超脉冲CO2激光治疗睑黄瘤

由于睑黄瘤的特殊位置靠近眼睛且易复发，其手术治疗较为艰难。除化学、物理、外科手术外，已有许多激光被用于治疗睑黄瘤（氩离子激光、脉冲式染料激光和ＣＯ２激光）。本试验是为客观评价超脉冲ＣＯ２激光治疗睑黄瘤而设计。实验设计／材料和方法 我们报道了符合治疗标准的２３例患者（５２个眼眶周围的睑黄瘤）及用新一代超脉冲ＣＯ２激光（Ｃｏｒｈｅｒｅｎｔ Ｕｌｔｒａｐｕｌｓｅ ５０００Ｃ，Ｐａｌｏ Ａｌｔｏ，ＣＡ；２５０～５００ｍｌ；６００～９００μｓｅｃ；１０，６００ｎｍ）治疗一次后得到的效果。随访１０个月。结果 所有损害均可经单次治疗完全去除。至于副作用，仅有暂时性色素改变（４％色素沉着，１３％色素减退），未见有疤痕形成。３位患者（１３％）有睑黄瘤复发。结论 迄今为止超脉冲ＣＯ２激光是替代其他手术的一种治疗睑黄瘤的有效而安全的     

超声引导下自凝刀射频治疗粘膜下子宫肌瘤临床分析

目的:探讨超声引导下自凝刀射频技术治疗粘膜下子宫肌瘤的临床价值.方法:回顾性分析自2007年8月～2011年4月收治的34例粘膜下子宫肌瘤患者,在B超实时动态监测下,以射频为治疗源,行自凝刀射频切除术的临床资料.21例为有明显瘤蒂者,肌瘤大小为(36.1±14.2)cm3,13例无明显瘤蒂者,肌瘤大小为(41.6±12.4)cm3.结果:本组手术顺利,无严重并发症发生.随访6个月～3 a,21例带蒂者肌瘤被完整切除,无复发;13例无明显瘤蒂者,术后6个月肌瘤缩小为(11.9±5.1)cm3,治疗前后行统计学处理,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).本组治愈33例,好转1例,治愈率97.1%.结论:超声引导下射频治疗粘膜下子宫肌瘤是一项安全、经济、痛苦小的微创介入治疗新技术.     

一次性无创皮肤缝合器在增生性瘢痕手术治疗中的作用

目的研究一次性无创皮肤缝合器对增生性瘢痕手术切除术后瘢痕增生的作用。 方法收集2018年1月至2018年12月于海军军医大学第一附属医院烧伤外科行增生性瘢痕切除术的33例患者的病历资料进行回顾性研究，将行手术切除瘢痕同期全程使用一次性无创皮肤缝合器的患者纳入联合治疗组，单纯进行手术切除瘢痕的患者纳入常规治疗组。联合治疗组在缝合皮肤后以一次性无创皮肤缝合器固定切口周围，使切口无张力；常规治疗组切除瘢痕后进行常规缝合。观察比较2组患者术后6个月的温哥华瘢痕量表(VSS)评分、瘢痕复发率和再次手术治疗率，数据比较采用t检验和卡方检验。 结果联合治疗组术后6个月VSS评分[(2.143 ± 0.678)分]明显优于常规治疗组[(6.842 ± 0.668)分]，差异有统计学意义(t＝4.833，P<0.0001)；联合治疗组瘢痕复发率(50.00%)显著低于常规治疗组(94.70%)，差异有统计学意义(χ²＝8.784，P＝0.003)；联合治疗组再次手术率(7.14%)亦明显低于常规治疗组(52.63%)，差异有统计学意义(χ²＝5.687，P＝0.0171)。 结论瘢痕切除术后应用一次性无创皮肤缝合器通过降低切口周围张力可显著改善术后瘢痕增生情况。     

