Macrophages and interdigitating reticulum cells in normal thymus and in thymoma: an immunohistochemical study

The distribution and immunophenotype of macrophages and interdigitating reticulum cells were investigated on frozen sections of seven normal thymuses and 10 thymomas. In normal thymus, macrophages were mainly located in the cortex, were markedly PAM-1+/MAC+, weakly Leu-M3+ (CD14), T4+ (CD4), T9+ and OKM-1+ (CD11b). Interdigitating reticulum cells were mainly located in the medulla and were pan-Leu+ (CD45), T4+(CD4+), HLA-DR+; furthermore, they were also often TAC+ (CD25) and T9+. Thymomas were composed of cytokeratin-containing epithelial cells admixed with variable proportions of T6+ (CD1a) lymphocytes. As defined by the histological features two thymomas were lymphocyte-rich, five were mixed type and three were epithelial-rich; eight thymomas were mainly composed of cortical epithelial cells and two were composed of spindle epithelial cells suggesting a medullary origin. In all cases, thymoma-associated macrophages were markedly PAM-1+/MAC+; they were numerous, and regularly distributed throughout the tumour. The density of macrophages per unit area was similar to that of the normal thymus, and was not influenced by the histological type or by the lymphocyte content of the tumour. Interdigitating reticulum cells were few and were confined to the areas of medullary differentiation.     

衰老大鼠心肌细胞器形态的定性定量改变及其调控钙离子能力分析

目的　探讨心肌衰老机制。　方法　采用 Wistar大鼠 ,分老龄组 (2 2月龄 )和成年组 (7月龄 )。用透射电镜观察心肌细胞器形态定性改变 ;用体视学方法测定心肌细胞器形态定量改变 ;用 X射线能谱仪分析心肌细胞器调控 Ca2 +能力。　结果　与成年组比较 ,老龄组大鼠心肌改变 :(1)核有切痕、肌原纤维不规整、闰盘离解、线粒体和肌浆网肿胀、脂褐素和残余体增多。(2 )在心肌组织内 ,非肌细胞所占体积份数增加 ,线粒体和肌浆网体密度减少 ,线粒体外膜比面积、内膜 +嵴比面积、肌浆网比面积减少。(3)在舒张状态下 ,肌原纤维和线粒体内 Ca2 +增加 ,肌浆网内 Ca2 +减少。　结论　衰老心肌的舒缩力减退 ,心肌细胞器形态呈明显改变 ,心肌衰老与线粒体和肌浆网的形态改变及其调控 Ca2 +能力有直接关系。     

Partner notification and focused intervention as a means of identifying HIV-positive patients.

Partner notification as a means of contact tracing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons remains controversial. It is argued against by many gay activists, while primary public health officials and leaders in ethnic communities continue to support this as a means of identifying unknown cases. Human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients were interviewed to determine if partner notification could be a useful instrument. Based on interviews, patients at risk of infection through heterosexual contact were able to identify most of their sexual partners; the majority of these patients were women. Twenty-two of 22 women infected heterosexually were able to identify all of their sexual partners. Five of 8 heterosexual men were able to identify all of their sexual partners, but these men were infected through intravenous drug use. Six of 44 homosexual men interviewed were able to make these identifications. Two focus groups of homosexual men who were HIV-positive patients were organized; each was asked one question. Men in group B were asked if they could identify HIV-positive persons whom they suspected were not in a treatment program. Men in group A were asked if they they thought they knew HIV-positive persons still practicing unsafe sex. Thirteen of the 14 patients in group A were able to identify 30 persons they felt were still practicing unsafe sex; 17 of 30 tested HIV-positive and 9 were unaware of their status. The 14 patients in group B identified 15 persons they felt were HIV-positive; 11 were found to be HIV-positive and 8 were unaware of their status. These findings suggest that partner notification definitely has a role in heterosexual contact tracing, and focused intervention is a more cost-effective approach to early intervention.     

