腓肠神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣小隐静脉的应用解剖

目的研究腓肠神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣小隐静脉营养血管的来源。方法30侧动脉灌注红色乳胶成人下肢标本,以外踝尖为观测指标点,在其上10cm范围内,显微解剖观测远端蒂中的小隐静脉营养血管来源、分布与皮肤血管的关系,以及小隐静脉浅深交通支。结果由远及近,远端蒂部的小隐静脉营养血管来源于跟外侧动脉穿支、外踝后动脉穿支和腓动脉肌间隔穿支。上述动脉穿支2～5支,外径0.6～1.0mm,发深筋膜支、神经静脉营养支和皮支,形成深浅筋膜血管网、腓肠神经干血管链、小隐静脉旁血管链以及静脉壁血管网。小隐静脉浅深交通支1～2支,外径1.7±0.5mm,距外踝尖上3.4±0.9cm,汇入腓静脉。结论远端蒂的腓肠神经、小隐静脉筋膜及皮肤的营养血管同源。外踝尖上3～4cm处存在小隐静脉浅深交通支,远端蒂皮瓣旋转点设计于此处,有助于改善皮瓣静脉回流。     

戴戒术与单纯浅静脉剥脱术治疗原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的比较

目的:比较股浅静脉戴戒术与单纯性浅静脉剥脱术治疗下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的疗效。方法:将2010年03月—2011年1月收治的48例下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全伴静脉曲张患者随机分为观察组(股浅静脉戴戒术联合大隐静脉高位结扎剥脱术)和对照组(传统大隐静脉高位结扎剥脱术),通过彩色多普勒检测两组术前及术后股总静脉血管内径、平均血流速度及Valsalva试验下反流持续时间的变化。结果:与术前比较,术后两组患者的静脉瓣膜功能及血流动力学均明显改善,表现为股总静脉管径缩小、平均血流速度增快、静脉血流反流时间缩短(均P<0.05),但观察组上述3个变量手术前后变化程度(差值)均明显大于照组(均P<0.05)。结论:两种手术方式均是治疗下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的有效手段,但戴戒术的治疗效果优于单纯性浅静脉剥脱术。     

Deep venous reconstructive surgery

Surgical correction of deep venous reflux is a valuable adjunct in treatment of selected patient with lower limb venous ulcer. Deep venous obstruction and superficial reflux is must be corrected first. Sustained venous ulcer healing and reduced ambulatory venous hypertension can be achieved in patients with both primary and secondary deep venous insufficiency. When direct valve repair is possible, valvuloplasty is the best option, but when this is not feasible, other techniques can be used, including femoral vein transposition into the great saphenous vein, vein valve transplant, neovalve construction, or nonautologous artificial venous valve.     

应用股浅静脉瓣膜环形缩窄术治疗原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的疗效评价

目的用CEAP分类记分法 (clinical,etiologic ,anatomic ,andpathophysiologic ,CEAP)评价股浅静脉瓣膜环形缩窄术治疗原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全 (PDVI)的疗效和应用价值。方法将 97例 (97侧肢体 )经顺行性静脉造影证实PDVI的患者分为A组 79侧 ,B组 18侧。A组行大隐静脉高位结扎剥脱 交通支结扎术同时行股浅静脉瓣膜环形缩窄术 ,B组仅行大隐静脉高位结扎剥脱 交通支结扎术。以CEAP临床分类与临床记分评价疗效。结果A、B两组术后临床记分均明显下降 (A组由 6 4± 3 7降至 1 7± 1 8,P <0 0 1;B组由 3 8± 3 6降至 1 4± 1 5 ,P <0 0 5 ) ,A组较B组下降程度更大 (P <0 0 1)。结论从CEAP临床记分结果看 ,股浅静脉瓣膜环形缩窄手术有助于PDVI患者临床症状缓解。因此术前明确诊断为PDVI的患者 ,应行股浅静脉瓣膜环形缩窄手术。     

日间手术模式下腔内射频消融术与静脉剥脱导管主干剥脱术治疗大隐静脉曲张疗效比较

目的 比较日间手术模式下大隐静脉腔内射频消融术与静脉剥脱导管主干剥脱治疗大隐静脉曲张的安全性及有效性.方法 收集2020年2月至2021年1月大连市金州区第一人民医院收治的84例行日间手术的大隐静脉曲张患者的临床资料,根据手术方式的不同将患者分为射频组(n=44,采用大隐静脉主干射频消融术+小腿浅表静脉泡沫硬化+部分小...     

