深圳居民膳食结构与膳食营养素摄入状况研究

目的了解深圳居民的膳食结构、营养素摄入现状,为制定卫生政策和指导居民合理饮食提供科学依据。方法 2009年6—7月,运用多阶段整群随机抽样法,抽取深圳市8个行政区中73个社区,每个社区抽取120户居民中15岁以上常住居民（每户随机抽1人,共8 782人）,再从中抽取50%对象进行膳食调查。采用食物频率法获取调查对象过去1年各种食物食用频率和食用量。结果共调查3 500人。深圳居民平均每标准人日摄入豆类、水果、奶类分别为15.4、154.3、95.4 g,低于推荐食物摄入量;畜禽肉类、食用油、食盐分别为169.3、41.1、6.6 g,高于推荐食物摄入量。深圳居民每标准人日摄入能量2 537.8 kcal,占RNIs的112.8%;蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物的摄入量分别为86.01、10.7、293.2 g,提供能量的比例分别为13.6%、39.2%、47.2%;核黄素和硫胺素摄入量分别为1.2、1.0 mg,分别占RNIs的92.3%和76.9%;钙和钠的摄入量分别为689.74、129.9mg,分别占RNIs的86.2%和187.7%。动物性食物提供的蛋白质占48.8%,脂肪中动物性脂肪占54.7%。结论深圳居民能量、蛋白质、脂肪及大多数营养素的摄入量基本充足,但钙、核黄素和硫胺素的摄入仍然不足,且脂肪的摄入量过多,而碳水化合物的摄入量不足。仍需加强合理营养、平衡膳食的宣传教育,防止营养相关慢性病发病率持续上升。     

广东部分地区大中学生膳食硒摄入状况

目的了解广东大中学生膳食硒摄入状况，为合理安排学生的膳食结构提供依据。方法选择广东省佛山市南海区3所中学和广州大学城5所大学的学生为对象，采用记帐法和化学分析相结合的方法，计算学生人均每日膳食硒的摄入量。结果南海区3所中学学生人均每日膳食硒摄入量分别为29．36，42．08和25．71μg；广州大学城内5所大学学生人均每日膳食硒摄人量分别为26．97，25．29，23．59，22．79和21．34μg。人均摄入的动物性食物占总食物的比例越高，膳食硒的摄入量也越高；但学生动物性食物的摄入量偏低。结论广东大中学生在调查期间的膳食硒摄入量均未达到中国营养学会推荐的摄入量，应增加动物性食物的摄入量。     

经济收入水平对中国城乡居民膳食营养素摄入及膳食结构的影响

目的分析家庭人均年收入水平对我国城乡居民膳食营养素摄入状况及膳食结构的影响。方法利用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查"中的连续3天24小时回顾法的食物数据、家庭食物称重法记录的家庭调味品消费量数据和家庭人均年收入数据,应用SAS软件进行统计分析。结果中国城乡居民平均每标准人蛋白质摄入量、脂肪摄入量、脂肪供能比、动物性食物来源的能量和蛋白质的比例以及某些微量营养素的摄入量均收入增加呈明显的上升趋势。结论家庭经济收入水平是影响我国城乡居民膳食营养素摄入和膳食结构的重要因素。     

2009—2018年深圳居民膳食结构变化趋势

目的 通过比较2009年和2018年深圳市居民的膳食结构,了解深圳居民的膳食结构变化,为提出合理膳食建议提供参考依据。方法 分别于2009年和2018年,采用整群随机抽样法抽取8 487名和10 043名深圳常住居民进行相关营养与健康状况调查,比较深圳居民不同年度各类食物及营养素摄入量的差异。膳食调查采用食物频率调查法。结果 与2009年相比,2018年深圳居民平均每标准人日粮谷类、水果类、水产品、蛋类、烹调油的摄入量分别增加了39.35 g、33.66 g、14.51 g、8.82 g、7.54 g; 水果类、奶类及其制品的摄入低于推荐摄入量,而畜禽肉类、烹调油及盐的摄入依然高于推荐摄入量; 蛋白质、维生素B₁、维生素E、钙、镁摄入量呈上升趋势,其余营养素摄入量呈下降趋势; 膳食能量的47.50%来源于粮谷类,其次是纯热能食物(21.80%)和动物性食(19.60%); 与十年前相比,碳水化合物和蛋白质供能比有所上升,而脂肪供能比下降; 居民主要摄取动物性蛋白和动物脂肪。结论 2018年深圳居民的膳食结构较2009年有所改善,但仍存在膳食摄入不均衡,营养素摄入不足与摄入过量并存的现象,且膳食结构具有明显“西化”趋势。深圳市今后应根据人群的不同特征开展针对性、多方面的营养健康宣教工作,促进居民合理膳食习惯的形成,降低营养相关疾病发生率。     

