GFP和RFP报道基因在人体不同细胞中转导率的比较研究

目的 比较慢病毒载体介导的绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）和红色荧光蛋白（RFP）报道基因在人体不同细胞中的转导率,为再生医学和组织工程学研究中报道基因的选择提供依据.方法 将构建的GFP和RFP慢病毒载体分别转染人骨髓间充质干细胞（hMSC）、人脐静脉内皮细胞株（Eahy926）和人肺泡上皮细胞株（A549）.4d后,用流式细胞仪检测GFP和RFP的转导率,并利用激光共聚焦显微镜观察GFP和RFP的表达特征.结果 GFP和RFP在hMSC、Eahy926和A549三种细胞间的转导率均有显著性差异（P﹤0.01）;在hMSC或Eahy926或A549的同种细胞中GFP和RFP的转导率也有显著性差异（P﹤0.01）;RFP在部分Eahy926和A549细胞局部高表达.结论 慢病毒载体介导的GFP和RFP报道基因在人体不同细胞中的转导率明显不同.     

Quantitative proteomic profiling of breast cancers using a multiplexed microfluidic platform for immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry

This paper describes a multiplexed microfluidic immunohistochemistry (IHC)/immunocytochemistry (ICC) platform for quantitative proteomic profiling in breast cancer samples. Proteomic profiling via ICC was examined for four breast cancer cell lines (AU-565, HCC70, MCF-7, and SK-BR-3). The microfluidic device enabled 20 ICC assays on a biological specimen at the same time and a 16-fold decrease in time consumption, and could be used to quantitatively compare the expression level of each biomarker. The immunohistochemical staining from the microfluidic system showed an accurate localization of protein and comparable quality to that of the conventional IHC method. Although AU-565 and SK-BR-3 cell lines were classified by luminal subtype and adenocarcinomas and were derived from the same patient, weak p63 expression was seen only in SK-BR-3. The HCC70 cell line showed a triple-negative (estrogen receptor-negative/progesterone receptor-negative/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative) phenotype and showed only cytokeratin 5 expression, a representative basal/myoepithelial cell marker. To demonstrate the applicability of the system to clinical samples for proteomic profiling, we were also able to apply this platform to human breast cancer tissue. This result indicates that the microfluidic IHC/ICC platform is useful for accurate histopathological diagnoses using numerous specific biomarkers simultaneously, facilitating the individualization of cancer therapy.     

稳定表达ALB启动子及荧光素酶报告基因的肝干细胞株的构建

目的 构建稳定表达ALB启动子及荧光素酶报告基因的肝干细胞株.方法 PCR扩增获得ALB启动子,并与pBGLuc连接获得携带ALB启动子及荧光素酶报告基因的pBGLuc-ALB质粒,脂质体转染质粒到不同细胞,ALB-GLuc活性检测功能.构建逆转录病毒,感染HP14.5肝干细胞株获得携带ALB启动子及荧光素酶报告基因的稳定细胞株,经Dex、HGF体外诱导后第3、6、9、12天ALB-GLuc检测荧光素酶活性,免疫荧光检测ALB的表达.结果 PCR、酶切及测序结果显示ALB启动子正确插入至荧光素酶GLuc基因上游,HEK293、HP14.5、LC14d及Hepa1-6细胞中ALB-GLuc活性与免疫荧光结果一致.HP14.5 ALB-Gluc稳定细胞株在高浓度的稻瘟菌素中存活,免疫荧光结果显示Dex、HGF诱导后细胞中ALB的表达逐渐增强,并与ALB-Gluc活性升高一致.结论 成功构建了稳定表达ALB启动子及荧光素酶报告基因的肝干细胞株,为研究肝干细胞的体外成熟分化提供了重要的细胞手段.     

