2008-2011年佛山市某医院重症监护病房鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性分析

目的 分析4年间重症监护病房(ICU)鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药情况及变化趋势,指导临床合理用药及预防耐药性增加.方法 回顾分析2008年1月-2011年12月ICU分离的鲍曼不动杆菌的药敏结果,采用ATB鉴定药敏分析仪作鉴定和药敏试验.结果 4年间共分离鲍曼不动杆菌235株,主要来源于痰标本,占90.6％.药敏试验结果显示,鲍曼不动杆菌对多黏菌素E耐药率最低,为零;其次为碳青霉烯类,耐药率低于10％.对多数监测药物的耐药率有不同程度的下降,特别是对阿米卡星、妥布霉素的耐药率从2009年的73.9％下降至2010年的39.1％和40.2％ (P ＜0.01),但大部分的抗菌药物耐药率仍大于50％.2011年碳青霉烯类耐药的鲍曼不动杆菌(CRAB)明显上升至9.7％(P＜0.01).结论 碳青霉烯类抗生素对鲍曼不动杆菌仍保持很好的活性,但耐药性呈上升趋势,仍需采取切实有效的措施控制鲍曼不动杆菌在医院内的传播和暴发流行.     

耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌临床分布及耐药谱动态观察

目的探讨耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌(CRAB)临床分布特点与耐药情况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物、CRAB感染的治疗及其医院感染的防控提供参考依据。方法回顾性分析2009年1月—2013年12月临床标本分离的CRAB临床资料,应用WHONET5.5软件统计其标本分布和耐药情况。结果 5年共分离鲍曼不动杆菌(AB)标本888株,检出CRAB421株,检出率为47.4%,其中2011、2012和2013年检出率均在50.0%左右;标本来源以痰为主,占73.4%;科室分布以重症监护室(ICU)为主,占61.3%,其次是神经外科病房,为12.4%。CRAB呈现高度耐药性,除头孢噻肟和头孢曲松外,CRAB对检测的其他抗菌药物(头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、氨曲南、亚胺培南、阿米卡星、庆大霉素、米诺环素、氯霉素、左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、复方磺胺甲口恶唑)耐药率均高于非CRAB,差异均有统计学意义(均P≤0.01);5年来对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率最低(15%),其次是米诺环素,对其余抗菌药物耐药率多80.0%。结论应继续加强CRAB监测,重点关注ICU及呼吸系统医院感染的预防控制。     

ICU与非ICU痰标本中鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性分析及产金属β-内酰胺酶情况分析

目的 了解ICU与非ICU痰标本中鲍曼不动杆菌耐药情况及产金属β-内酰胺酶情况.方法 对ICU与非ICU痰标本中分离的鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性进行检测,同时进行金属β-内酰胺酶的检测.结果 ICU与非ICU中阿米卡星、头孢吡肟、头孢曲松、头孢噻肟、亚胺培南、美罗培南、庆大霉素、复方磺胺甲(曙)唑、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、妥布霉素的鲍曼不动杆菌耐药率比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),氨曲南、头孢他啶、呋喃妥因的鲍曼不动杆菌耐药率比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).ICU中鲍曼不动杆菌平均耐药率明显高于非ICU(88.1％比46.3％,P＜ 0.05).ICU 179株鲍曼不动杆菌中产金属β-内酰胺酶的检出率为58.1％(104/179),占耐碳青霉烯类抗生素株的比例为63.0％(104/165).非ICU 78株鲍曼不动杆菌中产金属β-内酰胺酶的检出率为23.1％(18/78),占耐碳青霉烯类抗生素株的比例为60.0％(18/30).ICU与非ICU中产金属β-内酰胺酶检出率比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),占耐碳青霉烯类抗生素株的比例比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 ICU痰标本中鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性比非ICU严重,产金属β-内酰胺酶比例也较高,因此对ICU患者进行抗感染治疗时应严格使用抗生素,特别是碳青霉烯类抗生素.     