天津成人膳食结构及与慢性病的关系分析

[目的]为了解天津居民的膳食结构以及与慢性病的关系和制订与之相关的营养卫生政策预防慢性病.[方法]采用3日称重、24 h膳食回顾记录对人群膳食状况进行调查,并分析膳食结构与慢性病的相对风险度.[结果]天津调查人群的膳食结构中,存在着钙、锌、纤维素B1、B2、维生素C和维生素A等营养素摄入量不足;铁超过参考摄入量;蔬菜摄入偏低,油脂和盐摄入过量等问题;农村居民膳食结构最不合理,滨海新区居民相对较好;对膳食结构与慢性病进行相对风险度分析,结果能量及膳食纤维摄入量与超重、肥胖有相对风险,口味成与高血压有相对风险.[结论]应加强营养干预和膳食指南的健康教育,加快制订营养改善相关政策,建议采用推广健康饮食的方法预防慢性病,提高人群健康水平.     

广东省城市居民膳食结构现状及变化

目的通过居民营养调查,分析广东省城市居民膳食能量、蛋白质、脂肪结构现状及20年变化趋势。方法利用2010年广东省居民营养调查数据进行分析。膳食调查采用连续3 d 24 h回顾法,调味品消费量采用"称重法"。全省5个城市共调查3154户7421人,其中大城市1174户3040人,中小城市1980户4381人。结果广东省城市居民每标准人日能量摄入8803 kJ。20年来呈下降趋势。蛋白质与脂肪提供能量比例分别为16.6%和38.0%。从能量的食物来源看,谷类占总能量的36.1%,动物性食物占29.7%,纯热能食物占15.9%。蛋白质摄入量为69.4 g,粮谷类占22.5%,豆及豆制品占3.8%,动物性食物占57.7%,其他食物占15.9%。脂肪摄入量为74.4 g,49.2%来源于动物性食物。结论广东处于经济转型升级时期,城市居民的膳食特点是能量摄入量下降;谷类供能比下降,蛋白质摄入量下降。脂肪摄入量总体下降,但动物性食物摄入和脂肪提供的能量上升。     

中国居民膳食能量、蛋白质、脂肪的来源构成及变化

目的:分析中国居民膳食能量、蛋白质、脂肪结构现状及变化趋势。方法:利用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查数据进行分析。膳食调查采用连续3d24h回顾法,调味品消费量采用“称重法”。样本:全国31个省132个县23470户,其中城市7687户,农村15783户,调查人数为68962人。结果:我国居民每标准人日能量摄入9.42MJ(2250.5kcal)。20年来呈下降趋势。蛋白质与脂肪提供能量比例分别为11.8%与29.6%,大城市的脂肪供能比达到了38.4%。从能量的食物来源看,谷类占总能量的57.9%,动物性食物占12.6%,纯热能食物为17.3%。蛋白质摄入量为65.9g,粮谷类占52%,豆及豆制品占7.5%,动物性食物占25.1%,其它食物占15.3%。膳食脂肪摄入为76.3g,39.2%来源于动物性食物。结论:由于我国处于经济转型期,居民的膳食特点是能量摄入量下降;谷类供能比下降;蛋白质摄入量下降;脂肪摄入量,特别是动物性食物提供的脂肪上升。脂肪提供的能量增加。     