内剥切并局部注射治疗耳郭瘢痕疙瘩

背景:瘢痕疙瘩是创伤后皮肤异常修复的结果,表现为过度生长且进行性增大、侵犯邻近正常皮肤组织、常扩展到原伤口范围以外,单纯手术切除后极易复发,故需结合其他方法进行综合治疗。目的:探讨耳郭瘢痕疙瘩内核剥除术后及时局部注射的临床疗效。方法:20例耳郭瘢痕疙瘩患者,采用瘢痕疙瘩核心摘除术,并分别于术后逐渐拉长间隔时间,于切口瘢痕组织内注射氟尿嘧啶或曲安奈德加利多卡因混合或单独用药,必要时按瘢痕情况偶加用适量的复方倍他米松,视瘢痕的消退情况及时调节药物的注射剂量,观察治疗12个月到24个月。结果与结论:20例患者36个耳部瘢痕,其中有1个耳部瘢痕为效果有效,35个为耳部瘢痕为治愈。随访12-24个月,均无复发,有效率为100%,其中完全治愈者97%,效果良好者3%。结果表明,瘢痕疙瘩核心切除并利用其上皮瓣覆盖整形,联合氟尿嘧啶与糖皮质激素局部注射治疗耳郭瘢痕疙瘩是安全有效的方法。     

202例烧伤后瘢痕治疗的临床体会

目的探讨烧伤后瘢痕的治疗、术后恢复情况及烧伤后瘢痕的防治策略,为今后的瘢痕治疗提供更好的依据。 方法回顾性分析新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院烧伤、创面修复外科2007年1月至2017年2月间收治的202例烧伤后瘢痕手术患者的病例资料,根据患者瘢痕的不同部位、不同性质选择相应的手术方法。术后瘢痕组织送病理检查,统计上述患者住院时间、手术费用、术后病理结果、治疗效果及术后随访情况。 结果本组患者住院期间无死亡,无严重并发症出现,平均住院时间(14.50±6.04) d,平均手术费用(1.59±0.37)万元,术后瘢痕部位均得到适当松解,创面均愈合良好出院。术后病理提示发生恶变22例(10.89%),其中高分化鳞癌15例(7.43%),恶性黑色素瘤2例(0.99%),基底细胞癌1例(0.50%),梭形细胞癌1例(0.50%),低分化鳞癌1例(0.50%),局部恶变重度异性增生2例(0.99%)。术后随访时间中位数10个月,随访过程中复发3例。 结论目前手术仍是治疗烧伤后瘢痕挛缩的较为有效的方法之一,其防治较为复杂,建议严格把握手术时机及手术适应证,使用个体化治疗方案。     

3种术式治疗内眦赘皮结合小切口重睑术的疗效分析

目的探讨一种简单有效、术后切口较隐蔽、瘢痕较小的内眦赘皮矫正方法。方法将双侧单睑伴内眦赘皮80例患者分为A、B、C 3组,A组25例50只眼采用"Z"成形术矫正内眦赘皮,B组25例50只眼采用传统"Y-V"成形术矫正内眦赘皮,C组30例60只眼采用改良"Y-V"成形术矫正内眦赘皮,观察3种术式的疗效。结果 3组患者均随访6~24个月,A组25例外观明显改善,其中2例单侧复发,8例术后瘢痕较明显;B组采用传统"Y-V"成形内眦赘皮矫正及同期行小切口重睑成形术,术后虽眼睑外形自然,但随访25例患者其中12例瘢痕较明显;C组采用改良"Y-V"成形术矫正内眦赘皮,通过随访发现术后无1例出现增生性瘢痕。结论三种术式对治疗内眦赘皮均有效果,但总结发现采用A、B组治疗内眦赘皮的设计方法较为复杂,术后瘢痕增生明显,C组小切口重睑术结合改良"Y-V"成形内眦开大术矫正效果好,方法简单,术后切口隐蔽,形态良好,瘢痕增生不明显。     

瘢痕疙瘩与HLA-II类基因相关性研究

目的 :探讨免疫遗传学因素在瘢痕疙瘩发病机制中的作用。方法 :用聚合酶链反应 序列特异性引物 (PCR SSP)技术对 5 0例瘢痕疙瘩患者进行HLA Ⅱ类基因分型 ,并以 1 0 0例正常人的HLA Ⅱ类基因为对照。结果 :瘢痕疙瘩组HLA DQ5抗原频率 ( 3 0 % )明显高于对照组 ( 1 4% ) ,相对危险率 (RR) =2 .63 ;HLA DR1 7和HLA DQ8抗原频率 ( 2 % )明显低于对照组 ( 1 4% ,1 5 % ) ,RR =0 .1 3 ,0 .1 2。结论 :瘢痕疙瘩与HLA DQ5基因呈正相关 ,与HLA DR1 7和HLA DQ8基因呈负相关。HLA DQ5、HLA DR1 7和HLA DQ8基因可能是瘢痕疙瘩患者易感的单倍型     

