EB病毒感染相关性皮肤淋巴瘤

Epstein-BarrVirus（EBV）正常成年人群感染率达95%以上,其可以感染B细胞、T细胞、NK细胞以及上皮细胞,分为潜伏感染和增殖感染。EBV相关性皮肤病有NK/T细胞淋巴瘤,皮下脂膜炎样T细胞淋巴瘤,慢性活动性EB病毒感染,种痘样水疱病,种痘样皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤,蚊虫叮咬过敏症,传染性单核细胞增多症等,特别是鼻/鼻型结外NK/T细胞淋巴瘤、皮下脂膜炎样T细胞淋巴瘤和种痘样皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤较为严重,治疗效果不佳,死亡率高。     

种痘样水疱病样EB病毒感染相关淋巴细胞增生性疾病1例

种痘样水疱病样EB病毒感染相关淋巴细胞增生性疾病是一种罕见的皮肤病,与EB病毒感染相关,皮疹类似种痘样水疱病（hydroa vacciniforme,HV）,但系统症状较重,预后与HV不同,也极易与皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤混淆,现将我们遇到的1例报道如下。     

1例种痘水疱病样皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤患者的护理

<正>种痘水疱病样皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤(hydroa vacciniforme-like cutaneous T cell lymphoma)是近年来发现的一种少见的皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤,儿童多见。皮损部位以颜面和四肢皮肤曝光部位为主[1],也可累及躯干和臀部等非曝光部位,目前暂定为结外NK/T细胞淋巴瘤[2]。皮损呈多型性,可表现为水肿性红斑、水疱、溃疡和残毁性疤痕。可伴有发热、淋     

种痘样水疱病样T细胞淋巴瘤伴发原发性皮肤CD30阳性大细胞淋巴瘤1例

患者女,17岁。全身反复起丘疹、水疱、坏死、凹陷状瘢痕伴瘙痒、发热15年,四肢起肿块2年。血清抗EBV-IgM(-),抗EBV-IgG(+)。肿块处皮损组织病理示真皮中下层和皮下组织见弥漫性致密的瘤细胞浸润,细胞核呈间变性;免疫组化示CD3(+),浸润的大细胞CD30(+),CD43(+),80%浸润细胞Ki-67(+)。水疱处皮损组织病理示表皮网状变性及多个水疱,真皮和皮下组织可见血管和附属器周围以淋巴细胞为主的、伴少量嗜酸粒细胞浸润,部分浸润细胞呈明显异形性;免疫组化示CD3(+),CD30(-),CD43(+),Ki-67(+)。诊断:种痘样水疱病样T细胞淋巴瘤伴发原发性皮肤CD30阳性大细胞淋巴瘤。确诊后建议患者转肿瘤科化疗,随访中。     

种痘样水疱病样皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤

种痘样水疱病样皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤是近年来被逐渐认识到的一种与EB病毒相关的少见淋巴瘤,多见于儿童和青少年,主要累及面部和四肢,表现为丘疹、丘疱疹和水疱,随后出现坏死、溃疡、结痂,最后留下痘疮样瘢痕.本病临床表现独特,确诊主要依靠组织病理检查及免疫组化.目前尚无统一有效的治疗方案,报道的多数病例采用化疗,但疗效不一.     

种痘水疱病样皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤

报告1例长期复发的种痘水疱病样皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤.患者女,47岁.从2岁开始反复发作水肿性红斑、水疱、坏死及痘疮样萎缩性瘢痕形成,冬轻夏重,主要累及面部和四肢.组织病理示真皮层内可见较多淋巴样细胞灶状和散在浸润,可见核分裂象.免疫组化检测显示淋巴样细胞CD2、CD3、CD4、CD5阳性,CD7、CD8少数细胞阳性,CD2...     

