肝胆管细胞癌的超声诊断

原发性肝癌可分为原发性肝细胞癌、胆管细胞癌及混合性肝癌3种不同的组织学类型。胆管细胞癌又称肝内胆管癌，是一种少见疾病，近年来发病率有逐年上升的趋势，约占肝癌的15％。胆管细胞癌根据发生部位分为肝门型和外周型，其中肝门部胆管细胞癌占67％。由于本病发生隐匿，临床症状无特异性，早期诊断困难。其术前超声诊断率仅为22．8％，CT平扫的显示率约34％。而早期准确诊断及采取合理的手术方式是胆管细胞癌患者获得长期生存的关键，因此提高胆管细胞癌的早期诊断率即成为一个重要的研究课题。超声诊断是肝胆疾病的常用检查方法，为了对胆管细胞癌的声像特征进行深入研究，本文对本病的相关病因，病理学特征及超声诊断现况进行综述，以便提高胆管细胞癌的超声诊断率。     

软骨骨折的超声诊断

目的探讨高频超声诊断软骨骨折的临床价值。方法使用频率为6～12MHz线阵探头对67例软骨骨折患者行高频超声、X线拍片及CT检查（41例）。结果高频超声检出软骨骨折67例（67/67,100.0%）,其中甲状软骨骨折5例,环状软骨骨折2例,剑突软骨骨折3例,肋软骨骨折57例;X线拍片仅检出1例肋软骨骨折（1/67,1.5%）;CT检出39例（39/41,95.1%）软骨骨折。在软骨骨折的检出上,高频超声检出率明显高于X线拍片（P〈0.01）,高频超声与CT检出率比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论高频超声能够较清晰显示软骨骨折并能动态观察其愈合过程,是一种较好的软骨骨折诊断方法。     

胎盘植入的超声诊断

目的探讨胎盘植入的产前、产后的声像图特征,提高超声诊断率。方法对27例经临床诊断的胎盘植入的声像图进行回顾性分析。结果产前超声诊断胎盘植入诊断率较低,但声像图仍有一定的特异性表现;产后胎盘植入诊断符合率较高。结论胎盘植入的超声诊断,对孕妇产时、产后处理起着重要作用。     

Ultrasonic diagnosis of calciphylactic lesions

Calciphylaxis is a serious disease most commonly occurring in patients with end-stage renal disease characterized by systemic medial calcification of the arteries and tissue necrosis due to ischaemia. Secondary infections contribute to the high mortality of this disease. Diagnosis is suggested by characteristic skin lesions, calcifying septal panniculitis on deep skin biopsy and detection of calcifications in conventional radiology. We are able to demonstrate the early diagnosis with high resolution high frequency ultrasound prior to the occurrence of typical skin lesions facilitating early treatment.     

Ultrasonic diagnosis of intrascrotal contents

Our brief experience of the use of ultrasonography and ultrasonic Doppler method for the diagnosis of intrascrotal contents were described. Five cases of testicular tumor, two cases of hydrocele and one case of epididymal tuberculosis were successfully diagnosed by ultrasonography. Only one case of chronic inflammation was misdiagnosed as a testicular tumor. Two cases of testicular torsion and two cases of acute epididymitis were easily differentiated by the ultrasonic Doppler method. We suggest that this is the most reliable technique for differentiation between these two diseases.     

腹膜后纤维化的超声诊断

目的探讨腹膜后纤维化的声像图特点。方法回顾性分析7例原发性腹膜后纤维化、4例继发性腹膜后纤维化患者的超声表现。结果11例患者均表现为腹主动脉前壁及两侧壁被条带状低弱回声包绕,10例伴双侧肾盂输尿管积水,1例伴右侧肾盂输尿管积水同时伴有右下肢肿胀。6例经手术病理证实,3例行双侧输尿管内支架术,2例经激素治疗后好转。结论超声可直接显示腹膜后腹主动脉周围纤维斑块及肾脏、血管的受累情况,并动态随访治疗效果,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

Ultrasonic diagnosis of liver diseases

Sonography has become widely used in the diagnosis of liver diseases. Fatty infiltration of the liver (adiposis hepatica), hepatic cirrhosis, cysts, metastases and tumors can be reliably diagnosed. A valid differentiation between benign and malignant new growths, however, can only be obtained by cytologic and histologic techniques. The lowest sensitivity can be expected in chronical benign diffuse diseases. Our results were compared with those in literature. Furthermore, other diagnostic approaches and procedures, e.g. fine needle biopsy and sclerotherapy in cysts, are recorded.     

Ultrasonic diagnosis of duodenogastric reflux

A method of ultrasound diagnosis of duodenogastric reflux was developed. It enables the reflux identification with a high accuracy. It is suggested that 3 grades of the intensity of echographically recordable duodenogastric reflux may be distinguished. The method enables an individual estimation of the action efficacy and the choice of an adequate dose of pharmacological agents, particularly metoclopramide, for the treatment of duodenogastric reflux.