生存素在瘢痕疙瘩、皮肤瘢痕癌及鳞状细胞癌组织中的表达

目的:探讨凋亡抑制基因生存素在瘢痕疙瘩、皮肤瘢痕癌及皮肤鳞状细胞癌(简称鳞癌)组织中的表达。方法:应用免疫组化方法检测41例瘢痕疙瘩、35例皮肤瘢痕癌及46例鳞癌患者皮损中生存素蛋白的表达并进行统计学分析。结果:免疫组化示正常皮肤组织中未见生存素的表达;生存素在瘢痕疙瘩、皮肤瘢痕癌及鳞癌皮损中均呈阳性表达,表达阳性率分别为31.71%(13/41),54.29%(19/35)、60.87%(28/46);皮肤瘢痕癌与鳞癌的生存素蛋白表达阳性率均高于瘢痕疙瘩(P值均0.05),而皮肤瘢痕癌与鳞癌之间生存素蛋白表达差异无显著性(P0.05)。生存素蛋白在瘢痕疙瘩、皮肤瘢痕癌及鳞癌中的表达与性别、年龄均无关;生存素蛋白在皮肤瘢痕癌中的表达与原发病无关;生存素蛋白在皮肤瘢痕癌与鳞癌中的表达与组织病理分级无明显关系,与有无淋巴结转移密切相关。结论:生存素的高表达可能在瘢痕疙瘩、皮肤瘢痕癌及鳞癌的发病机制中起一定作用。     

外周原始神经外胚叶瘤/尤因肉瘤临床病理学

目的:研究原始神经外胚叶瘤(PNET)/尤因肉瘤的(EWS)的诊断、鉴别诊断.方法:41例病人按传统病理学分为3类,并用免疫组织化学两步法检测CD99、NSE、S-100蛋白、Syn、Vim、LCA、Des、Myo抗体的表达.结果:(1)41例病人有27例PNET,8例EWS和6例Askin瘤.(2)免疫表型:CD99有87.8%强阳性表达,NSE 53.7%,S-100蛋白22%,Syn 4.9%,vim 41.5%,统计结果显示CD 99强阳性表达与NSE、S-100蛋白、Syn、Vim强阳性表达差异有显著性(P<0.01).(3)PNET、EWS、Askin瘤对各种抗体的阳性表达差异无显著性(P>0.05).结论:(1)PNET、EWS、Askin瘤属同一肿瘤家族.(2)用组织学、免疫组织化学可与其他小圆细胞肿瘤进行鉴别诊断.     

病理性瘢痕组织中转化生长因子β1的表达及其临床病理学意义

目的 研究病理性瘢痕组织中转化生长因子β1(transforming growth factor-β1,TGF-β1)的表达,探讨其在病理性瘢痕组织的形成过程中所起的作用,为瘢痕的治疗提供理论依据.方法 采用免疫组织化学SP法,检测增生性瘢痕组织、瘢痕疙瘩组织及正常皮肤组织各32例中TGF-β1的表达.结果 增生性瘢痕组和瘢痕疙瘩组患者TGF-β1阳性表达率分别为84.4%和90.6%,与正常对照组TGF-β1表达阳性率28.1%比较,差异有显著性(P<0.05).增生性瘢痕组与瘢痕疙瘩组患者TGF-β1阳性表达之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 TGF-β1在病理性瘢痕组织的形成过程中起着重要作用.     

