Cigarette smoking and bone mineral density in older men and women.

OBJECTIVES. The association between cigarette smoking and bone mineral density was examined prospectively in a population-based study of older Caucasian men and women. METHODS. Smoking patterns were determined at a 1972-1974 baseline evaluation and, again, 16 years later when 544 men and 822 women had bone mineral density measurements taken. RESULTS. Men and women who were cigarette smokers at baseline demonstrated significantly reduced bone mineral density of the hip compared with nonsmokers. Baseline smoking was not associated with significantly lower bone density at non-hip sites. Women demonstrated a significant dose-response relationship between baseline smoking status at all hip sites measured. Both sexes exhibited significant dose-response relationships between hip bone mineral density and change in smoking status between baseline and follow-up, demonstrating that smoking cessation in later life was beneficial in halting bone density loss associated with smoking. CONCLUSIONS. Smoking was positively and significantly associated with decreased hip bone mineral density in old age. Bone loss associated with smoking would be expected to predict an increased risk of hip fracture in those who do not succumb earlier to another complication of tobacco use.     

Cigarette smoking, sex hormones and bone density in women

It is known that among women over the age of 65, bone mineral density is lower, and the risk of hip fracture higher, in smokers than non-smokers. We report a study in 1334 health pre- and postmenopausal women aged 35–64 years, to determine whether this effect can be attributed to lower oestrogen levels in smokers. Among 676 premenopausal women forearm bone density was no lower in smokers (95% confidence interval 1% lower, 4% higher). Among 543 postmenopausal women who had not used hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for more than a year there was no statistically significant difference, but the lower confidence interval was consistent with a lower bone density in older smokers (by 8% at age 55–59, 16% at age 60–64). Measurements in 194 postmenopausal women not taking HRT showed that oestrone and oestradiol were similar in smokers and non-smokers, as were cortisol and FSH, LH and prolactin. Meta-analysis of the present study and previous studies confirmed significantly higher levels in smokers of the androgens DHEAS (by 37%) and androstenedione (by 34%). Oestrogens were no lower in smokers, and the lower confidence limit excluded more than a trivial effect of smoking in lowering oestrogen. These results indicate that the recognised lower bone density in elderly smokers cannot be explained by an effect of smoking on oestrogen, since in premenopausal women bone density is no lower in smokers and in postmenopausal women oestrogens are no lower in smokers. The data suggest a balance between higher androgen levels but lower rates of conversion of androgens to oestgrogens in smokers. The effect of smoking on bone may be due to impaired response of bone and other target organs to oestrogen, or to actions independent of oestrogen.     

男性吸烟与骨密度及骨生化指标关系

目的探讨男性吸烟与骨密度及骨生化指标关系。方法用DXA仪测定腰椎及髋部骨密（BMD），用ELISA测定389例20～80岁健康男性血清骨特异性碱性磷酸酶（sBAP）和I型胶原氨基末端肽（sNTX）。结果（1）各部位BMD均在20岁～年龄组最高，30岁之后随年龄增加而缓慢下降；40—60岁各年龄组之间的BMD差异无统计学意义。（2）除腰椎侧位BMD外，吸烟组其它各部位BMD显著低于非吸烟组；吸烟组的BAP显著高于非吸烟组，2组之间的sNTX差异无统计学意义。（3）校正年龄与BMI后，烟龄与腰椎正位，髋部总体，股骨颈及ward＇s区BMD均呈负相关（P〈0．05）。每日吸烟量与腰椎正位及Ward＇s区BMD呈负相关（P〈0．05）。结论男性随年龄增长骨量丢失。男性吸烟者骨生化指标与骨转换水平增高，骨量丢失加速。吸烟等生活方式增高骨转换水平，影响骨转换的增龄性变化并加速骨量的丢失。吸烟是骨质疏松的一个危险因素。预防骨质疏松症（OP）应提倡戒烟。     

老年尘肺患者骨密度及骨代谢指标的临床分析

选取34例老年尘肺患者和30名非尘肺健康体检者进行骨密度和骨代谢生化指标检查。结果显示,与对照组相比,老年尘肺患者的跟骨骨密度T值呈现明显的下降趋势,骨质疏松发生率明显增高(P0.05);老年尘肺患者血清中骨代谢生化指标骨钙素蛋白(BGP)值和人骨碱性磷酸酶(BALP)值明显降低,而血清中骨抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRACP-5b)值明显升高(P0.05)。提示老年尘肺患者骨质疏松症的发病率可能高于同龄的健康者,应预防因骨质疏松症导致尘肺患者骨折的发生。     