人心肌肌球蛋白轻链基因启动子驱动的GFP和Luc报告基因在人心肌细胞系中的表达

目的:构建人肌球蛋白2v基因启动子(pMLC2v)驱动的绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)和萤光素酶(Luc)报告基因慢病毒载体并观察其在人心肌细胞系(HCM)和人肺癌细胞株A549中的整合表达特征。方法:应用去毒化的人类I型免疫缺陷病毒和pMLC2v-GFP或pMLC2v-Luc报告基因构建慢病毒示踪载体,转染HCM和A549细胞,激光共聚焦显微镜及生物发光检测仪观察2种报告基因在不同细胞生长进程中的表达特征。非特异性启动子驱动的GFP(GFP_C)和红色荧光蛋白(RFP_C)报告基因作为对照。结果:2种细胞转染GFP_C和RFP_C后第3 d,都表达GFP和RFP;而HCM只在转染pMLC2v-GFP和pMLC2v-Luc 21 d后表达GFP和Luc,A549细胞不表达。结论:pMLC2v主要在培养21 d后新增殖的人心肌细胞中驱动GFP和Luc报告基因表达,这为监测干细胞向心肌细胞的分化进程提供了可靠的病理及活体示踪工具。     

Establishment of a GFP-based indicator cell line to quantitate feline foamy virus

To quantitate infectious feline foamy virus (FeFV), Crandell feline kidney (CRFK) cells were transfected with the gfp gene under the control of the FeFV long terminal repeat (LTR) for establishing an indicator cell line named FFG cells. The FeFV activates promoter activity of the LTR to express green fluorescent protein (GFP) upon infection. The titers determined by GFP-positive FFG cells (GFP-based assay) were higher than those determined by the cytopathic effects-positive CRFK cells (CPE-based assay). The titers determined by the GFP-based assay reached a plateau at 3-4 days post infection (d.p.i.), while those by the CPE-based assay reached 6-8 d.p.i. When stock viruses of various FeFV strains were titrated by both assays, titers determined by both assays correlated well with each other. The results show that the GFP-based assay is simpler and more rapid and sensitive than the CPE-based assay. Using the GFP-based assay, we examined the in vitro host range of FeFV. It was found that FeFV can productively infect various cell lines derived from cats, dogs, chickens, a human and a bat.     

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase fails to induce a mutator phenotype in the human pre-B cell line Nalm-6

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) plays a key role in the induction of somatic hypermutation and class switching at the immunoglobulin loci of B lymphocytes. AID overexpression can induce a mutator phenotype in lymphoid and nonlymphoid cell lines, suggesting that AID by itself is sufficient to trigger hypermutation and class switching. AID expression in vivo is considered to be restricted to germinal center B lymphocytes, yet AID expression is also seen in many B cell lymphomas, hinting at a potential role for the development of these malignancies. We used a GFP-based reversion assay to efficiently evaluate the activation of mutator phenotypes. As expected, AID overexpression in the human Burkitt lymphoma cell line BL70 caused hypermutation. Surprisingly, AID overexpression in the human pre-B cell line Nalm-6 failed to induce a detectable mutator phenotype, indicating that Nalm-6 cells are probably lacking an essential factor(s) to confer AID-induced mutagenesis. This finding supports the concept that AID overexpression by itself must not automatically lead to the onset of a mutator phenotype. In addition, treating Nalm-6 transfectants with thymidine, a potential mutagenic drug, caused profound mutation rates on the GFP transgene. Thus, the GFP-based mutation assay might prove a powerful tool to study protein- and chemical-induced mutator phenotypes in cell lines.     

Isolation and transplantation of dopaminergic neurons generated from mouse embryonic stem cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells differentiate into dopamine (DA)-producing neurons when co-cultured with PA6 stromal cells, but the resulting cultures contain a variety of unidentified cells. In order to label live DA neurons in mixed populations, we introduced a GFP reporter under the control of the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene promoter into ES cells. GFP expression was observed in TH-immunoreactive cells that differentiated from the ES cells that carried the TH-GFP reporter gene. DA neurons expressing GFP were sorted from the mixed cell population by fluorescence-activated cell sorting of cells exhibiting GFP fluorescence, and the sorted GFP(+) cells obtained were transplanted into a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Some of these cells survived and innervated the host striatum, resulting in a partial recovery from parkinsonian behavioral defects. This strategy of isolation and transplantation of ES-cell-derived DA neurons should be useful for cellular and molecular studies of DA neurons and for clinical application in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.     