二氧化碳点阵激光联合康复措施治疗烧伤后增生性瘢痕的临床观察

目的探讨在常规康复措施的基础上配合二氧化碳点阵激光治疗烧伤后增生性瘢痕的临床疗效。 方法将2018年1月至12月昆山市康复医院收治的59例烧伤后增生性瘢痕患者按随机数字表法分为康复组(n＝30)和激光组(n＝29)。康复组和激光组的瘢痕常规治疗包括外用硅酮制剂、压力治疗、瘢痕按摩治疗、超声波治疗等;康复组和激光组均进行烧伤后的康复治疗,主要包括运动治疗(关节活动度训练、关节松动治疗、肌力训练、有氧训练等)、作业治疗(日常生活自理能力训练、手功能训练、文娱活动等)、物理因子治疗(气压治疗、创面的红蓝光治疗等)、心理康复、矫形器治疗、水疗等。激光组患者在给予瘢痕常规治疗及烧伤后康复治疗的基础上联合应用二氧化碳点阵激光治疗,每2个月1次。2组患者均持续治疗12个月。治疗前、治疗后(入组后第12个月时)使用温哥华瘢痕量表(VSS)对2组患者瘢痕情况进行评估;治疗前、首次激光治疗后即刻、首次激光治疗后1 d、首次激光治疗后14 d、治疗后(入组后第12个月时)采用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)对2组患者瘢痕紧缩感程度进行评分;治疗后(入组后第12个月时)使用VAS评分评价患者对瘢痕疗效的满意度分级,并计算满意率;记录患者12个月内不良反应发生的情况。对数据行t检验、Mann-Whitney U检验、Wilcoxon检验和χ²检验。 结果(1)治疗前,2组患者VSS评分比较,差异无统计学意义(Z＝-0.777,P>0.05);治疗后(入组后第12个月时),激光组、康复组患者VSS评分[10.00(9.00,10.00)、12.00(10.75,13.00)分]均较治疗前显著下降,差异均有统计学意义(Z＝-4.795、-4.852,P值均小于0.05),且激光组患者VSS评分显著低于康复组,差异有统计学意义(Z＝-4.514,P<0.05)。(2)治疗前,2组患者瘢痕紧缩感程度VAS评分比较,差异无统计学意义(Z＝-1.420,P>0.05);在首次激光治疗后即刻、首次激光治疗后1 d、首次激光治疗后14 d、治疗后(入组后第12个月时),激光组患者瘢痕紧缩感程度VAS评分[2(1,3)、3(3,4)、6(6,7)、7(6,7)分]均较治疗前VAS评分[10(10,10)分]显著下降,差异均有统计学意义(Z＝-4.736、-4.788、-4.760、-4.767,P值均小于0.05),康复组患者首次激光治疗后即刻、首次激光治疗后1 d、首次激光治疗后14 d、治疗后(入组后第12个月时)瘢痕紧缩感程度VAS评分[8(8,10)、9(9,10)、8(8,9)、8(8,9)分]均较治疗前VAS评分[10(9,10)分]显著下降,差异均有统计学意义(Z＝-5.035、-2.828、-2.449、-5.002,P值均小于0.05);在首次激光治疗后即刻、首次激光治疗后1 d、首次激光治疗后14 d、治疗后(入组后第12个月时),激光组患者紧缩感程度VAS评分均低于康复组,差异均有统计学意义(Z＝-6.651、-6.732、-4.953、-6.029,P值均小于0.05)。(3)治疗后(入组后第12个月时)激光组患者满意度分级频数分布与康复组比较,差异有统计学意义(Z＝-2.214,P＝0.027);激光组患者满意率(58.62%)高于对照组(36.67%),激光组患者较满意例数/非满意例数(17/12)与康复组(11/19)比较,差异有统计学意义(χ²＝9.696,P＝0.002)。(4)激光组患者不良反应发生率为10.34%(3/29),康复组患者不良反应发生率为6.67%(2/30),2组不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(χ²＝0.579,P＝0.447)。 结论二氧化碳点阵激光联合康复措施治疗增生性瘢痕效果优于单纯采用康复措施进行治疗,且患者的瘢痕紧缩感改善更显著、疗效满意度更高。     