惠州地区婴幼儿鲍曼不动杆菌462株感染的耐药性分析

目的 了解广东省惠州地区临床婴幼儿下呼吸道感染标本分离的鲍曼不动杆菌的分布情况和耐药性变化.方法 对广东省惠州地区2011～2013年在本院临床分离的462株婴幼儿下呼吸道感染标本,使用VITEK2 COMPAT全自动细菌鉴定仪进行鉴定和药敏分析.结果 462株鲍曼不动杆菌以惠州地区婴幼儿痰液标本检出率最高,为59.09%,患儿主要分布在儿科病房（70.35%）及新生儿科病房（25.75%）.在3年中鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药率逐渐趋于平稳,但对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药率下降最明显（9.87%降为0）,差异有显著性意义（p〈0.05）.鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药程度分布以二重耐药菌株为主,共362株,占78.35%.结论 惠州地区婴幼儿鲍曼不动杆菌对氨苄西林/舒巴坦耐药性最低,对婴幼儿感染者病原菌的分布特点和耐药性变化的动态监测,这对指导临床合理选用抗菌药物,控制和降低耐药率具有重要意义.     

鲍氏不动杆菌及铜绿假单胞菌的分布与耐药性监测

目的 了解临床分离的鲍氏不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌的分布和耐药性,以指导临床合理使用抗菌药物.方法 K-B纸片扩散法测定临床分离菌株对常用抗菌药物的药物敏感性,按CLSI 2009年标准判读,用WHONET 5.4软件分析数据.结果 2011年浙江省人民医院共收集到非重复的鲍氏不动杆菌606株,分离自ICU 237株占39.1％,鲍氏不动杆菌对多黏菌素B敏感率为100.0％,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的敏感率为26.3％,哌拉西林/他唑巴坦为30.1％;对亚胺培南、美罗培南的敏感率分别为31.0％和40.8％,耐碳青霉烯类鲍氏不动杆菌(CRAB)为77.2％;2011年医院临床分离铜绿假单胞菌579株,164株分离自医院中心ICU(28.3％),铜绿假单胞菌对多黏菌素B敏感率最好为100.0％、妥布霉素为86.7％、左氧氟沙星为64.3％,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的敏感率分别为63.8％、82.4％,对亚胺培南、美罗培南的敏感率分别为55.3％、64.7％;耐碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的铜绿假单胞菌(CRPA)检出率为44.6％.结论 临床分离的鲍氏不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌对常用抗菌药物敏感性低,CRPA、CRAB检出率高,应加强抗菌药物的合理使用和医院感染控制.     

2011-2013年重症监护病房鲍曼不动杆菌 和铜绿假单胞菌耐药性分析

摘要:目的　了解该院重症监护病房（ICU）患者鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌的分布及耐药性,为临床抗感染治疗提供依据。方法　对2011年1月-2013年12月ICU送检的标本进行病原菌培养、鉴定和药敏试验,统计鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞及对常用抗菌药物耐药率,采用WHONET 5.4 进行统计分析。结果　6355份标本中共分离出病原菌3805株,检出率为59.87％。其中,居首位的是鲍曼不动杆菌1013株,其次是铜绿假单胞菌906株,分别占26.62%、23.81%。鲍曼不动杆菌对大多数抗菌药物耐药率＞75.00%,对亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦耐药率分别从2011年的43.84％、36.99%上升到2013年的72.89%及71.21%,但对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率相对较低（33.43%～43.15%）。铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星、庆大霉素、亚胺培南、头孢吡肟、头孢他啶、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、环丙沙星、左旋氧氟沙星、妥布霉素均相对敏感,耐药率均＜50.00％;铜绿假单胞菌对头孢吡肟、头孢他啶的耐药率分别由2011年的46.77%、46.24%降至2013年的26.29%和 31.96%。结论　该院ICU鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌的分离率连续3年分别居第1位和第2位,且呈现高耐药和多药耐药的特点。     