种痘水疱病样皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤1例

患儿女,5岁。面部、手背反复发作红斑、水疱4年,皮疹消退后遗留下痘疮样萎缩性瘢痕。血清抗EBVIgG(+)、EBV IgM(-)。皮损组织病理示:真皮全层及皮下脂肪弥漫性淋巴细胞浸润,伴少量嗜酸性粒细胞,可见核分裂象。免疫组化示LCA(+)、UCHL1(+)、CD3(+)、CD5(+)、CD10(+)、CD99(弱+)。基因重排检测示:TCR-γ基因JVI(+)、JVII(弱+)。诊断:种痘水疱病样皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤。明确诊断后转至本院血液科,予CHOP方案化疗,现随访中。     

种痘样水疱病样EB病毒感染相关淋巴细胞增生性疾病的诊断与治疗2例

目的根据2例种痘样水疱病样EB病毒感染相关淋巴细胞增生性疾病患者的临床表现、治疗及转归,探讨该病的诊断和治疗。方法分析2例患者的临床资料、实验室检查、治疗及转归。结果 2例均为幼年发病,皮损开始出现在暴露部位,反复发作,数月或数年后进展至非暴露部位且伴有发热等全身症状,严重者出现肝功能异常及嗜血现象。皮损组织病理示真皮内致密淋巴样细胞浸润至脂肪层,侵犯血管,可见部分中等大小不典型异形淋巴细胞;免疫组化示浸润细胞以CD4+T细胞为主;皮损中EB病毒(Epstein-Barrvirus,EBV)原位杂交阳性,血清中EBV抗体阳性。结论该病与EB病毒感染有关,糖皮质激素联合静脉丙种球蛋白即可控制症状,尚无必要按"淋巴瘤"治疗,但需长期随访。     

种痘水疱病样皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤3例及文献复习

目的归纳、分析种痘水疱病样皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤患者的临床、组织病理特点及治疗和预后,以提高临床医生对该病的诊治水平。方法分析3例患者的皮疹特点、伴发症状、辅助检查、组织病理、治疗及预后等临床资料,并复习相关文献。结果患者2男1女,发病年龄最早3岁,最晚10岁。皮损具有多形性,发作时伴高热、淋巴结及肝脾肿大。组织病理可见真皮至皮下脂肪层内的异型性淋巴样细胞围绕血管浸润,有明显的侵犯血管壁和脂肪小叶现象,伴有较多的EOS浸润;免疫组化示肿瘤细胞表达CD8,CD45RO,CD43,而不表达CD20,CD30,CD56。皮损组织基因重排检查TCR-γ(+)。Epstein-Barr病毒原位杂交(+)。外周血EOS明显升高,LDH酶稍高,EB病毒抗体(+)。例1行化疗,后死亡;例2给予强的松口服,例3接受防蚊子叮咬及抗病毒治疗,均长期缓解。结论种痘水疱病样皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤是一种新的恶性多系统疾病,发病可能与EBV感染以及蚊子叮咬有关。不同的患者恶性程度不一,治疗及预后亦不同。     

非典型种痘样水疱病1例

患者女,16岁。面、上胸部、腰部、上臂、股及双手足背出现红斑、丘疹、丘疱疹、坏死、结痂和痘疮样瘢痕伴痒痛7年余,日晒后加重。皮损组织病理示:表皮增生,局部变性坏死,真皮乳头水肿,真皮内毛细血管周围慢性炎细胞浸润,局部脂肪小叶内可见慢性炎细胞浸润,以淋巴细胞浸润为主;皮损组织EBER原位杂交(+)。免疫组化示:单一核细胞CD3,CD8,CD45RO,CD5,粒酶B均(+),CD4,CD20,CD56均(-);Ki-67(+,15%)。诊断:非典型种痘样水疱病。     

Immunophenotypic shift of CD4 and CD8 antigen expression in primary cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas: a clinicopathologic study of three cases

Primary cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas (CTCL) comprise a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with diverse clinical behavior. Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most common type of CTCL. Immunophenotypical shift during progression of the disease is a rare event and its significance is unknown. We present three primary CTCL cases that showed an immunophenotypical shift and poor prognosis. Conventional hematoxylin/eosin and immunohistochemical‐stained sections were examined in all the cases. Molecular analysis for rearrangement of the T‐cell receptor (TCR) gene was performed in two cases. One case was classified as MF, while the other two lacked epidermotropism, and were considered primary cutaneous peripheral T‐cell lymphoma (PTCL), NOS. Two cases were CD3+/CD4+ and one case was CD3+/CD8+ at diagnosis. The first two patients suffered many relapses and eventually, new CTCL lesions with a CD3+/CD8+ phenotype were observed. Both cases revealed identical clonal TCR rearrangements on the initial and late lesions, supporting the interpretation of a single clonal proliferation with different phenotypes. The third case progressed with skin recurrences and pulmonary lesions with a predominant CD3+/CD4+/CD8? phenotype. All cases manifested poor prognosis and two patients died of lymphoma. Immunophenotypical shift between CD4 and CD8 in CTCL seems to be a rare phenomenon that may be associated with disease progression.     