A five year review of scar dehiscence in the Rotunda Hospital, Dublin

The aims of this study were to identify risk factors for scar dehiscence in labour, to illustrate the clinical presentations of patients with scar dehiscence and to quantify the risk posed by the use of oxytocin in labour. This was a case controlled, 5 year retrospective study. Patients with scar dehiscence were identified from labour ward records with matched controls and chart review of case and control patients were performed. Our results showed that the vaginal delivery rate for trial of scar was 76.9%. The incidence of scar dehiscence was 0.043%. Oxytocic labour augmentation was a risk factor (OR 4.5, 95% CI 0.9313-42.8, p=0.065) but induction of labour using oxytocin was not (p=0.222). The commonest symptom of scar dehiscence was fetal distress (OR 12.3, 95% CI 1.9-81). There was no maternal or fetal mortality. We concluded that trial of labour after one caesarean section is acceptable practice with a good success rate and a low incidence of serious morbidity. The use of oxytocin to augment labour is associated with scar dehiscence.     

Videolaryngoscopic and videostroboscopic evaluation following laser CO2 and conventional cordectomy of Tis and T1 glottic carcinoma

Introduction

This paper is an analysis of long-term functional results, observed on videolaryngoscopic and videostroboscopic examination, of two different types of surgical intervention for T_is and T₁ glottic carcinoma: laryngofissure conventional cordectomy and endoscopic laser CO₂ cordectomy, with or without additional radiation therapy (using ⁶⁰Co).

Material and methods

A total of 46 patients with T_is and T₁ glottic carcinoma, 43 men (93.48%) and 3 women (6.52%), served as subjects. All were treated surgically with laryngofissure conventional cordectomy (15 patients, 32.61%) or endoscopic laser CO₂ cordectomy (31 patients, 67.39%). The procedures were performed in the Department of Otolaryngology at the Medical University of Warsaw between November 1990 and February 2004. Videolaryngoscopic and videostroboscopic examinations were conducted a minimum of 3 years after the surgery, between January 2006 and February 2007. The appearance of the neocord (the scar after cordectomy), scar or synechia formation in the anterior commissure, movements of the vocal folds on respiration and phonation, difference in level between the neocord and the normal vocal fold, glottic closure, phonation type, and ventricular folds hyperfunction were examined. The symmetry of vocal fold vibrations, regularity of vibrations, glottic closure, amplitude of vibrations, and mucosal wave were also evaluated.

Results

In our study, the videolaryngoscopic and videolaryngostroboscopic examination showed a significantly higher occurrence of the following findings in patients after endoscopic laser cordectomy: phonation at the glottic level, complete glottic closure, and a tendency to vibration of the neocord on phonation.

Conclusions

Ventricular hyperfunction on phonation and scar or synechia formation in the anterior commissure were observed statistically more frequently in patients after laryngofissure conventional cordectomy.     

局部注射复方倍他米松联合类人胶原蛋白瘢痕修复硅凝胶治疗增生性瘢痕的疗效评价

目的 评价局部注射复方倍他米松注射液联合类人胶原蛋白瘢痕修复硅凝胶治疗增生性瘢痕的疗效.方法 将2018年12月至2020年10月沈阳积水潭医院收治的70例增生性瘢痕患者按随机数字表法分为实验组和对照组,每组35例.实验组采取局部注射复方倍他米松注射液+外涂类人胶原蛋白瘢痕修复凝胶治疗,将复方倍他米松注射液(≤40 m...     