医院感染鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性和分子流行病学研究

目的：分析医院内鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性和分子流行病学特征。方法对2014年3—4月浙江大学金华医院细菌室分离的39株鲍曼不动杆菌进行耐药性分析,同时应用脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）进行分子分型并应用聚类分析软件分析其同源性。结果39株鲍曼不动杆菌中37株为临床菌株,主要分离自ICU患者的痰液样本。39株鲍曼不动杆菌中碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药鲍曼不动杆菌（CRAB）、多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌（MDRAB）和泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌（XDRAB）的检出率分别为74.4%、56.4%和25.6%,未检到全耐药鲍曼不动杆菌;未检到替加环素耐药菌株,检出中介菌株9株（中介率23.1%）。耐药率在70%以上的其他抗菌药物依次为环丙沙星（82.1%）、头孢曲松（79.5%）、庆大霉素（76.9%）、头孢吡肟（74.4%）、亚胺培南（74.4%）、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦（71.8%）。头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率为13.5%。PFGE电泳图谱聚类分析结果表明,39株鲍曼不动杆菌共分为17型,其中以外科ICU流行性最为广泛,主要包括A型、C型、J型、M型等鲍曼不动杆菌克隆株;其次为内科ICU和新生儿ICU,流行菌株以O型、P型为主。部分病区之间、吸引器开关与患者之间分离的鲍曼不动杆菌存在一致的同源性。结论浙江大学金华医院的CRAB、MDRAB、XDRAB菌株检出率较高,在部分ICU病区呈暴发流行,以A型、C型、J型菌株流行最广,吸引器开关可能为鲍曼不动杆菌院内交叉感染的重要媒介。     

重症医学科耐碳青霉烯鲍曼不动杆菌耐药基因研究

目的了解鲍曼不动杆菌碳青霉烯酶基因型,探讨其耐药性与治疗策略。方法分离2014年-2016年重症医学科(ICU)耐碳青霉烯鲍曼不动杆菌208株,用VITEK 2全自动微生物鉴定系统进行菌种鉴定及药敏检测,PCR法检测OXA-23、OXA-24、OXA-51和OXA-58基因。结果耐碳青霉烯鲍曼不动杆菌对ICU常用药物除头孢哌酮/舒巴坦外耐药率均 50%。OXA-23、OXA-24、OXA-51和OXA-58基因的检出率分别为89. 95%、0. 00%、100. 00%、67. 72%。结论 ICU耐碳青霉烯鲍曼不动杆菌广泛携带OXA型耐药基因,需要调整用药,加强监测。     

ICU病房2012株病原菌耐药性分析

目的调查ICU病房临床分离株分布及对临床常用药物耐药性,为临床合理应用抗菌药物、预防和控制感染提供依据。方法对本院2009年6月至2011年6月ICU病房送检的各种标本进行细菌培养鉴定及药敏试验,对分离出的病原菌及其耐药情况进行统计分析。结果2012株病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,占70．1％;其次是革兰阳性球菌,占18．2％;真菌占11．7％。分离率居前6位的依次为鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌及白色念珠菌;病原菌主要来自呼吸道和血液标本。革兰阴性杆菌对大多数抗菌药物耐药严重,耐药率大多在40％以上。肠杆菌科细菌和铜绿假单胞菌对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、美洛培南和亚胺培南耐药率较低,均低于16．0％;鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦耐药率最低（8．8％）。金黄色葡萄球菌中MRSA的检出率为75．2％,检出两株耐万古霉素屎肠球菌。结论ICU病原菌以鲍曼不动杆菌为最多,主要病原菌耐药情况严重。     

ICU鲍氏不动杆菌耐药性分析

目的 分析ICU鲍氏不动杆菌的耐药性,以指导临床合理用药.方法 回顾性分析2011年上半年医院ICU临床分离的146株鲍氏不动杆菌的耐药率.结果 146株鲍氏不动杆菌主要来源于下呼吸道标本,占93.15％,除头孢哌酮/舒巴坦及米诺环素外,其他各种抗菌药物耐药率均＞52.74％,头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的敏感率最高,为56.85％;多药耐药菌株检出率由2009年的44.4％上升至62.33％.结论 ICU鲍氏不动杆菌的耐药性及多药耐药菌的感染呈增长趋势,头孢哌酮/舒巴坦对鲍氏不动杆菌有较好的抗菌活性.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.