HER2启动子在卵巢癌细胞系中控制报告基因特异性表达

目的 构建一种能在卵巢癌肿瘤组织中进行肿瘤特异性表达的逆转录病毒载体,增强肿瘤基因治疗的靶向性。方法 ＰＣＲ法获得ＨＥＲ２基因的启动子片段并将其克隆至逆转录病毒载体Ｐ＾ＬＸＳＮ中,再将突变型绿色荧光蛋白（ｍｔＧＦＰ）基因克隆至该启动子下游,将此载体转染ＳＫ－ＯＶ３细胞和ＭＣＦ－７细胞。结果 转染３天后可见部分ＳＫ－ＯＶ３细胞呈现绿色荧光,而ＭＣＦ－７中无此现象。结论 ＨＥＲ－２基因启动子可控制报告     

Development and validation of a novel reporter assay for human papillomavirus type 16 late gene expression

To facilitate the investigations of HPV-16 late gene expression HPV-16 reporter plasmids were generated using previously described sub-genomic HPV-16 plasmids, named pBEL and pBELM, that, similar to the full viral genome, produce primarily HPV-16 early mRNAs and very little, if any, late mRNAs in cervical cancer cells. The HPV-16 late L1 gene was replaced by the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene, or green fluorescent protein (GFP), preceded by the poliovirus internal ribosome entry site (IRES). Results show that the reporter genes mimic the expression of L1 from these plasmids. For example, overexpression of adenovirus E4orf4 protein (E4orf4), polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB), arginine/serine-rich SRp30c protein (SRp30c) or alternative splicing factor/splicing factor 2 (ASF/SF2) induced an increased expression of CAT or GFP. Stable cell lines with reporter plasmids pBELCAT and pBELMCAT were also generated. An induction of CAT was observed in HPV-16 reporter cell lines in the presence of the small molecule phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (TPA). Further experiments identified the TPA-inducible, hnRNP A2/B1 protein as a regulator of HPV-16 late gene expression. In conclusion, the HPV-16 reporter plasmids and reporter cell lines described herein can be used to identify small molecules and cellular factors that regulate HPV-16 gene expression.     

血管紧张素Ⅱ对人内皮细胞转录因子NF－kB的激活机制及其对血小板源生长因子B链基因转录的影响

目的：研究血管紧张素Ⅱ对ECV304细胞中转录因子NF－kB的作用和对血小板源生长因子B链（PDGF－B）基因表达的影响。方法：采用电泳迁移率移动分析（EMSA）,免疫组织化学方法,共聚焦显微镜及金颗粒标记免疫电镜技术;荧光素酶报告基因与变异型激酶质粒共转染的方法及Northern印迹法研究血管紧张素Ⅱ激活ECV304细胞NK－kB的信号传递路径和检测了血管紧张素Ⅱ刺激前后ECV304细胞PGF－BmRNA的表达水平。结果：血管紧张素Ⅱ刺激后,在ECV304细胞内有NK－kB的激活及核易位过程,应用免疫荧光聚集显微镜,免疫镜及Northern印迹等方法均可观察到PDGF－B或其基因表达增高。变异型激酶质粒IKKa-KM,IKKβ－KM及NIK－Km可抑制经血管紧张素Ⅱ刺激的转染细胞内与NF－kB启动相连的荧光素酶的表达。结论：血管紧张素Ⅱ可激活胞质内NK－kB并出现核易位,激酶NIK、IKKα和IKKβ参与了此信号传递路径,血管紧张素Ⅱ刺激后PDGF－B链mRNA水平增高。     

Ku70基因导入人肺癌细胞后的表达及意义

目的;研究ＫＵ７０基因导入人肺癌细胞（ＬＣＡ）后的表达及意义。方法：构建重组的正义和反义ＫＵ７０基因表达质粒载体分别导入ＬＣＡ细胞。结果：用Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ印迹杂交法证明ＫＵ７０正义、反义基因均可在ＬＣＡ的ｍＲＡＮ中得到表达,用Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ－ｂｌｏｔｈｉｎｇ法去证明细胞中只有导入正义ＫＵ７０基因的蛋白表达,而导入反义Ｋ原人肺癌细胞,无正义ＫＵ蛋白表达,结论：正义ＫＵ７０基因的表达可以调节ＤＮＡ的     