重组人表皮生长因子凝胶联合CO2点阵激光治疗增生性瘢痕的效果观察

目的观察重组人表皮生长因子凝胶联合CO₂点阵激光治疗烧伤及创伤后增生性瘢痕的临床效果。 方法选择2020年12月至2021年10月安徽医科大学第一附属医院烧伤与创面修复外科收治的20例增生性瘢痕患者，按照随机数字表法将患者分为联合治疗组及单纯激光治疗组，每组10例。术前均对2组患者术区进行拍照存像、消毒、擦干，局部均匀涂抹5%复方利多卡因乳膏后以无菌薄膜封闭保护60 min，擦去乳膏后再次消毒术区。术中使用CO₂点阵激光治疗仪对患者瘢痕部位进行扫描，根据患者增生性瘢痕厚度选定合适的机器参数，维持机器频率300 Hz及密度5%，在20～30 J调整能量参数的大小，时间间隔1 s，保证点阵矩形完全覆盖增生瘢痕，允许2次激光形成的热损伤矩阵之间存在25%面积的重叠。术后即刻冷敷创面60 min，冷敷结束至术后1周，单纯激光治疗组不外用任何药物，联合治疗组术区加用重组人表皮生长因子凝胶外用，3次/d。术后3 d治疗部位不碰水，若出现感染情况，可以加用抗生素软膏，点状损伤创面外痂皮未掉落完全时禁止擦洗创面，禁止直接剥除痂皮，禁止术区涂抹化妆品等，避免接受阳光直射。于第1次激光治疗后2个月进行第2次激光治疗，以2次CO₂点阵激光治疗为1个疗程，1个疗程治疗后间隔2个月待术区稳定后行疗效判断，计算2组患者治疗的总有效率；根据温哥华瘢痕量表(VSS)与患者与观察者瘢痕评估量表(POSAS)对患者治疗前、第1次激光治疗后2个月、第2次激光治疗后2个月瘢痕的各项指标进行评分。数据比较采用重复测量方差分析和χ²检验。 结果(1)治疗1个疗程后2个月，单纯激光治疗组与联合治疗组患者治疗的总有效率分别为80%(8/10)、90%(9/10)，2组间比较差异无统计学意义(χ²＝2.40，P＝0.49)。(2)对2组VSS评分的各项指标进行比较，其中疼痛、瘙痒、柔软度及厚度评分的组内及组间各时相点比较，差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗前、第1次激光治疗后2个月及第2次激光治疗后2个月，单纯激光治疗组VSS评分中色泽评分分别为(1.9±0.7)、(1.9±0.1)、(1.8±1.0)分，联合治疗组分别为(2.9±0.7)、(2.8±0.6)、(1.9±0.7)分，2组在不同时相点组内比较，差异有统计学意义(F＝ 26.143，P<0.05)；2组组间不同时相点比较，差异有统计学意义(F＝6.753，P＝0.018)。治疗前、第1次激光治疗后2个月及第2次激光治疗后2个月，单纯激光治疗组VSS评分中血管分布评分分别为(1.8±1.0)、(1.7±0.7)、(1.5±1.0)分，联合治疗组分别为(2.6±0.5)、(2.5±0.5)、(1.7±0.8)分，2组在不同时相点组内比较，差异有统计学意义(F＝17.603，P<0.05)，2组组间不同时相点比较，差异无统计学意义(F＝ 2.538，P＝0.129)。(3)对2组POSAS评分的各项指标进行比较，其中厚度、粗糙度、柔软度和表面积评分的组内及组间各时相点比较，差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗前、第1次激光治疗后2个月及第2次激光治疗后2个月，单纯激光治疗组POSAS评分中色泽评分分别为(4.9±2.6)、(4.1±0.8)、(3.5±2.0)分，联合治疗组分别为(7.6±1.1)、(6.8±1.4)、(5.4±1.8)分，2组在不同时相点组内比较，差异有统计学意义(F＝ 26.509，P<0.05)，2组组间不同时相点比较，差异有统计学意义(F＝ 8.973，P＝0.008)。治疗前、第1次激光治疗后2个月及第2次激光治疗后2个月，单纯激光治疗组POSAS评分中血管分布评分分别为(4.4±2.1)、(3.9±0.9)、(3.5±1.6)分，联合治疗组分别为(6.3±1.1)、(5.7±2.0)、(4.5±1.6)分，2组在不同时相点组内比较，差异有统计学意义(F＝ 20.118，P<0.05)，2组组间不同时相点比较，差异有统计学意义(F＝ 5.744，P＝0.028)。 结论重组人表皮生长因子凝胶联合CO₂点阵激光及单独使用CO₂点阵激光治疗增生性瘢痕均效果明确，但联合使用重组人表皮生长因子凝胶能有效促进创面愈合、改善瘢痕组织血管分布和减少局部色素沉着。     

Xanthomatous hyperplastic polyps of the stomach: clinicopathologic study of 5 patients with polypoid gastric lesions showing combined features of gastric xanthelasma and hyperplastic polyp

