左房M型超声评价冠心病患者左室舒张功能

目的：探讨左房Ｍ型超声指标评价冠心病患者左房舒张功能的价值。方法：获取左房Ｍ型超声图像,在左房排空早、晚期测算主动脉后壁运动斜率Ｅｓｌｏｐｅ、Ｌｓｌｏｐｅ及左房缩短分数ＦＳｇ、ＦＳａ;采用频谱多普靳超声测取二类瓣口舒张血流速度Ｅ、Ａ及Ｅ／Ａ比值,测取左室等容舒张时间（ＩＶＲＴ）;采用智能声学定量技术测取左室舒张早、晚期及全舒张期充盈量（ＥＤ－ＦＶ、ＬＤＦＶ、ＤＦＶ）。结果：冠心病患者按Ｅ／Ａ比值分     

The spectrum of left ventricular filling in severe aortic stenosis

To assess left ventricular diastolic filling in valvular aortic stenosis, pulsed Doppler echocardiography was used prospectively in 35 patients with severe aortic stenosis (valve area < 1 cm²) and in 38 age-matched normal subjects. Twenty-seven patients had a normal left ventricular systolic function at rest (ejection fraction > 0.50) and a normal or only slightly increased mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (mean 11±4 mm Hg). Eight patients had a poor left ventricular systolic function (ejection fraction: 0.28±0.10) and an elevated mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (mean: 36±9 mm Hg). The Doppler derived filling parameters were correlated with hemodynamic data, left ventricular wall thickness derived from M-mode echocardiograms, heart rate and atrio-ventricular (A-V) conduction delay using stepwise multiple correlation. The data of this study suggest that left ventricular filling is significantly impaired in patients with severe aortic stenosis and left ventricular hypertrophy with an increase in late diastolic (A-wave) velocity, an increase in the A/E ratio, a decrease in the first one-half filling fraction and a prolongation of early diastolic deceleration time. These changes in filling hemodynamics are associated with alterations in mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, left ventricular wall thickness, heart rate and A-V conduction delay. When heart failure develops as a result of impaired left ventricular systolic function, an increase in left atrial filling pressure is associated with a shift of left ventricular filling towards early diastole with a ‘normalisation’ of the transmitral flow velocity curve. In extreme cases, a progression towards a ‘restrictive’ filling pattern is found with a marked shortening of the left ventricular early diastolic deceleration time. In the presence of high filling pressures, increased left atrial driving pressure (derived from the mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure) is associated with changes in the left ventricular filling pattern irrespective of the presence and the degree of myocardial hypertrophy.     

超声心动图评价高血压病患者左心功能

目的运用超声心动图技术综合评价高血压病患者左室收缩功能和舒张功能。方法高血压病组56例和对照组36例,M-型和二维(2D)超声心动图检测:左房内径(LAd),舒张期室间隔厚度(IVST)和左室后壁厚度(PWT),左室舒张末期内径(LVDd),二尖瓣EF斜率,室间隔及左室后壁运动幅度,左室射血分数(EF),左室短轴缩短率(FS),每搏量(SV);脉冲多普勒(PW)检测二尖瓣口舒张早期充盈峰速度(VE),舒张晚期充盈峰速度(VA),E/A比值,等容舒张时间(IVRT)。结果高血压病患者左室壁与室间隔收缩期运动幅度普遍增强,与对照组比较P<0.01;左室收缩功能各项参数(EF、FS、SV)高于对照组(P<0.05),高血压病组左室舒张功能各参数异常,表现为VE减低,VA升高,E/A<1,IVRT延长,MV-EF斜率减慢,与对照组比较P<0.001;左房扩大(P<0.001)。结论超声心动图技术可反映高血压病患者左心结构和功能变化,为临床诊治提供客观依据。     

Effect of preload reduction by haemodialysis on new indices of diastolic function