Morphology of the communicating veins of the lower 3d of the leg]

The communicating veins of the lower third of the leg are topographically constant communicating veins but variable as to their morphology and number. Their course shows topographically two parts, namely a superficial or subcutaneous one and a deep or subaponeurotic one. In their subaponeurotical course, the communicating veins change their morphological aspect and sometimes become very complex. These communicating veins show valves, and venous blood is directed towards the depth. They also receive collateral branches emanating from adjacent muscles. Two kinds of communicating veins can be distinguished, a direct and a mixed one. The direct communicating veins predominate on the internal side of the leg. These connect the venous system of the great saphenous vein with the posterior tibial veins. On the external side, the mixed communicating veins predominate. They link the venous system of the short saphenous vein with the peroneal veins. Their function is also studied.     

Case Report: Primäres venöses Aneurysma der medialen Mittelfussvene als seltene Differentialdiagnose zu Ganglien am Fuss

During the last years, the aneurysms of the superficial venous system become diagnosed more frequently because of the frequent use of vascular ultrasound. The main trunks of the great or small saphenous veins are mostly affected as a consequence of pathologic venous reflux and degenerative changes of the venous wall in patients with varicose veins. Superficial venous aneurysms of the upper extremities (cephalic and basilica veins) and neck (external jugular vein) were seen often. However, superficial venous aneurysms located on the dorsum of the foot are rare and there were only several case reports published in the literature about them. We present the case of a young woman with a primary aneurysm of the medial marginal vein of the foot.     

Surgical correction of recurrent venous ulcer

Seventy-six limbs from 46 patients with comparable superficial and deep venous valve incompetence underwent surgical correction for recurrent venous ulcers of the leg that were refractory to various modes of nonsurgical and surgical treatments. A follow-up of 10 to 73 months (mean = 37 months), revealed the venous ulcer healed with perforator ligation and saphenous vein stripping in 14 of 33 (44%), stripping plus valvuloplasty 17 of 21 (80%), stripping plus vein transposition 11 of 14 (78%) and stripping plus valve transplantation 6 of 8 (75%). In patients with incompetent deep venous valve and perforators, the disassociation of the superficial from the deep venous system (stripping) plus correction of the deep venous valvular incompetence (valvuloplasty, transposition or valve transplant) produced superior results in the treatment of recurrent venous ulcer when compared to perforator ligation and saphenous vein stripping alone (p less than 0.005). Adjunctive usage of elastic stockings and intermittent compression pneumatic boots in the perioperative period was helpful in controlling leg swelling and promoting wound healing.     

股浅静脉瓣膜环形缩窄术治疗原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全疗效评价

目的　评价股浅静脉瓣膜环形缩窄术治疗原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的疗效和应用价值。方法　 97例 (97侧肢体 )经静脉顺行造影证实为原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的患者分为A、B两组 ,A组 79例 ,B组 18例。A组行大隐静脉高位结扎剥脱术加交通支结扎术同时行股浅静脉瓣膜环形缩窄术 ,B组仅行大隐静脉高位结扎剥脱术加交通支结扎术。以CEAP临床分类与临床记分和顺行性下肢静脉造影评价疗效。结果　A、B两组术后临床记分均明显下降 (A组P <0 0 1;B组P <0 0 5 )。A组中C5～C6者手术效果较C2 ～C4者好 ;两组C2 ～C4者比较 ,A组手术效果优于B组。术后A组中 6 7侧患肢行顺行性下肢静脉造影 ,瓣膜功能恢复有效率为 83 5 8% (5 6 /6 7) ,显效率为 4 1 79% (2 8/6 7) ;B组 12侧患肢股浅静脉瓣膜功能恢复有效率为 33 33% ,两组有效率比较 ,有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　大隐静脉高位结扎加交通支结扎加股浅静脉瓣膜环形缩窄术 ,较大隐静脉高位结扎加交通支结扎术更有助于临床症状缓解和瓣膜形态功能的恢复。术前明确诊断为原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全患者 ,宜行股浅静脉瓣膜环形缩窄手术。     