386例健康男性骨密度与吸烟的关系

目的：研究吸烟对骨密度的影响，方法：采用现况研究法，对386例（吸烟157例、非吸烟229例）中国北方汉族男性人群进行骨密度测量和问卷调查，逐步回归方法分析主要影响因素，用方差分析和协方差分析法了解吸烟对骨密度的影响。结果：各部位骨密度值随吸烟量的增及吸烟年限的延长而下降。日吸烟量超过15支、腰椎、股骨颈、Ward三角区和全身骨密度值为1．127、0．952、0．8744和1．148g/cm^2均显低于日吸烟量未超过15支（1．179、1．002、0．907和1．219g/cm^2)，其中股骨颈和Ward三角区骨密度也分别显低于非吸烟（0．998和0．896g/cm^2)；修正体重等混杂因素后，这种差异在腰椎和全身部位仍然显。同时吸烟15年以上，其骨密度值比日吸烟量少于15支且吸烟不足15年低4．6％－6．7％。     

Protein consumption and bone mineral density in the elderly : the Rancho Bernardo Study

The role of dietary protein in osteoporosis is unclear, with previous studies having suggested both protection and harm. The associations of total, animal, and vegetable protein with bone mineral density (BMD) and the variations in these associations with calcium intake were studied in a community-dwelling cohort of 572 women and 388 men aged 55-92 years (Rancho Bernardo, California). Multiple linear regression analyses adjusted for standard osteoporosis covariates showed a positive association between animal protein consumption, assessed by food frequency questionnaires in 1988-1992, and BMD, measured 4 years later. This association was statistically significant in women. For every 15-g/day increase in animal protein intake, BMD increased by 0.016 g/cm2 at the hip (p = 0.005), 0.012 g/cm2 at the femoral neck (p = 0.02), 0.015 g/cm2 at the spine (p = 0.08), and 0.010 g/cm2 for the total body (p = 0.04). Conversely, a negative association between vegetable protein and BMD was observed in both sexes. Some suggestion of effect modification by calcium was seen in women, with increasing protein consumption appearing to be more beneficial for women with lower calcium intakes, but evidence for this interaction was not consistently strong. This study supports a protective role for dietary animal protein in the skeletal health of elderly women.     

Cigarette smoking and dementia: potential selection bias in the elderly

We conducted a systematic review of published prospective studies that estimated the association between smoking and the incidence of Alzheimer disease and dementia. The relative rate for smokers versus nonsmokers ranged from 0.27 to 2.72 for Alzheimer disease (12 studies) and from 0.38 to 1.42 for dementia (6 studies). The minimum age at entry (range: 55-75 years) explained much of the between-study heterogeneity in relative rates. We conjecture that selection bias due to censoring by death may be the main explanation for the reversal of the relative rate with increasing age.     

南昌地区成年男性骨密度现状及与吸烟关系的研究

目的 调查南昌地区健康成年男性骨密度,探讨吸烟与骨密度的关系.方法 采用法国MEDILINK公司生产的型号为OSTEOCORE2双能X线骨密度仪测量548例南昌地区健康成年男性正位腰椎(L2～L4)、左侧股骨颈及左前臂BMD,分析不同年龄组BMD及骨质疏松患病率变化.并根据吸烟指数进行分组,分析BMD与吸烟指数关系.结果 正位腰椎、股骨颈、前臂BMD峰值均出现在30～39岁年龄段,而后随年龄增加而下降,50岁以后降低更明显,骨质疏松患病率均随年龄增加而增加.吸烟指数与正位腰椎BMD呈负相关(r=-0.472,P＜0.01),与股骨颈、前臂BMD呈弱负相关(r值分别为-0.163和-0.135,P均＜0.05).结论 南昌地区男性BMD峰值出现在30～39岁年龄段,而后随年龄增加BMD下降,骨质疏松患病率增加.吸烟是骨质疏松的危险因素,为预防骨质疏松应尽早戒烟.     

Protein intake: effects on bone mineral density and the rate of bone loss in elderly women

BACKGROUND: The role of dietary protein in bone metabolism is controversial. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the associations of dietary protein intake with baseline bone mineral density (BMD) and the rate of bone loss over 3 y in postmenopausal elderly women. DESIGN: Women aged 65-77 y (n = 489) were enrolled in an osteoporosis intervention trial. We studied the associations of protein intake as a percentage of energy with baseline BMD and the rate of bone loss in 96 women in the placebo group (n = 96). We also examined the effect of the interaction of dietary calcium intake with protein intake on BMD. RESULTS: In the cross-sectional study, a higher intake of protein was associated with higher BMD. BMD was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the spine (7%), midradius (6%), and total body (5%) in subjects in the highest quartile of protein intake than in those in the lower 2 quartiles. This positive association was seen in women with calcium intakes > 408 mg/d. There was no significant effect of protein intake on hip BMD. In the longitudinal study of the placebo group, there was no association between protein intake and the rate of bone loss. CONCLUSIONS: The highest quartile of protein intake (: 72 g/d) was associated with higher BMD in elderly women at baseline only when the calcium intake exceeded 408 mg/d. In the longitudinal study, no association was seen between protein intake and the rate of bone loss, perhaps because the sample size was too small or the follow-up period of 3 y was not long enough to detect changes.     