A promoter element of the human serine esterase granzyme B gene controls specific transcription in activated T cells

The human granzyme B gene encodes a serine protease expressed specifically in cytoplasmic granules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, released upon effector-target cell interaction. Previous studies have shown that granzyme B mRNA was induced in T lymphocytes after antigenic or mitogenic stimulation. To study the regulation of human granzyme B gene expression during lymphocyte activation we analyzed its 5′ flanking region using chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) reporter gene constructs. We show that a 208-bp fragment (-148 to +60) containing an NF-AT (nuclear factor of activated T cells)-binding site promotes CAT expression in phytohemagglutinin-activated T lymphocytes, in immobilized monoclonal anti-CD3 antibody-activated Jurkat T cell line while it is inactive in unstimulated PEER and Jurkat T cells lines or B Epstein-Barr virus-transformed cell lines.     

Pineal-specific expression of green fluorescent protein under the control of the serotonin-N-acetyltransferase gene regulatory regions in transgenic zebrafish.

Zebrafish serotonin-N-acetyltransferase-2 (zfAANAT-2) mRNA is exclusively expressed in the pineal gland (epiphysis) at the embryonic stage. Here, we have initiated an effort to study the mechanisms underlying tissue-specific expression of this gene. DNA constructs were prepared in which green fluorescent protein (GFP) is driven by regulatory regions of the zfAANAT-2 gene. In vivo transient expression analysis in zebrafish embryos indicated that in addition to the 5'-flanking region, a regulatory sequence in the 3'-flanking region is required for pineal-specific expression. This finding led to an effort to produce transgenic lines expressing GFP under the control of the 5' and 3' regulatory regions of the zfAANAT-2 gene. Embryos transiently expressing GFP were raised to maturity and tested for germ cell transmission of the transgene. Three transgenic lines were produced in which GFP fluorescence in the pineal was detected starting 1 to 2 days after fertilization. One line was crossed with mindbomb and floating head mutants that cause abnormal development of the pineal and an elevation or reduction of zfAANAT-2 mRNA levels, respectively. Homozygous mutant transgenic embryos exhibited similar effects on GFP expression in the pineal gland. These observations indicate that the transgenic lines described here will be useful in studying the development of the pineal gland and the mechanisms that determine pineal-specific gene expression in the zebrafish. Published 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Quantification of HIV-based lentiviral vectors: influence of several cell type parameters on vector infectivity

A human immunodeficiency virus type (HIV-1)-based lentiviral vector pseudotyped with the vesicular stomatitis virus envelope glycoprotein and encoding the GFP reporter gene was used to evaluate different methods of lentiviral vector titration. GFP expression, viral DNA quantification and the efficiency of vector DNA integration were assayed after infection of conventional HIV-1-permissive cell lines and human primary adult fibroblasts with the vector. We found that vector titers based on GFP expression determined by flow cytometry may vary by more than 50-fold depending on the cell type and the promoter-cell combination used. Interestingly, we observed that the viral integration process in primary HDFa cells was significantly more efficient compared to that in SupT1 or 293T cells. We propose that determination of the amount of integrated viral DNA by quantitative PCR be used in combination with the reporter gene expression assay.     

Rapid diagnosis and quantification of herpes simplex virus with a green fluorescent protein reporter system

A genetically modified cell line (Vero–ICP10-EGFP) was constructed for detection of herpes simplex virus (HSV) by a simple, rapid and direct method. The cell line was developed by stable transfection of Vero cell with a plasmid encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP) driven by the promoter of the HSV-2 ICP10 gene. As early as 6 h after infection with HSV, fluorescence-emitting cells can be observed under a fluorescence microscope. A single infected cell emitting fluorescence can be observed with soft agar overlay by inverted fluorescence microscopy. No induction of detectable fluorescence was seen following infections with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), varicella zoster virus (VZV), coxsackievirus A16 and enterovirus 71. Analysis by flow cytometry also demonstrated that intensity of the triggered fluorescence is proportional to the titer of HSV inoculated. Taken together, this novel GFP reporter system could become a useful means for rapid detection and quantification of HSV in clinical specimens.