2008-2010年江门市腹泻病原菌现状调查

目的了解江门市细菌性腹泻病原菌的种类和构成特点,为预防和临床治疗提供科学的参考依据。方法 2008年12月至2010年6月,采集监测点腹泻患者的粪便（或肛拭）,分离霍乱弧菌、志贺菌、沙门菌、出血大肠O157：H7、空肠弯曲菌、结肠耶尔森菌、副溶血性弧菌、变形杆菌等10种病原菌,采用传统分离培养法及BD PHOENZX SYSTEM全自动鉴定系统鉴定。结果 1260份标本共分离各类病原菌189株,检出率为15.00%,其中检出金黄色葡萄球菌61株,沙门菌52株,蜡样芽胞杆菌22株,变形杆菌24株,副溶血性弧菌24株,空肠弯曲菌2株,结肠耶尔森菌1株,志贺菌3株,霍乱、出血大肠O157：H7未检出。结论金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门菌是江门市细菌性腹泻的主要病原菌。     

2010年深圳市流感流行病学分析

目的对2010年深圳市流感监测结果进行分析,了解流感的流行趋势,为流感防治提供科学依据。方法收集全市31家监测单位的流感样病例数据、病原学检测结果和暴发疫情资料进行分析。结果 2010年深圳市的流感样病例百分比（ILI%）为5.43%。2010年全市共采集日常监测ILI咽拭标本4031份,分离出445株流感病毒,阳性率为11.0%,其中14株季节性H1N1亚型（3.1%）,42株季节性H3N2亚型（9.4%）,171株甲型H1N1亚型（38.4%）,213株B（Victoria,47.9%）亚型,5株B（Yamagata,1.1%）亚型。2010年全市报告了89起ILI暴发疫情,发病总人数741人,流感PCR检测阳性79起,其中季节性甲型6起（6.8%）,乙型67起（75.3%）,甲型H1N1流感6起（6.8%）。结论 2010年深圳市流感活动较低,未出现明显的高峰。     

Atrial receptors in the cat.

Action potentials were recorded from slips of the cervical vagi in anaesthetized cats. Single functional units with atrial patterns of discharge (type A, B and Intermediate) were first obtained and then attempts were made to alter (i.e. convert) their patterns of discharge. Finally the points of origin of their action potentials were located. The investigations were done in five stages. 2. In the first series, thirty unselected units were investigated in thirty cats. Twenty-five of these were located in the endocardium of vein-atrial system and consisted of two type A, fifteen type B and eight Intermediate type units. The remaining five units were located elsewhere in the chest Conversion of the pattern of discharge was achieved in sixteen of the twenty-five atrial units. Both atrial type A units were converted. 3. In the second series, eight type A units were selectively studied in twelve cats. Five were located in the atrial endocardium and all were converted. Of the other three units which were located at other sites in the chest, one could not be converted. 4. In the third series, four type A units which could not be converted were selectively studied in twenty cats. All were located outside the atria. 5. In the fourth series, three type B units which could not be converted were selectively studied in six cats. These units were located in the pulmonary veins and in the lateral walls of the atria. 6. In the fifth series, fifty-five units were investigated in three anaesthetized spontaneously breathing cats. The proportion of the types of units were similar to that obtained in the artificially respired cats (first series). 7. The present study has shown that atrial receptors with a type A pattern of discharge are relatively rare in the cat and that conversion of the patterns of discharge is a common phenomenon. Evidence is presented which suggests that there is one basic type of atrial receptor whose pattern of discharge is determined by their precise location in the vein-atrial system.     

A survey of bacterial diversity in ticks,lice and fleas from Australia

We isolated bacteria from ticks, lice and fleas. Partial small subunit rRNA sequences were obtained for each isolate and the closest matches in the FastA database were determined. These bacteria were mostly Gram-positive (Firmicutes), although representatives from the Proteobacteria (alpha, beta, gamma subdivisions) and CFB group were also isolated. Most of the isolates we found were from genera that were present in most of the ectoparasites studied, but a few genera were restricted to one species of ectoparasite. The most commonly isolated genera were Stenotrophomonas, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and Bacillus. Species of Bacillus and Proteus, which have biopesticide potential, were found in some of these ectoparasites. Overall, the communities of bacteria were similar to those found in other studies of parasitic arthropods.     