Assessment of mitral annular motion diastolic velocities by M-mode or tissue Doppler imaging and the propagation velocity of early diastolic filling (Vp) by colour M-mode have been proposed as preload-independent indices of diastolic function. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of preload reduction by haemodialysis on these new echocardiographic indices and to assess the relationship between these indices. The study group comprised 17 patients with chronic renal failure in sinus rhythm with normal left ventricular systolic function who underwent echocardiography 30 min prior to and 30 min following haemodialysis. Following dialysis there were significant reductions in weight (P<0.001), left atrial diameter (P=0.001), the peak Doppler velocity of early diastolic transmitral flow (P=0.005) and the ratio of Doppler velocities of early to late diastolic transmitral flow (P=0.02), consistent with a reduction in intravascular volume. There was no change after dialysis in early diastolic mitral annular velocity using M-mode (P=0.19) or tissue Doppler imaging from either the septal or lateral walls (P=0.88 and P=0.15 respectively), but there was a reduction in Vp after dialysis (55 to 49 cm/s; P=0.04). There were only weak correlations between Vp and the early diastolic mitral annular velocities (r<0.6 for all). We conclude that the assessment of diastolic function by the mitral annular early diastolic velocity appears to be preload-independent, that Vp may be affected by preload and that there is only a weak relationship between Vp and the early diastolic mitral annular velocity.     

Cardiac function in fetuses with intracardiac echogenic foci.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate cardiac dimensions and function in euploid fetuses with intracardiac echogenic foci. STUDY DESIGN: Forty-eight fetuses with a single cardiac echogenic focus situated in the left ventricle had echocardiography performed at 22-24 weeks of gestation. Fifty normal fetuses at 22-24 weeks' gestation served as controls. Two-dimensional and M-mode directed fetal echocardiography were used to exclude cardiac anomalies and measure right and left ventricular free walls and interventricular septal thickness and ventricular systolic and diastolic dimensions. Cardiac size was expressed as a ratio of ventricular wall thickness/biparietal diameter, and cardiac function was expressed as ventricular shortening fraction. Doppler fetal echocardiography measurements included pulmonary and aortic maximum systolic velocities and time to peak velocities as indices of ventricular systolic function, and the ratio between early ventricular filling (E-wave) and active atrial filling (A-wave) peak velocities at the level of the atrioventricular valves as an index of ventricular diastolic function. RESULTS: Early ventricular filling/active atrial filling peak velocity ratios were significantly lower in fetuses with intracardiac echogenic foci than in control fetuses. In the mitral valve the ratio was 0.37 +/- 0.14 (0.039) (mean +/- SD (95% confidence interval for difference between the means)) vs. 0.59 +/- 0.19 (0.052) and in the tricuspid valve it was 0.42 +/- 0.16 (0.045) vs. 0.62 +/- 0.21 (0.058). No significant differences were found in cardiac dimensions, ventricular shortening fraction and Doppler systolic indices. CONCLUSION: Euploid fetuses with intracardiac echogenic foci show low E/A ratio values in midtrimester echocardiography. This finding might indicate cardiac diastolic dysfunction.     

Doppler evaluation of normalized peak filling rate in normal children and children with left ventricular outflow obstruction.

To evaluate the early diastolic peak filling rate of the left ventricle, three groups of children (normal children, patients with aortic valvular stenosis, and patients with aortic coarctation) were examined with the peak filling rate normalized to stroke volume calculated from the mitral valve inflow Doppler recording as the peak E velocity divided by the velocity time integral. The normal value for this index in children was 6.78 +/- 0.99 SV/sec and did not vary with age, weight, body surface area, or heart rate. Compared with normal subjects, both patients with aortic stenosis and patients with coarctation had increased left ventricular mass, but patients with aortic stenosis had decreased normalized peak filling rates (5.3 +/- 0.84 SV/sec, p < 0.01), while patients with coarctation had normal rates (6.79 +/- 0.98 SV/sec, p = 0.97). Compared with patients with aortic coarctation, patients with aortic stenosis had higher Doppler gradients. Thus the Doppler index of peak filling rate normalized to stroke volume is particularly useful in children because it is independent of heart rate, age, weight, and body surface area. Patients with coarctation may have normal peak filling rates normalized to stroke volume despite increased left ventricular mass because of milder obstruction or better coronary artery perfusion compared with that of patients with aortic stenosis.     

