理工院校大学新生心理健康状况调查

自1999年高校扩大招生后,高等教育在招生数量上明显上升,随着在校大学生人数的增多,有心理障碍和行为问题的学生比例不断上升[1].大学一年级新生在生理上处于青春后期,其心理问题发生率高于普通人群,并有上升和加重的趋势[2].因此,了解大学新生心理健康状况,对学校心理健康教育工作有十分重要的意义.本研究于2008-2010年连续3年对江苏省某理工院校新生心理健康现状进行调查,以了解大一新生心理健康状况并为高校今后制定有效的心理干预措施提供理论依据.     

山东省某高校大一新生心理健康状况调查

目的了解山东省某高校大一新生心理健康状况,为开展大学生心理健康教育工作提供依据。方法采用大学生人格问卷（UPI）对山东省某高校2008级2829名大学新生进行网上心理健康状况测评。结果有效问卷共2818份。UPI量表的4个关键题目中,＂自己的过去和家庭是不幸的＂的肯定回答率最高,为12.0%,＂想轻生＂最低,为2.5%,＂常常失眠＂和＂对任何事情都无兴趣＂的肯定回答率分别为5.9%和4.9%。第一、二类学生合计1373人,心理问题检出率为48.7%。文科生、非独生子女、来自变动家庭、家庭氛围不和谐、家庭月收入〈200元的学生,其心理问题检出率较高（P〈0.05）;男女生心理问题检出率的差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论山东省某高校大一新生心理问题检出率较高,对存在心理问题的学生建议采取多项措施加以干预。     

近5年大学新生心理健康调查结果比较分析

目的 了解某校近5年(即2007级-2011级)大学新生心理健康的总体情况与变化趋势.方法 采用大学生人格问卷(UPI)和症状自评量表(SCL-90)对该校近5年共计7 490名大学新生进行心理健康普查并对结果进行比较研究.结果 该校近5年各级新生排名前15位的心理问题高度一致;近5年该校新生自杀意念呈下降趋势;近5年各级新生在SCL-90中10个因子得分上存在显著性的差异;近3年(即2009级～2011级)新生自觉心理健康水平更高,对心理咨询需求度更高;新生实际接受心理咨询或治疗的比例与咨询需求之间有较大落差.结论 该校近5年新生心理健康状况随着时间的发展而变化,其心理健康水平有逐年提高的趋势;大学新生对心理辅导需求有逐年增加的趋势.     

初中新生个人行为与心理健康关系

目的 了解湖北省武汉市某初中新生个人行为与心理健康状况.方法 采用《中国中学生心理健康量表》和自编个人行为调查表对武汉市某初中605名初一学生进行新生入学心理健康筛查和个人行为调查.结果 中学生心理症状总阳性检出率为40.7％,玩电子游戏时间、打架次数、对学习的态度、离家出走和自杀行动不同的新生心理问题检出率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);吸烟开始年龄与中学生心理健康的偏执、敌对、心理不平衡均呈正相关,打架次数与中学生心理健康的偏执、敌对、学习压力、适应不良、心理不平衡均呈正相关,玩电子游戏的时间与中学生心理健康因子发生率呈正相关,而对学习的态度与中学生心理健康因子发生率呈负相关;对学习不满、采取过自杀行动是心理问题发生的危险因素.结论 中学生个人行为与心理健康状况存在一定联系,应加强中学生心理健康干预.     