抗-HCVELISAS/CO比值与确证试验阳性的相关性探讨

目的探讨抗-HCVELISAS/CO比值与抗-HCV免疫印迹法（RIBA）确证试验阳性的相关性。方法分别采用进口和国产试剂同时筛查34504例无偿献血者血液,结果有反应性标本用RIBA确证试剂进行确证,分析两种ELISA试剂有反应性S/CO阈值及其对确证试验阳性结果的预测率。结果 34504例标本中抗-HCV有反应性92例。国产试剂筛查出有反应性57例,经RIBA确证阳性30例,其中S/CO≥10.0的RIBA确证阳性率96.70%（29/30）明显高于S/CO〈10.0的3.70%（1/27）,两者差异有统计学意义（χ2=45.60,P〈0.0001）;进口试剂有反应性71例,经RIBA确证阳性31例,其中S/CO≥4.0的RIBA确证阳性率96.80%（30/31）明显高于S/CO〈4.0的2.50%（1/40）,两者差异有统计学意义（χ2=60.36,P〈0.0001）。两种试剂同时有反应性标本36例,经RIBA确证阳性30例。结论抗-HCVELISAS/CO比值与确证试验阳性有一定的相关性,通过S/CO比值可以预测抗-HCV阳性。     

大鼠坐骨神经移植段对受损的视网膜节细胞影响的形态学研究

选用成年大鼠,切断视神经后,将自体周围神经段(2mm/每段)植入眼球玻璃体内,存活2周,取视网膜沿视轴纵切开,Nissl染色,光镜观察,并用计算机图像分析仪(IBAS 2000)测量面积。结果发现,植入周围神经段的各组视网膜节细胞未见溃变现象,测量的视网膜节细胞胞体平均面积比正常动物者明显增加,每组均可见一些超过正常视网膜节细胞面积的巨大细胞,胞体呈椭圆形,其长轴与节细胞排列方向一致;当增加周围神经移植段数量或缩短两个周围神经移植段植入点的距离时,视网膜节细胞的平均面积和巨大节细胞构成比即随之增大。仅切断视神经的对照组动物视网膜神经节则出现溃变。     

肌电图和运动神经传导速度检查诊断周围神经损伤

对136例周围神经损伤患者进行肌电图(EMG)与运动神经传导速度(MCV)分析。损伤神经支配的168块肌肉,EMG均为神经原性损害。166条受损神经MCV均有不同程度的减慢或缺失,其中周围神经完全断伤29.52％,严重损伤21.69％,中度损伤21.08％,轻度损伤27.71％。本文认为对周围神经损伤的定位和损伤程度的判断EMG和MCV是可靠和有效的方法。     

Rotavirus epidemiology in Vellore, south India: group, subgroup, serotype, and electrophoretype.

Rotaviruses were detected in 163 of 916 (17.8%) specimens collected from children under 3 years of age with gastroenteritis in Vellore, South India, between August 1983 and July 1985. Rotaviruses were detected throughout the study period, with a peak prevalence in December to February (winter) and June to August (southwest monsoon season). A total of 117 rotavirus strains were tested for subgroup, serotype, and rotavirus double-stranded RNA electrophoretic migration pattern; 24.8% of the strains were subgroup I, 69.2% were subgroup II, and 6.0% were neither subgroup I nor subgroup II. Subgroup I and II strains were circulating concurrently throughout the study. Of the 117 rotavirus strains, 32 (27.4%) were serotyped; 15 were serotype 1, 3 were serotype 2, 2 were serotype 3, and 12 were serotype 4. Three serotypes were circulating concurrently during the periods of peak rotavirus prevalence. In 100 of the 117 strains (85.4%) an RNA pattern was detected. One unusual subgroup I group A rotavirus with a long migration pattern and four atypical rotaviruses serologically related to group C were also detected.     