应用全方向M型超声研究二尖瓣置换术后房间隔运动速度变化

目的 应用全方向M型超声心动图测量二尖瓣置换术前、术后房间隔运动速度变化,评估左心房功能.方法 选择行二尖瓣置换术患者49例,年龄34～69岁,平均(54.27±9.30)岁,其中男23例,女26例.分别于手术中术前、术后对所有患者进行经食管超声心动图监测,应用全方向M型超声心动图测量收缩期和舒张期房间隔运动峰值速度.应用经胸超声心动图测量左心房容积变化率、左心房前后径、左心室舒张末容积、左心室射血分数.结果 二尖瓣置换术后,房间隔运动峰值速度、左心房容积变化率、左心室舒张末容积及左心室射血分数较术前升高(P＜0.05).术前、术后房间隔运动峰值速度与左心房容积变化率存在相关性(r =0.389、0.354,P＜0.05).结论 全方向M型超声心动图测量的房间隔运动峰值速度能够评价二尖瓣置换术前、术后左心房功能变化.     

超声心动图根据主动脉瓣和/或二尖瓣反流压差评估左心腔压力价值的探讨

目的采用血浆脑钠素(BNP)和二尖瓣血流频谱舒张早期速度与二尖瓣环组织多普勒舒张早期速度比值(E/Ea)等指标作参照,探讨超声心动图根据主动脉瓣和二尖瓣反流压差评估左心腔压力的临床实用价值。方法研究对象为118例超声心动图存在轻度二尖瓣反流和/或主动脉瓣反流患者(GTOTAL)。其中31例测定了BNP(GBNP),余87例未检测BNP(NGBNP)。常规超声心动图检查记录射血分数(EF),左心房前后径(LAD),常规检测右上肢肱动脉血压(收缩压,Ps;舒张压,Pd)、主动脉瓣反流频谱舒张末期速度(VAR)、二尖瓣反流频谱最大速度(VMR)。根据公式计算:左心室舒张末期压力(LVEDP)=Ps-4VAR2;左心房压力(LAP)=Ps-4VMR2。分析各组BNP、E/Ea、EF以及LAD与LAP和LVEDP的相关性。结果方差齐性检验和一致性检验显示各组间患者分布状态无显著差异(P>0.05)。各组LAP与BNP、E/Ea、LAD和EF均呈中度相关;各组LVEDP与BNP、E/Ea、LAD和EF的相关性差。结论利用二尖瓣反流测算LAP有一定实用价值。但利用主动脉瓣反流测算LVEDP不能客观反映患者的病理生理状态。     

超声多普勒对舒张性心力衰竭的评估研究

目的探讨超声心动图对舒张性心力衰竭（DHF）患者心功能的评估。方法选择DHF患者108例（DHF组）,其中心功能分级Ⅲ级69例、Ⅳ级39例,另选健康对照组34例。应用频谱多普勒结合组织多普勒成像测定两组患者心腔大小、左室舒张功能及左室舒张末压。结果两组左室射血分数（LVEF）比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;DHF组左房内径（LA）、室间隔厚度（IVS）、左室后壁厚度（LVPw）较对照组增厚,二尖瓣口舒张早期流速峰值／二尖瓣口舒张晚期流速峰值（E／A）〈1者占80．6％,E／A〉1者占19．4％;对照组组织多普勒成像检测二尖瓣环运动频谱正常,二尖瓣环舒张早期运动速度峰值大于二尖瓣环舒张晚期运动速度峰值（Em〉Am）;DHF组组织多普勒成像检测二尖瓣环运动频谱异常,Em〈Am,两组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论多普勒超声心动图是目前无创评价心室舒张功能最常用和最重要的方法,应用频谱多普勒和TDI联合评价心室舒张功能,纠正了频谱多普勒评价心室舒张功能的“假性正常化”。     

