specimen. Three (2.7%) cases of pneumonia due to this agent were diagnosed by both PCR and serology. C. pneumoniae was not found in any of 62 children below 5 y of age. In the age group 5-8 y, only 1/30 (3%) was found positive, and in the age group 9-14 y, C. pneumoniae was diagnosed in 2/20 (10%) children. Conclusion: Although the number of enrolled patients is small, and the diagnostic techniques used may have some limitations, the results of this study suggest that C. pneumoniae plays a minor role in the aetiology of pneumonia in children less than 9 y of age in our country. However, it should be considered as a potential agent in pneumonia in older children.     

皮质激素在癫痫治疗中的应用

皮质激素在癫痫中的应用已有近50a的历史，现已证明其对某些癫痫综合征如婴儿痉挛症、Landau—Kleffner综合征、Rassmussen综合征、具有睡眠中癫痫性电持续状态的癫痫综合征等具有肯定的治疗作用，其确切的作用机制尚不清楚。在皮质激素应用过程中应注意其不良反应。     

Efficacy of amphotericin B in multi-drug resistant kala-azar in children in first decade of life

Fifty children in the first decade of life, and suffering from multiple drug resistant kala-azar, confirmed by demonstration of amastigotes in aspirates of bone marrow or spleen were treated with amphotericin B in gradually increasing dosage to a total dose of 20 mg/kg. All patients had classical features of severe kala-azar, and had taken more than one course of antimony and pentamidine, and three patients had taken one additional course of ketoconazole besides many courses of antimony and pentamidine. The clinical response started just after first infusion in 8 patients, and the patients became afebrile. By 5th infusion, all looked better and 18 patients became afebrile. By 15th infusion all patients were afebrile and cheerful. Their spleens became smaller and body weights and total white cell counts increased. Forty eight patients had parasitological cure at the end of treatment, and only 2 patients required an additional 5 infusions for parasitological cure. All patients were ultimately cured. No one relapsed within six months of follow up. All patients had shivering, rigor and rise of temperature on the day of infusion, which could be minimized with prior administration of low dose of hydrocortisone, but could not be eliminated. Eighteen patients had loose motions during treatment, while 14 patients had decrease in appetite which improved quickly when the treatment was over. Fourteen patients had transient rise of blood urea, in six patients serum creatinine also increased and 16 patients had a minor fall in serum potassium. It is concluded that amphotericin B is a very effective drug for multidrug resistant kala-azar in children, and should be used without hesitation in all such cases in children, but under close medical supervision.