瓣膜包窄术治疗原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全47例分析

目的　研究应用股浅静脉瓣膜包窄术治疗下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的临床效果 ,总结其手术体会。方法　自体阔筋膜片或人造血管片对 47例下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全患者施行股浅静脉第一对瓣膜包窄术。结果　 47例手术效果均满意 ,其症状完全或基本消失 ,近期随访无复发。结论　瓣膜包窄术治疗下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全具有较好的疗效和实用性     

小隐静脉-腓肠外侧神经蒂逆行皮瓣解剖及临床应用研究

目的 介绍小隐静脉-腓肠外侧神经蒂逆行皮瓣的应用解剖及临床应用经验。方法 取5具新鲜尸体（10侧下肢）分别沿髂外动脉插管，加压注入红色乳胶，观测小腿后外侧不同阶段小隐静脉、腓肠外侧神经滋养血管的来源及对相应部位皮肤的血供。临床设计小隐静脉-腓肠外侧神经蒂逆行皮瓣修复小腿下段、踝部及足跟创面9例。结果 小腿后外侧上、中、下1／3段分别由腓肠浅动脉、胫后动脉肌皮穿支、腓动脉肌间隙穿支所发出的血管滋养小隐静脉-腓肠外侧神经，形成了以神经、血管为中心的串状动脉网，与深筋膜层血管网及皮下血管网相互吻合。临床应用9个皮瓣（9例），完全成活，足跟及足外侧缘无感觉丧失区。结论 小隐静脉-腓肠外侧神经蒂逆行皮瓣血运丰富、成活可靠，是修复下肢皮肤、软组织缺损的有效方法。     

下肢深静脉功能不全诊治的实验和临床研究

目的研究治疗不同程度下肢原发性深静脉瓣膜功能不全的有效方法。方法①观察以自体大隐静脉片、自体阔筋膜片和人造血管片作深静脉瓣膜包窄术的效果;②分别采用股或静脉瓣修复加包窄术、股或（和）静脉瓣包窄术、股浅静脉瓣修复和包窄加静脉瓣包窄术、自体带瓣腋静脉段静脉移植外加人造血管环包术、股静脉瓣包窄加静脉外代瓣术、静脉外代瓣术,共治疗１２１例（１３３条患肢）;③以静脉插管造影和彩色多普勒超声检查作为诊断和评估疗效的观察指标。结果①以膨体聚四氟乙烯人造血管片作包窄材料的效果最好;②彩超检查与静脉造影比较准确率为９１８６％;③本组患者平均随访３７８年,治愈率９１７３％。结论治疗下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全,应根据病情选用不同的手术方法。     

Deep axial reflux, an important contributor to skin changes or ulcer in chronic venous disease