种痘水疱病样皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤1例及文献复习

目的 报告1例种痘水疱病样皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤（HV-like CTCL）患者并复习该病临床、组织病理、分子生物学及治疗和预后特点,以提高临床医生对该病的诊治水平.方法 分析1例HV-like CTCL患者的临床病理、实验室检查及治疗预后特点,并复习近年国内外相关文献.结果 该患者表现为全身丘疹、丘疱疹、坏死、溃疡、结痂和痘疮样瘢痕等多形性皮疹,并伴有浅表淋巴结肿大.组织病理示真皮全层及脂肪小叶间隔密集的淋巴细胞浸润,细胞有异型性;免疫组化示肿瘤细胞表达CD2、CD3、CD8、TIAI、GramB,CD20,CD30,CD56阴性.皮损基因重排示TCR-δ（＋）.原位杂交检测Epstein-Barr（EB）病毒（＋）.患者经干扰素治疗病情缓解.结论 HV-like CTCL临床表现特殊,主要依靠组织病理及分子生物学手段确诊.目前该病没有统一的治疗方案,其预后与患病年龄、发病诱因（如血液EB病毒滴度、亚型和基因变异）及治疗等多种因素相关.     

多梳基因家族蛋白在常见皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤及淋巴组织增殖性疾病中的表达

【摘要】 目的 探讨表观遗传抑制因子PcG家族成员果蝇zeste基因增强子的人类同源物1/2（EZH1/EZH2）、胚胎外胚层发育蛋白（EED）及胚胎干细胞抑制蛋白（SUZ12）在常见皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤及淋巴组织增殖性疾病（CTCL/ LPD）中的表达。方法 收集2012—2019年于中国医学科学院皮肤病医院确诊的93例CTCL/LPD及8例扁平苔藓皮损石蜡标本，行免疫组化染色，观察EZH2、EED、SUZ12及EZH1蛋白表达。采用SPSS 25.0软件进行卡方检验及Spearman相关分析。结果 93例中包括44例蕈样肉芽肿（MF）、17例NK/T细胞淋巴瘤（NK/TCL）及原发性皮肤间变大细胞淋巴瘤（PC?ALCL）、淋巴瘤样丘疹病（LyP）、种痘水疱病样淋巴组织增殖性疾病（HV?like LPD）及皮下脂膜炎样T细胞淋巴瘤（SPTCL） 各8例。93例CTCL/LPD中83例（89.2%）EZH2、81例（87.1%）EED、78例（83.9%）SUZ12、37例（39.8%）EZH1阳性；8例扁平苔藓中1例EZH2、8例EZH1阳性，EED、SUZ12全阴性。CTCL/LPD与扁平苔藓4种蛋白的表达分级差异均有统计学意义（χ2分别为41.75、39.74、39.36及32.83，均P < 0.001），且MF、NK/TCL、PC?ALCL、LyP、HV?like LPD及SPTCL与扁平苔藓的表达差异亦均有统计学意义（α = 0.008 3，均P < 0.001）。同时，EZH2与EZH1的表达评分在MF、NK/TCL、PC?ALCL、LyP、HV?like LPD及SPTCL中均呈负相关（rs分别为-0.60、-0.68、-0.89、-0.74、-0.93、-0.80，均P < 0.05）。结论 PcG家族成员EZH2、EED、SUZ12及EZH1在CTCL/LPD中表达异常。     

Polyclonal expansion of T cells with the TCR V beta type of the tumour cell in lesions of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: evidence for possible superantigen involvement

The involvement of superantigens in the pathology of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL) has been suggested before, but without unequivocal evidence for superantigen activity in the patients. Seeking evidence for superantigen activity we analysed clones and microdissected single cells isolated from the epidermis of early-stage lesions of a CTCL patient for their T-cell receptor (TCR) V beta expression and TCR V gamma gene rearrangements. The vast majority of these T cells expressed the TCR V beta family type of the tumour. From their TCR gamma gene rearrangements, however, these cells were polyclonal. The tumour cell clone accounted for about 60% of these cells, about 40% were of heterogeneous origin. This dominance of a single V beta family in the polyclonally expanded dermal T-cell populations implies superantigen activity in the CTCL lesions.     