Spontaneous tumours in captive African hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris): a retrospective study

Forty tumours were diagnosed in 35 (53%) of 66 captive African hedgehogs documented at Northwest ZooPath (NZP) between 1994 and 1999. Three hedgehogs had more than one type of tumour and the remaining 32 had a single type. Of the 35 hedgehogs with tumours, 14 were female, 11 were male, and 10 were of unknown gender; 21 were from zoological parks and 14 were privately owned. Twenty of the hedgehogs with tumours were adult (>1 year old) with a median age of 3.5 years (range 2-5.5 years); 15, of unreported age, were classified as adult. Thirty-four (85%) of the 40 tumours were classified as malignant and six (15%) as benign. The integumentary, haemolymphatic, digestive and endocrine systems were common sites for tumours. The most common tumours were mammary gland adenocarcinoma, lympho-sarcoma and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Copyright Harcourt Publishers Ltd.     

Distribution of GABA and neuropeptides in the human cerebral cortex

Summary Antibodies were used to identify neurons in human frontal and temporal cortex that were immunopositive to -aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP) and somatostatin (SOM). Specimens were taken at surgical biopsy and fixed immediately after removal. The results described for both light and electron microscopy were obtained when relatively high concentrations of glutaraldehyde (2.5–3%) were present in the fixative. Specimens were examined from three adults and an infant aged 5 months. GABAergic neurons were present in all cortical layers, with fewest in layers I, deep III and V, and were mainly small, and round or oval. No labelled pyramidal neurons were detected. GABAergic puncta were common in the neuropil, probably representing axonal profiles. VIP-neurons were also found in all layers, including layer I, and were approximately twice as numerous as GABA-cells. SP-positive cells were found throughout the layers, but were sparse in layers I and VI. They were about three times commoner than GABAergic neurons. SOM-reactivity was demonstrated in about the same number of cells as that for SP. Again, this involved all layers, but layer I least. Peptidergic neurons were larger, on the average, than GABAergic cells, and were frequently pyramidal in character. In the infant, the distribution, size and frequency of immunoreactive neurons were similar to those in the adult. However, GABAergic puncta were commoner.This paper represents part of a study for the degree of Ph.D. in the National University of Singapore by WYO while at the Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore.     

人脾血管吻合的研究

用ＡＢＳ铸型的方法对５０例胎儿和新生儿脾内，外血管吻合进行了观察，结果：（１）脾存在较为广泛的血管血合，共发现２７例４８处静脉属支间的吻合，３１例５１例处脾支间的吻合。（２）静脉间的吻合多位于上、下极附近，叶、段间的吻合少且细弱。动脉间的吻合多位于脾门和上极附近，近半数的吻合位于叶间或段间，故在脾叶、段切除时应慎重。（３）脾外吻合多为短交通支形，弓形吻合绝大部分位于脾内，汇集形动脉吻合多存在于叶间     

猫丘脑中央外侧核内丘脑皮质投射神经元的形态与分布

应用ＨＲＰ逆行追踪法在光镜水平研究了猫丘脑中央外侧核向前乙状回，前上薛氏回前端揣射的神经元的形态与分布。结果表明：中央外侧核向大脑皮质的投身为同侧投射，中央外侧核向前乙状回投射的神经元集中于核的尾段，少部分位于中段，偏内侧分布，大中，小，型投射神经元均有，以中，小型为主。     

Proteinases of Leishmania mexicana amastigotes and promastigotes: Analysis by gel electrophoresis

The proteinases of Leishmania mexicana mexicana amastigotes and promastigotes have been analysed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing denatured haemoglobin. Eleven bands of activity were detected indicating multiple proteinases. There were significant quantitative and qualitative differences between the proteinases of the two developmental forms. Four, B–E, were present in both forms but were of much higher activity in the amastigote. There were two major activities in promastigotes, A and D. The other proteinases, F–K, were of lower activity; I and K were not detected in promastigotes. All proteinases were active optimally at pH 4.0. Most of them, including the major proteinases A–E, were thiol proteinases since they were stimulated by 1 mM dithiothreitol and were sensitive to inhibitors such as HgCl₂, leupeptin, antipain and iodoacetic acid.     