OBJECTIVE: We undertook this cross-sectional study to investigate the distribution of venous reflux and effect of axial reflux in superficial and deep veins and to determine the clinical value of quantifying peak reverse flow velocity and reflux time in limbs with chronic venous disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Four hundred one legs (127 with skin changes, 274 without skin changes) in 272 patients were examined with duplex ultrasound scanning, and peak reverse flow velocity and reflux time were measured. Both parameters were graded on a scale of 0 to 4. The sum of reverse flow scores was calculated from seven venous segments, three in superficial veins (great saphenous vein at saphenofemoral junction, great saphenous vein below knee, small saphenous vein) and four in deep veins (common femoral vein, femoral vein, deep femoral vein, popliteal vein). Axial reflux was defined as reflux in the great saphenous vein above and below the knee or in the femoral vein to the popliteal vein below the knee. Reflux parameters and presence or absence of axial reflux in superficial or deep veins were correlated with prevalence of skin changes or ulcer (CEAP class 4-6). RESULTS: The most common anatomic presentation was incompetence in all three systems (superficial, deep, perforator; 46%) or in superficial or perforator veins (28%). Isolated reflux in one system only was rare (15%; superficial, 28 legs; deep, 14 legs; perforator, 18 legs). Deep venous incompetence was present in 244 legs (61%). If common femoral vein reflux was excluded, prevalence of deep venous incompetence was 52%. The cause, according to findings at duplex ultrasound scanning, was primary in 302 legs (75%) and secondary in 99 legs (25%). Presence of axial deep venous reflux increased significantly with prevalence of skin changes or ulcer (C4-C6; odds ratio [OR], 2.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.56-4.67). Of 110 extremities with incompetent popliteal vein, 81 legs had even femoral vein reflux, with significantly more skin changes or ulcer, compared with 29 legs with popliteal reflux alone (P =.025). Legs with skin changes or ulcer had significantly higher total peak reverse flow velocity (P =.006), but the difference for total reflux time did not reach significance (P =.084) compared with legs without skin changes. In contrast, presence of axial reflux in superficial veins did not increase prevalence of skin changes (OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.44-1.2). Incompetent perforator veins were observed as often in patients with no skin changes (C0-C3, 215 of 274, 78%) as in patients with skin changes (C4-C6, 106 of 127, 83%; P =.25). CONCLUSION: Continuous axial deep venous reflux is a major contributor to increased prevalence of skin changes or ulcer in patients with chronic venous disease compared with segmental deep venous reflux above or below the knee only. The total peak reverse flow velocity score is significantly higher in patients with skin changes or ulcer. It is questionable whether peak reverse flow velocity and reflux time can be used to quantify venous reflux; however, if they are used, peak reverse flow velocity seems to reflect venous malfunction more appropriately.     

Venous valvular insufficiency: influence of a single venous valve (native and experimental)

This report evaluates the ability of a single competent (native or experimental) superficial femoral vein valve to correct canine hindlimb venous insufficiency. The time to maximal ankle venous pressure after standing (VFT) and to 90% of that time after exercise (VRT90), and the minimal pressure after exercise (AVP) were measured in 17 greyhounds before intervention, after only the superficial femoral vein valve remained (n = 5), and after complete lower limb venous valvulotomy (n = 17). Three weeks later, 12 dogs underwent a native (n = 4) or experimental (n = 8) autogenous venous valve transplantation. Immediately and at 3 weeks after transplantation, venous pressure measurements were obtained. The manual strip test confirmed valve competence at the time of sacrifice. Only one valve transplant became incompetent. Immediately after single superficial femoral vein valve construction, VFT, AVP, and VRT90 measurements were not significantly different from normal. Three weeks after transplantation the AVP measurements were consistent with an insufficient venous system, whereas the VRT90 measurements were between and statistically different from both the control and totally incompetent system (p less than 0.05). After the native valve but not the experimental valve transplantations VFT normalized. These data suggest that insertion of a single competent superficial femoral vein valve into an incompetent lower limb venous system corrects venous pressure measurements initially but soon provides only a partially competent system. The experimental valve, although competent, is less responsive than a native valve.     

New discoveries in anatomy and new terminology of leg veins: clinical implications

Advances in diagnosis and in endovascular and surgical treatments of both acute and chronic venous diseases have focused attention on several, previously clinically less important, details of venous anatomy. The time has come to standardize venous nomenclature so that general practitioners and specialists in the United States and abroad speak the same language. There is a need to adopt a universal terminology for the saphenous veins, to avoid the myriad of eponyms of perforators and, most importantly, to omit once and for all, the term "superficial" femoral vein when talking about a deep vein of the thigh. New anatomic names, such as the saphenous fascia and saphenous subcompartment, have to gain better recognition. To achieve the desired consensus on venous nomenclature, an international meeting was held in Rome, Italy, in 2001, under the auspices of the International Union of Phlebology. In this review on venous anatomy, we describe the most important previously published clinical recommendations from this conference, and suggest modifications based on their clinical experience using the new terminology.     