Vakzinationstherapie kutaner T‐Zell‐Lymphome

Summary: Primary cutaneous T cell lymphomas (CTCL) are defined as clonal proliferation of skin‐infiltrating T lymphocytes. Despite their heterogeneity, CTCL are generally incurable, which lead to the development of various treatment strategies including vaccination. Here, the attempts to vaccinate against lymphoma will be reviewed with special emphasis on CTCL. Since an universal tumour antigen is not available so far, different targets, including whole tumour cells, idiotypes, cancer/testis antigens, proteins derived from tumour‐associated mutations, and mimotopes, have been investigated for their applicability in CTCL vaccination. The antigenic information can be delivered in different ways. So far, tumour cells fused to dendritic cells, idiotypic proteins/peptides and DNA/RNA preparations have been applied in lymphoma. Since most targets are weak immunogens, adjuvants and other helpers, including dendritic cells, immunogenic peptides and oligonucleotides, cytokines, and viral vectors, are required to enable proper presentation of the antigens and sufficient activation of the immune system. Although first data from CTCL patients prove the suitability of vaccination in CTCL therapy, the number of available antigens, carriers, adjuvants and application schemes creates a multitude of vaccine formulations and identification of the best‐suited approach difficult. Furthermore, the relationship between lymphoma and the host immune system is complex and still not completely understood. In consequence, CTCL vaccination requires a lot of research to be done before its breakthrough.     

Low Expression of Adhesion Molecules in a Case of Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma

A case of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) with low expression of the adhesion molecules lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) is described. The patient was a 90-year-old man with red round homogeneous tumors on his scalp, trunk, and extremities. He had no history of definite erythema or plaque stage. A biopsy sample taken from a tumor revealed massive infiltration of atypical lymphocytes in the reticular dermis and subcutis with a definite clear zone. The atypical lymphocytes were medium-sized with slightly convoluted nuclei. Immunohistochemically, the infiltrates showed the phenotype of so-called memory T cells. On the basis of these features, the case was diagnosed as CTCL. Expression of LFA-1, ICAM-1 and VLA-4 on the infiltrates was 9%, 13% and 11%, respectively, which is much lower than that in classic mycosis fungoides. This finding suggests that loss of these adhesion molecules may contribute to loss of epidermotropism in the advanced stage of CTCL.     

Extracorporeal photochemotherapy for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: a 9.7-year experience

Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is an indolent lymphoma usually of CD4+ T lymphocytes in which the aggressive treatment for the advanced stages does not increase survival. Photopheresis has been established as an alternative modality for the therapy of erythrodermic CTCL and reportedly improves survival in patients with advanced stages of the disease. The objective of this study is to review the experience of treating patients with erythrodermic CTCL with extracorporeal photochemotherapy (ECP) at the New York Veteran Affairs Medical Center/NYU Medical Center between September 1987 and April 1997. Forty-one patients with erythrodermic CTCL (stages III and IV) received photopheresis; 25 of them fulfilled the inclusion criterion, i.e., the completion of greater than or equal to 6 cycles of photopheresis. Skin score was defined as a product of severity and percentage of involved surface area. Complete clinical response was defined as disappearance of measurable disease for at least one month, and partial response was defined as greater than or equal to 50% clearance of measurable disease for at least one month. The profile of the patients was: 20 men, 5 women; average age: 64.2 years; 17 patients had stage III disease, and 8 had stage IV disease. Five of the 25 patients (20%) achieved complete clinical response, another 15 (60%) had partial response, and 5 (20%) had no response. The mean time (+/- SD) to achieve complete clinical clearance was 12.6 +/- 10 months (range: 4-30 months) and the mean time (+/- SD) to obtain partial clinical response, including complete response, was 9.7 +/- 5.3 months (range: 4-17 months). Remission duration ranged from 9 to 67 months. The median survival time from the time of initiation of photopheresis is estimated at 70 months. The complete responder group had a lower median CD4/CD8 ratio compared to the non-responders at baseline (3.8 vs 7.2, respectively), although the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.40). At the time of maximal response, the CD4/CD8 ratio of the complete responder group decreased towards normal values (median = 1.2), whereas this ratio increased among the non-responders (median = 11.0; P = 0.04). Side effects were minimal. Extracorporeal photochemotherapy is an effective and safe treatment for erythrodermic CTCL. In some of these patients, it can induce a long-term and complete clinical remission.     