The Electron Microsopic Features of Sinus Histiocytosis with Massive Lymphadenopathy: A Study of 11 Cases

Eleven cases of sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (SHML) involving lymph nodes were studied electron microscopically. Histiocytes were the most conspicuous element of the infiltrate. They could be divided into small and large forms, although transitions were apparent among them. Most of the small histiocytes were located in the medullary cords. The large histiocytes were predominantly seen within sinuses and were subdivided into two types on the basis of their appearance. The most distinctive feature of these histiocytes was the presence of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and neutrophils within their cytoplasm. Other cells present in the infiltrate were lymphocytes, plasma cells, and occasional neutrophils and mast cells. Blood vessels were prominent throughout. Virus particles, bacteria, and Langerhans granules were consistently absent. No morphologic clues were provided by this study as to the etiology of this disorder.     

漳州市芗城区浦南村人群钩虫病调查

目的了解芗城区浦南村钩虫人群感染及流行情况。方法采用改良加藤氏厚涂片法检查钩虫卵;对部分重度感染者进行驱虫导泻治疗,并收集虫体进行虫种鉴定;对部分环境类型土壤的钩蚴进行分离培养与鉴定。结果检查4812人,钩虫感染者1601人,感染率为33.27%。感染程度以轻度感染为主;女性感染率（18.37%）高于男性（14.90%）（χ2=7.74,P〈0.05）;人群分布以〈15岁年龄段的感染率最低（9.31%）,55～年龄段的老年人最高（47.43%）,呈年龄增长而升高趋势（χ2=300.00,P〈0.01）;文化程度以高中以上者感染率最低（8.06%）,与文盲半文盲（31.89%）、小学（37.83%）、初中（31.35%）文化程度者比较差异有统计学意义（χ2=7.74,P〈0.05）。驱虫导泻20人,收集钩虫成虫326条,均鉴定为美洲钩虫;分离培养土壤20份,分离阳性钩蚴12份,均鉴定为美洲钩蚴。结论芗城区浦南村为严重的钩虫流行区,人群钩虫感染率高,且为单纯的美洲钩虫;因此,加强健康教育,开展防治措施具有重要意义。     

小儿颈外静脉穿刺的解剖学研究

目的 :为临床儿科静脉穿刺抽血提供解剖学依据。方法 :在 30例 (6 0侧 )甲醛固定的小儿尸体上解剖并观测了颈外静脉的深度、外径、长度及毗邻关系 ,并与大隐静脉、肘正中静脉进行了对比。结果 :双侧颈外静脉上段的平均深度为 3.6 1± 0 .46 m m,左侧外径为 3.34± 0 .78m m,右侧外径为 3.86± 0 .6 4mm,左侧长度为 35 .6 7± 3.30 mm,右侧长度为 41.6 2± 4.19mm。结论 :小儿浅静脉穿刺抽血应当首选颈外静脉上段 ,次选大隐静脉 ,肘正中静脉基本上不适用于穿刺。     

GPC-II-3液间歇低温灌流保存兔肺的形态学观察

目的探讨对移植供肺具有长期保护作用的新技术。方法用自制的GPC-Ⅱ-3液,以间歇低温灌流的方法保存兔肺24～192h,观察其组织结构的变化。结果保存120h以内的肺,其组织结构与对照组无明显区别,肺泡、各级支气管、血管的结构清楚、支气管上皮结构完整清楚,上皮细胞胞核清晰,染色质分布均匀、肺泡完整,肺泡上皮和毛细血管内皮清楚。部分肺泡腔中,可见结构清楚的尘细胞及其吞噬的粉尘颗粒;保存144h的肺,细胞成分的染色似乎有所加深,其余结构无明显变化。保存168h的肺,肺泡、各级支气管、血管的结构依然清楚,但细胞成分的染色有所加深,部分支气管上皮细胞有脱落现象。保存192h的肺,细胞成分的染色明显加深,有固缩迹象,支气管上皮有脱落现象加重。结论用GPC-Ⅱ-3液以低温冷藏的方法能够保存兔肺的组织结构120h。