声学定量技术对肥厚型心肌病患者左室舒张功能的评价

目的：应用声学定量（AQ）技术评价肥厚型心肌病（HCM）患者的左室舒张功能。方法：17例HCM患者和13例正常人进行了AQ检测。结果：与正常组相比,HCM患者左室心搏量和峰值排空率无显著性差异（P＞0. 05),左室快速充盈容量、快速充盈分、快速充盈期左室充盈容量与心房收缩期左室充盈容量的比值、峰值心房充盈率明显增高（P均＜0.05-0.001）;17例HCM患者中,二尖瓣血流频谱E／A＜1者占6例,左室舒张功能异常检出率为35.29％;而以AQ珠峰值快速 盈率与峰值心房充盈率比较即PRFR／PAFR＜1为标准,则左室佶功能异常检出率为58.82％（10／17）,二者联合对左室舒张功能异常检出率为82.35%（14／17）。结论：AQ技术为定量评价HCM患者的左室舒张功能提供了新的途径。     

彩色多普勒超声对心房颤动患者左心室舒张功能障碍的研究

目的应用彩色多普勒超声心动图评价心房颤动（房颤）患者的左心室舒张功能。方法将39例房颤患者分为器质性房颤组和孤立性房颤组,分别采集房颤患者的二尖瓣血流频谱、彩色M型及二尖瓣环的组织多普勒运动曲线上的参数,并与正常对照组比较。结果与正常对照组比较,器质性房颤组二尖瓣血流频谱部分参数及彩色M型、二尖瓣环组织多普勒运动曲线上的参数差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;孤立性房颤组只有二尖瓣环组织多普勒运动曲线上的参数与对照组差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论①器质性房颤及孤立性房颤患者均存在左室舒张功能障碍。②左室内舒张早期血流传播速度及二尖瓣环舒张早期运动速度可用来评价房颤患者左室舒张功能。③房颤患者舒张早期二尖瓣口血流频谱参数不稳定,但E峰峰值加速度对评价房颤患者左室舒张功能较敏感。     

The assessment of left ventricular diastolic function in patients with aortic defects

Thirty patients with aortic heart disease and 10 healthy persons were examined for diastolic function of the left ventricle using two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography. The decline of the rate and volume of early diastolic filling, the rise of the filling during the atrial systole were revealed in 60% of the patients with aortal disease. The decrease of the ejection fraction of the left ventricle was noted in 23.3% of the patients. All the patients with aortic disease were distributed into 2 groups depending on the presence (group II) or lack (group I) of mitral regurgitation. Addition of mitral regurgitation in patients with aortic disease masked the deranged filling of the left ventricle and interfered with the diagnosis of diastolic dysfunction. A reverse moderately pronounced relationship (r = -0.56) has been discovered between the myocardial mass and impairment of the diastolic filling.     

Observations on Doppler mid-diastolic mitral flow reversal

Mitral regurgitation is detected occasionally in diastole during severe aortic regurgitation, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and atrioventricular block. We have noticed mitral mid-diastolic flow reversal in both patients and many normal subjects. To evaluate this flow phenomenon, pulsed Doppler mitral flow velocity and M-mode echocardiographic recordings were obtained in 38 normal subjects (age range, 16 to 61 years). Fifteen of 38 subjects (40%) had mid-diastolic flow reversal, defined as reversed flow occurring in mid-diastole with a duration greater than 50 msec. Mid-diastolic flow reversal was more common in subjects with longer RR intervals (1031 versus 893 msec), more rapid M-mode echocardiographic EF (early diastolic deceleration) slopes of mitral valve anterior leaflet motion (141 versus 93 mm/sec), and more rapid deceleration of early diastolic mitral flow velocities (612 versus 426 cm/sec2). Mid-diastolic flow reversal by Doppler color flow mapping was recorded in the left atrium in all subjects, even in subjects without mid-diastolic flow reversal shown by pulsed Doppler echocardiography. However, subjects with mid-diastolic flow reversal detected by pulsed Doppler echocardiography demonstrated greater extension of flow into left atrium (10.4 versus 4.1 mm) and longer duration (112 versus 69 msec) of color flow reversal. These data suggest that mid-diastolic flow reversal represents a physiologic intravalvular flow that is possibly the result of reflected flow from the vigorous early diastolic mitral semiclosure.     