Telomerase-specific GV1001 peptide vaccination fails to induce objective tumor response in patients with cutaneous T cell lymphoma

Background

There is currently no curative therapy for cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL). New therapies are therefore needed. Telomerase, the enzyme that allows for unrestricted cell divisions of cancer cells, is a promising target for cancer therapy. The telomerase-specific peptide vaccination GV1001 has shown promising results in previous studies. Since telomerase is expressed in malignant cells of CTCL, GV1001 vaccination in CTCL is a promising new therapeutic approach.

Objective

We sought to investigate the efficacy of GV1001 vaccination in CTCL patients and characterize the induced immune response.

Methods

Six CTCL patients were vaccinated with the GV-peptide using granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor as adjuvant. Objective clinical response and the T cell response were assessed.

Results

None of the patients demonstrated objective clinical response to the vaccination whereas one patient showed disease progression. 1/6 patients acquired a GV1001-specifc T cell response with a Th1 cytokine profile and expression of skin-homing receptors. This hTERT-specific T cell response was not associated with beneficial modulation of the tumor-infiltrating leukocytes. Furthermore, removal of regulatory T cells did not enhance responsiveness to GV1001 in vitro in any of the patients analyzed.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that the GV1001 vaccination is not effective in CTCL patients and disease progression in 1/6 patients raises concerns about its safety. By analyzing skin-homing properties of GV1001-specific T cells and the involvement of regulatory T cells we nevertheless provide insight into vaccine-induced immune responses which may help to improve vaccine strategies in CTCL.     

Dohi memorial lecture. Cutaneous T cell lymphoma

Cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a generic classification of clonally-derived malignancies of phenotypic helper/inducer T cells with a propensity to infiltrate the skin, migrate into the epidermis, localize in T cell zones of lymphoid structures and spare the bone marrow. One clinical presentation has a tendency to evolve into another as subclones of progressively less mature and less epidermotropic neoplastic cells arise and overgrow the relatively more mature other subclones. In this manner, localized, scaling plaques of typical parapsoriasis develop into more infiltrated plaques of classical mycosis fungoides which are themselves predecessors of tumor or erythroderma stage CTCL. With loss of epidermotropism, systemic dissemination occurs: first microscopically with blood involvement and seeding of internal organs and finally with visceral tumor formation. The relationship between CTCL and adult T cell lymphoma/leukemia is unclear because of tremendous overlap in the clinical and immunologic findings and because a fraction of patients with classical CTCL have low titers of anti-HTLV-1 antibodies. It is important to distinguish the skin-limited and systemic phases of CTCL in order to select appropriate treatments. New diagnostic techniques which are quite helpful include immunotyping with monoclonal antibodies, karyotype analysis and T cell receptor studies. Photopheresis, a very promising new therapeutic approach for the management of patients with systemically disseminated disease, and a suggested pathogenetic scheme are discussed.     

Heavy metal (monoclonal) bands: A link between cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma and contact allergy to potassium dichromate,nickel and cobalt?

It has been proposed that chronic antigenic stimulation plays a role in the pathogenesis of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (CTCL). By definition, antigenic stimulation triggers allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). It is therefore plausible that chronic ACD could serve as a precursor to CTCL. We report two cases of contact allergy to potassium dichromate, nickel and cobalt, where CTCL was diagnosed in one patient, and a diagnosis of CTCL is imminent in the other. We also review the literature on the diagnostic criteria for CTCL in the setting of ACD and explore potential mechanisms for the progression from ACD tos CTCL.