大学生心理资本与心理健康状况的相关研究

目的 探讨大学生心理资本与心理健康状况和人格障碍的相关性.方法 采用心理资本量表(PCQ)、大学生心理健康调查表(UPI)、症状清单(SCL-90)、人格诊断问卷(PDQ-4+)对贵阳市某医科大学2 081名大学新生进行测评.结果 大学新生一类学生占9.13％,二类学生占11.56％,三类学生占79.31％.人格障碍的阳性率在各亚型中分别为3.51％～31.37％,最高为强迫型(31.37％),最低为分裂样(3.51％).心理资本的四维度(希望、自信、乐观、坚韧)与UPI总分呈显著负相关,与SCL-90中7个因子呈显著负相关,与人格障碍的9个亚型呈显著负相关.无心理问题学生的心理资本较有心理问题学生的高,其差异有统计学意义.结论 部分大学新生存在不同程度的心理问题和人格异常.他们的心理健康水平与心理资本有密切的联系,提示提高心理资本的能力有助于预防和改善大学生心理问题.     

某高校城市与农村新生心理健康状况的调查

目的 了解和研究来自城市与农村的高校新生的心理健康状况，便于尽早和有效地开展大学生心理健康教育。方法 采用SCL-90量表对某高校177名新生进行测试。结果24．29％的新生存在明显的心理问题。人际关系敏感因子列为农村新生心理问题因子首位，该因子的农村新生检出率显著高于城市新生。农村新生各个因子分均高于城市新生，除女生躯体化、男生精神病性因子分外，均有统计学差异。结论及时进行新生心理健康教育，要更多地关注来自农村的学生群体，有针对性地开展心理咨询和心理治疗。     

2015-2018年某医学高专新生心理健康状况调查

目的 分析近4年某医学高专新生的心理健康整体特点及发展规律,为学校整体心理健康教育提供合理的建议,提升医学生心理健康素质.方法 选用SCL-90和EPQ量表对2015-2018年共11 285名新生进行心理普查.结果 本研究的高专医学新生整体心理健康水平在波动中逐年提升.心理问题检出率为5.68％,心理问题检出率前5位...     

某医科大学新生心理健康状况及其影响因素分析

目的了解医科大学新生的心理健康状况及其影响因素,为采取相应的干预措施提供依据。方法采用大学生人格问卷(UPI)对某医科大学2007级2545名新生进行调查,并进行单因素分析和多因素Logistic回归分析。结果医科大学生第一类心理问题和第二类心理问题的检出率分别为5.9和24.6。通过对性别、家庭结构、专业满意度和家庭经济状况等相关变量的比较,新生UPI筛选分类结果的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,完整的家庭结构和良好的社会支持是大学生心理健康的保护因素,而家庭经济状况差是大学生心理问题形成的促进因素。结论该校新生心理健康状况不容乐观。应对新生中存在心理问题的学生进行心理咨询和治疗,同时开展心理健康教育,提高学生的心理素质。     

1767例某高职高专院校入学新生心理健康状况调查

目的:探寻高职高专院校入学新生的心理健康状况.方法:采用普查的方法,对某高职高专院校2005年入学新生进行心理健康调查;用大学生人格问卷UPI测查学生的心理健康状况.结果:本次调查一类心理问题检出率26.99%,二类心理问题检出率11.50%,心理健康为61.51%.一类心理问题、二类心理问题两类心理问题检出率均是女性高出男性,且差别具有统计学意义.结论:需要继续关注大学生的心理问题,并给予正确的引导.     

某医学院校新生生活应激与心理健康的关联性研究

目的 探讨安徽省某医学院校本科一年级新生心理健康水平与生活应激的关系.方法 采用分层整群抽样的方法,对安徽省某医学院校本科一年级1 152名新生进行问卷调查,通过多因素Logistic分析,探讨大学生心理健康与应激之间的关系.结果 该医学院本科新生中有52.7％(596/1 132)的新生存在不同程度的心理问题,其中有19.0％(215/1132)的新生可能存在严重的心理问题.Logistic回归分析显示独生子女和单亲家庭的学生心理问题较为严重,而挫折、压力和情绪反应是严重心理问题的危险因素,且挫折、压力与情绪反应的产生存在相关性.结论 该医学院校本科新生存在较为严重的心理问题,应针对大学新生进行心理筛查,对存在心理问题的学生尽早提供心理咨询及危机干预.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.