The role of short- and long-axis function in determining late diastolic left ventricular filling in patients with hypertension: Assessment by pulsed Doppler tissue imaging

Left ventricular (LV) wall motion velocity during atrial systole is mediated by both transmitral flow and LV myocardial compliance at end-diastole. LV wall distensibility along the long- and short-axis during atrial systole and late diastolic LV filling may vary according to the remodeling of LV morphology. We measured LV wall motion velocities along the long and short axes using pulsed Doppler tissue imaging in 127 patients with hypertension to evaluate the relationship between the hemodynamic changes and LV morphology and to determine the role of both long- and short-axis function in late diastolic LV filling. Participants were classified into 3 groups according to LV dimension and end-diastolic wall thickness determined by M-mode echocardiography: group A (n = 62) without LV dilation or hypertrophy, group B (n = 55) with LV hypertrophy, and group C (n = 10) with LV dilation and systolic dysfunction. The time constant of the LV pressure decay during isovolumic diastole and the LV end-diastolic pressure were longest and greatest, respectively, in group C, compared with groups B and A. There were no significant differences in active left atrial emptying volume during atrial contraction determined by computerized echocardiographic 3-dimensional reconstruction among patient and control groups. The peak atrial systolic motion velocity of the LV posterior wall along the long axis was significantly lower in groups B and C, particularly in the latter group, than in group A. The peak atrial systolic motion velocity of the LV posterior wall along the short axis was greatest in group B and was lowest in group C compared with the other groups, respectively. The peak atrial systolic motion velocity of the LV posterior wall was greater along the long axis than the short axis in group A, but was less than the short axis in group B. In conclusion, the long- and short-axis function of the LV wall during atrial systole varies in patients with hypertension according to the severity of hemodynamic and morphologic abnormalities. The degree of LV wall expansion along the short axis is an important factor resulting from the atrial kick, and a determinant of its effectiveness. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2002;15:1211-7.)     

超声对高血压致不同左室构型左房功能改变的研究

目的 联合应用二维、M-型超声心动图与脉冲多普勒技术评价高血压左心室不同构型左房功能改变。方法 采用M-型和二维超声技术测量高血压患左室几何构型，测量各组左房功能及二尖瓣血流频谱指标。结果 与对照组相比，高血压各组左房功能均有不同程度改变，高血压早期即可出现左房功能异常，表现为左房灌注分数(LAF)的增高。结论 左房灌注分数(LAF)可以比二尖瓣血流频谱更早的体现左室舒张功能的异常改变。     

小剂量多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图对二尖瓣反流左室舒张功能的研究

探讨超声心动图评价二尖瓣反流左室舒张功能的可靠性方法。方法应用小剂量多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图（ＬＤＤＳＥ）对５０例二尖瓣反流（ＭＲ）患者进行了研究,其中包括２３例二尖瓣病变患者（Ａ组）和２７例扩张型或缺血性心肌病患者（Ｂ组）。结果Ａ组左室压力最大下降速率（－ｄｐ／ｄｔｍａｘ）和舒张期最大充盈速率（ＰＦＲ）显著高于Ｂ组,左室心肌松驰时间常数（Ｔ）显著短于Ｂ组的测值（Ｐ均〈０．００１）;给于多酚丁胺５     

Aortic root dilatation as a marker of subclinical left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in patients with cardiovascular risk factors