Gastric xanthelasmas are uncommon benign lesions that are macroscopically well-demarcated yellow or yellow-white plaques and are microscopically formed by collections of foamy macrophages. Because gastric hyperplastic polyps may rarely be associated with xanthelasma, we aimed to report 5 cases of combined lesions showing features of gastric xanthelasma and hyperplastic polyps observed over the past 3 years at our institution among 4497 patients who underwent gastric endoscopy. The patients were 3 men and 2 women aged 45 to 78 years. The lesions were located in oxyntic mucosa, except one in the antrum, and measured 2 to 6 mm. Three patients showed associated chronic gastritis; none showed evidence of Helicobacter pylori infection. Combined lesions of hyperplastic polyp with xanthelasma appear to have an association with chronic gastritis, and the lipid accumulation may be the cause of hyperplasia in the overlying mucosa.     

FINE STRUCTURE OF XANTHELASMA OF THE STOMACH

The foam cell of xanthelasma of the stomach is lipid laden histiocyte having a number of microvilli measuring approximately 0.1 μ in width and 2–3μ in length. In the cytoplasm, a number of lipid particles of vacuolar type and osmophilic type were seen but the former type was more numerous.
Lipid particles were also observed in the plasma cells, pericytes and smooth muscle cells of the lesion and all these particles were of vacuolar type. It was estimated that the lipid accumulation in the cytoplasm in case of xanthelasma of the stomach is not entirely caused by phagocytosis but by localized change in metabolic pathway of lipid. It is most likely that lipid consists of various constituents including from neutral fat to fatty acids. ACTA PATH. JAP. 20: 357–363, 1970.     

Ectopic pregnancies in Caesarean section scars: the 8 year experience of one medical centre

BACKGROUND: Our aim was to supplement the mostly individual case reports on the rarely occurring and life-threatening condition of ectopic pregnancy developing in a Caesarean section scar. METHODS AND RESULTS: Eight of all the patients treated in our department between 1995 and 2002 had been diagnosed for ectopic pregnancy that developed in a Caesarean section scar. They comprised this case series group. Four of them underwent methotrexate treatment; one had expectant management, one transcervical aspiration of the gestational sac and two by open surgery. All the non-surgically treated women had an uneventful outcome. One underwent a term Caesarean hysterectomy and the other first trimester hysterotomy and excision of the pregnancy located in the scarred uterus. Analysis of all these women's obstetric history revealed that five of them (63%) had been previously operated because of breech presentation, one had a cervical pregnancy and one had placenta previa. Four of them (50%) had multiple (> or = 2) Caesarean sections. CONCLUSIONS: The women at risk for pregnancy in a Caesarean section scar appear to be those with a history of placental pathology, ectopic pregnancy, multiple Caesarean sections and Caesarean breech delivery. Heightened awareness of this possibility and early diagnosis by means of transvaginal sonography can improve outcome and minimize the need for emergency extended surgery.     

Reproductive outcomes of women with a previous history of Caesarean scar ectopic pregnancies

BACKGROUND: Caesarean scar ectopic pregnancy is associated with a number of significant complications. In this study, we report on subsequent reproductive outcomes in a group of women following successful treatment of their scar pregnancies. METHODS: The study included those women who received treatment for their Caesarean scar pregnancies between April 1999 and October 2005. Their ability to conceive, the time it took to become pregnant and outcomes of subsequent pregnancies were all recorded. RESULTS: 40 women with Caesarean scar pregnancies were managed in our unit. The uterus was conserved in 38/40 cases. Follow-up data were available in 29/38 (76%) of women. Twenty-four out of 29 (83%) attempted to become pregnant. Twenty-one out of 24 [88%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 75-100] women conceived spontaneously. Twenty out of 21 (95%, 95% CI: 86-100) pregnancies were intrauterine and one woman (5%, 95% CI: 0-14) had a recurrent scar ectopic. Thirteen out of 20 (65%, 95% CI: 44-86) intrauterine pregnancies appeared normal. Nine out of 13 (69%) were delivered by Caesarean section. Seven out of 20 (35%, 95% CI: 14-56) intrauterine pregnancies ended in spontaneous abortions. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that reproductive outcomes following treatment of caesarean scar ectopic pregnancies are favourable. The risk of complications including recurrent scar implantation appears to be low.