下肢深静脉功能不全的检测与修复材料选择的研究

目的寻找下肢深静脉瓣膜包窄术最佳环包材料,了解彩色超声多普勒对深静脉瓣膜功能不全的诊断价值和月国静脉瓣膜功能。方法观察以自体大隐静脉片、自体阔筋膜和人造血管片作深静脉瓣膜包窄术的效果;彩色超声多普勒与经月国静脉插管造影结果对比;月国静脉瓣膜血液动力学检查。结果自体阔筋膜和大隐静脉片逐渐挛缩呈纤维化瘢痕增生,而人造血管的形态和结构无明显变化;彩色超声多普勒与经月国静脉插管造影检测下肢深静脉功能比较,前者与后者的符合率为９１．８６％;屏气时股、月国静脉瓣膜同时关闭,小腿三头肌收缩时月国静脉瓣膜开放程度明显大于股静脉瓣膜。结论以人造血管作环包材料效果最好;彩色超声多普勒以其无创性成为重要的检测手段;月国静脉瓣膜是保护小腿深静脉功能的最后屏障     

Autologous great saphenous vein tailored graft to replace an infected prosthetic graft in the groin

The authors propose a technique using the autologous great saphenous vein to replace an infected prosthetic limb graft at the groin. The whole great saphenous vein is incised longitudinally and divided into 2 approximately equal segments, which are sewn side to side. The longitudinal edges of the resulting great saphenous vein are then joined and anastomosed side to side to form a conduit, whose caliber is twice the original vein's diameter. The authors have used this technique to replace 1 limb of a prosthetic aortofemoral bypass infected at the groin. After 5 years, the new venous conduit is patent, with no recurrent infection, dilation, or aneurysmal degeneration. If validated by further experiences, this might be an attractive alternative to restoring flow through clean tissue planes using extra-anatomic bypass or the femoral vein in the infected fields.     

Accessory and great saphenous veins as coronary artery bypass conduits

Anatomic, histologic and ultrasound studies demonstrate two distinct types of longitudinal veins in the lower extremities. The great saphenous vein is deep to the saphenous fascia. Accessory saphenous veins are superficial to this layer, have thin walls with diminished muscle cells and elastic fibers. Vein characteristics may affect long-term graft patency. This study assesses the incidence of accessory saphenous veins in various patient groups and evaluates issues related to their use as coronary conduits. Ultrasound imaging assessed great and accessory saphenous veins in 476 normal limbs, in 42 patients post-saphenous vein harvesting and in 75 patients undergoing coronary revascularization. Accessory saphenous veins are found in 67% of normal subjects. Intraoperative ultrasound identifies accessory saphenous veins in 54% of limbs, most in the proximal calf where 42% of all accessory vein segments are located. Great saphenous vein segments are more common in males while accessory veins are more common in females. In 54 limbs following saphenectomy, patent great saphenous vein segments are demonstrated in 20%, adjacent to incision sites, indicating use of accessory saphenous veins in these patients. Ultrasound studies at two medical centers document the common occurrence of accessory saphenous veins. Additional studies are required to determine the efficacy of utilizing accessory saphenous vein segments for coronary artery bypass conduits.     

The femoral triangle and superficial veins of the leg

The femoral triangle is important in puncture and exposure of the femoral artery, block dissection of the groin lymph nodes and surgery of the great saphenous vein at its termination. The great (long) saphenous vein passes upwards from in front of the medial malleolus to a hand’s breadth behind the patella to pierce the deep fascia at the groin to enter the common femoral vein. The landmark for this is one finger’s breadth medial to the femoral pulse, which is located halfway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic symphysis. The small (short) saphenous vein commences behind the lateral malleolus and ascends behind the calf to enter the popliteal vein at the popliteal fossa. Both veins have numerous tributaries and perforators, guarded by valves, which join the deep veins. The great saphenous vein relates to the saphenous nerve, the small vein relates to the sural nerve and both may be injured in vein surgery.