Consensus is lacking about the clinical importance of aortic root dilatation in assessment of the risk of cardiovascular disease. In this study, correlations between aortic root diameter and echocardiographic features of left ventricular (LV) diastolic function were investigated in 333 patients with at least one cardiovascular risk factor (hypertension, diabetes or dyslipidaemia) and preserved LV systolic function. Aortic root diameter was measured by M-mode echocardiography, and LV diastolic function was evaluated by measuring the peak velocity of early (E) and late (A) diastolic transmitral blood flow and peak early diastolic mitral annular velocity (E') by Doppler echocardiography. Linear regression analysis showed that, in men, age was not related to aortic root diameter but hypertension and LV hypertrophy were, whereas the converse was true in women. The parameters E, E/A ratio and E', were related to aortic root diameter in both sexes. Stepwise multiple regression analysis confirmed that E in women and E' in men were independently associated with aortic root diameter. It is concluded that aortic root dilatation might be a useful marker of subclinical LV diastolic dysfunction. Patients with preserved systolic function showing aortic root dilatation should, therefore, be given preventative therapy against LV diastolic heart failure.     

血浆N-末端脑钠肽前体对射血分数正常心力衰竭患者诊断价值

目的探讨射血分数正常的心力衰竭患者血浆N-末端脑钠肽前体的水平。方法 30例射血分数正常的心力衰竭患者(观察组)与30例体检健康者(对照组)均行超声心动图检查,检测并比较2组血浆N-末端脑钠肽前体水平。结果观察组血浆N-末端脑钠肽前体水平明显高于对照组(P<0.01);血浆N-末端脑钠肽前体水平与心脏彩超指标舒张早期二尖瓣环运动速度(r=-0.395,P<0.01)、舒张早期二尖瓣环运动速度/舒张晚期二尖瓣环运动速度(r=-0.292,P<0.05)、舒张早期二尖瓣血流速度/舒张早期二尖瓣环运动速度(r=-0.529,P<0.01)呈负相关,与左心房内径(r=0.300,P<0.05)及左心室后壁厚度(r=0.262,P<0.05)呈正相关;血浆N-末端脑钠肽前体水平与舒张功能分级、NYHA分级明显相关(P<0.01);N-末端脑钠肽前体诊断射血分数正常心力衰竭的AUC为0.702,最佳诊断界值127.58pg/mL,此时灵敏度为63.3%,特异度为83.3%。结论血浆N-末端脑钠肽前体对诊断左室射血分数正常的心力衰竭及评价心力衰竭严重程度有重要价值。     

高血压病左心功能相关性的超声研究

目的 探讨高血压病左心房与左心室功能的相关关系。方法 对照组20例，高血压病左心室心肌质量指数(LVMI)正常组32例，高血压病左心室肥厚组16例，采用声学定量技术，测量左心房助力泵功能(LAEF、AE)、管道功能(CV)和储存器功能(RV)以及左心室舒张功能。结果 左心房助力泵功能与其主动收缩前容量、RV正相关，与CV及左心室舒张功能负相关；左心房管道功能与AE、LAEF、RV和左心房主动收缩前容量显著负相关，与左心室舒张功能正相关；左心房储存器功能与左心房主动收缩前容量、LAEF正相关，与CV负相关，与左心室舒张功能指标无显著相关。结论 高血压病左心室舒张功能减退导致左心房管道功能减低、肺静脉与左心房间压差增大、左心房储存器功能增强、左心室舒张早期充盈增加，而管道功能与储存器功能的改变导致左心房前负荷增加和左心房收缩能力增强、左心房助力泵功能增强、左心室舒张晚期充盈增加。     

高血压不同左室构型左室舒张功能的超声心动图研究

目的联合应用二维、M-型超声心动图与脉冲多普勒技术评价高血压左心室不同构型的舒张功能。方法采用M-型和二维超声技术测量高血压患者左室几何构型，测量各组左房功能指标及二尖瓣、肺静脉血流频谱。结果与对照组相比，高血压各组左室舒张功能均有不同程度损害，向心性肥厚及离心性肥厚组受损最严重。高血压早期即可出现舒张功能异常，表现为正常构型组舒张功能的异常改变。左房灌注分数(LAT)是比二尖瓣及肺静脉血流频谱更加可靠地反映早期左室舒张功能异常的指标。结论左室舒张功能异常特别是左房灌注分数(LAT)的异常，可以早期体现左室重构超声心动图变化。