青岛市体检人群日常膳食脂肪摄入调查分析

目的探讨青岛居民日常膳食中脂肪的摄入量,分析膳食脂肪摄入构成。方法在青岛市市立医院2012年健康查体人群中随机抽取189例进行体格检查、病史调查、空腹血生化检查、膳食调查。通过简化的食物频率表进行现场调查问卷,询问每一个调查对象过去一年中各类食物的摄入频率和摄人量。结果青岛居民每日每人粮谷类食物的平均摄入量约200g,薯类食物约26g,畜禽肉及内脏约85g,海产品约73g,其中小黄鱼、海虾和蛤蜊的摄入量较其他海产品高;坚果类和油脂类平均摄入量分别约23g和40g,摄入量较高。脂肪约占摄入总能量的37％,其中比重最高的为油脂类,约占摄入脂肪的43％,其次为坚果类（约11％）,其他分别为畜禽肉类（约5％）,海产品（约1．8％）。饱和脂肪酸（SFA）：单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）：多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）的比值为1：1．5：1．49,比例不均衡,其中MUFA、PUFA占总脂肪酸比例较高,而ω-3PUFA摄入量较低,人均每天仅约为0．15g。结论青岛居民膳食中营养素摄入齐全,脂肪摄人偏高,脂肪酸比例失衡,这样的膳食结构不利于预防和控制血脂异常及心血管等疾病。     

青海省农村居民膳食特点及对慢病防控意义的研究

目的 了解青海省农村居民膳食结构特点,为进一步开展慢性病的干预提供科学依据.方法 采用典型抽样调查方法,于2010年5月对青海省平安县2个自然村所有18岁及以上人群进行调查,利用食物频率法询问个体主要食物摄人频率和摄入量,同时采用家庭称重法对60户家庭的食盐和油脂消费量进行调查.结果 对比中国居民平衡膳食宝塔推荐量,908名调查对象谷类薯类及杂豆、畜禽肉类、蛋类每日人均摄入量分别为621.91、90.50和29.56 g;奶类及奶制品、大豆类及坚果每日人均摄入量分别为60.48、31.21 g;鱼虾类每日人均摄入量为2.75 g;调查对象新鲜蔬菜和水果每日食用率分别为89.65％和10.90％,人均摄入量分别为262.75、44.23 g,蔬菜和水果摄入量低于膳食宝塔建议量的比例分别71.81％和96.70％;调查家庭中人均食盐和烹调油摄入量分别为12.62、65.52 g.结论 青海省农村被调查居民膳食结构呈“三高一低”的特点,即高盐、高油、高畜禽肉类和低蔬菜水果类摄入,是典型的慢性病高风险膳食.为有效预防和控制慢性病的发生发展,建议针对西部农村地区人群特点,提供有针对性的膳食改善、健康教育和适宜干预技术和措施以及政策支持,以促进农村居民健康膳食和健康生活方式的形成,从长远的角度预防和控制农村居民慢性病.     

天津市居民膳食结构及与血脂异常的关系

目的了解天津居民膳食结构及膳食营养水平,分析主要膳食因素与血脂异常患病的风险。方法采用2002年全国营养与健康状况调查统一方法,抽取天津城区常住人口1080户,对其中部分人群进行膳食调查及血生化检测。结果天津居民膳食结构中存在着钙、镁、锌、钾、硫胺素、核黄素、纤维素和视黄醇等摄入不足;钠、脂肪、维生素E等超过参考摄入量;与膳食平衡宝塔比较,天津居民蔬菜、水果、奶类及豆制品等食物摄入偏低,而油脂和食盐摄入过量;脂肪、蔬菜水果、膳食纤维摄入与血脂异常的患病风险密切相关,膳食脂肪的供能比≥30/是血脂异常的危险因素,OR为2.22;蔬菜水果摄入量≥500g/d是血脂异常的保护因子,OR为0.47;每人每天膳食纤维摄入量≥20g是血脂异常的保护因素,OR为0.24。结论天津市居民膳食结构与营养水平影响着天津居民的健康状况,与血脂异常的患病密切相关。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.