饮食及生活习惯对中老年男性骨密度影响

目的 确定几种常见生活因子对中老年男性骨密度(BMD)的影响,以便指导骨质疏松症的防治工作。方法 对在武汉同济医院高干病房进行体检的286例50～79岁的汉族中老年男性采用问卷方法进行生活饮食习惯等情况调查;用双能量X线骨密度测量仪(DEXA)测定腰椎及股骨颈BMD值,并进行统计分析。结果 (1)将平均每天摄钙量按从低至高分A、B、C₃组,其中年龄在60～69岁的C组腰椎及股骨颈BMD明显高于A组(P<0.01),与B组比较其股骨颈BMD差异也有统计学意义(P<0.05);70～79岁年龄的C组腰椎及股骨颈BMD与A、B组比较均有很大差距,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(2)不同的蛋白质摄入量及饮酒对骨密度的影响不明显。(3)吸烟对骨密度有较大影响,吸烟组股骨颈BMD低于非吸烟组(P<0.05)。(4)运动对骨密度有较大影响,运动组股骨颈BMD高于非运动组(P<0.05)。结论 增加钙的摄入有助骨密度的提高;蛋白质的摄入情况以及饮酒对骨密度影响不大;吸烟促进骨密度的降低;运动有助于骨密度的提高。     

Long-term depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate and bone mineral density.

The association between long-term use of depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and bone mineral density (BMD) has been controversial, as seen in three case-control studies in New Zealand, Thailand, and the United Kingdom. In the present case-controlled study of BMD, a group of 67 Chinese women who had used DMPA from 5-15 years was compared with 218 women of the same age range who had not used any steroidal hormones. DMPA users were found to have a significantly lower BMD at lumbar vertebra (L2-4) (0.93 g/cm2), neck of femur (0.69 g/cm2), trochanter (0.59 g/cm2), and Ward's triangle (0.58 g/cm2), as compared with the control group, whose corresponding BMD values were 1.03 g/cm2, 0.83 g/cm2, 0.71 g/cm2, and 0.78 g/cm2, respectively (p < 0.001). The average percentage of bone loss per year was estimated to be 1.1% in L2-4, 2.3% in neck of femur, 2.4% in trochanter, and 3.5% in Ward's triangle. The percentage of bone loss in L2-4 was found to be more pronounced with age. This study provided information that the use of DMPA in a Chinese group for > 5 years in associated with bone loss, and a prospective study is needed to confirm these data, which are different from two case-control studies.     

中国成人吸烟与骨密度相关性的Meta分析

摘要:目的　探讨吸烟是否影响中国成人骨密度（BMD）。方法　检索研究中国成人吸烟与骨密度关系的文献,采用Meta分析方法进行分析。结果　11篇文献共5122名观察对象纳入分析:吸烟者腰椎、股骨颈及Ward's区BMD低于非吸烟者,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.0001）;亚组分析显示男性与女性吸烟者的股骨颈BMD低于非吸烟者,50岁及以上吸烟者股骨颈BMD低于非吸烟者,生态学与病例-对照亚组吸烟者的股骨颈BMD低于非吸烟者,病例-对照亚组吸烟者的腰椎BMD低于非吸烟者,以上差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.0001）。结论　吸烟与中国人群的腰椎、股骨颈和Ward's区的骨密度降低相关,特别是50岁及以上的成人,同时,吸烟女性的股骨颈骨密度比男性降低更显著。     

Vitamin B-12 status is associated with bone mineral content and bone mineral density in frail elderly women but not in men

Subclinical vitamin B-12 deficiency is common in the elderly. Encouraged by early indications, we investigated the plasma vitamin B-12 status in association with bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) in frail elderly people. Data of 194 free-living Dutch frail elderly (143 women and 51 men) were available. BMC and BMD were measured by dual energy X-ray analysis. Biochemical analyses were performed on plasma or serum including vitamin B-12, methylmalonic acid, homocysteine, 25-hydroxy vitamin D and parathyroid hormone. Women had higher plasma vitamin B-12 (288 and 238 pmol/L, respectively) and lower plasma homocysteine levels (15.8 and 21.3 micro mol/L, respectively) than men. Of the total explained variance of BMC and BMD in women (46 and 22%, respectively), 1.3-3.1% was explained by plasma vitamin B-12, in addition to weight and height or energy intake. In men, the variance of BMC and BMD was explained by weight, smoking and/or height (total R(2) was 53 and 25%, respectively), but not by plasma vitamin B-12. Osteoporosis occurred more often among women whose vitamin B-12 status was considered marginal or deficient than in women with a normal status, i.e., the prevalence odds ratios (after adjustment for weight, age and calcium intake) (95% confidence intervals) were 4.5 (0.8;24.8) and 6.9 (1.2;39.4), respectively. These results suggest that vitamin B-12 status is associated with bone health in elderly women. Future studies on bone health should take into account a possible role of vitamin B-12 status in different populations.     

2型糖尿病老年男性患者骨密度变化研究

目的研究2型糖尿病老年男性患者的骨矿面密度（bone mineral density,BMD）变化,探讨影响其骨密度的可能因素。方法应用双能x线骨密度仪测定60例老年男性2型糖尿病患者的腰椎和股骨颈骨密度,并检测血清和尿液中骨代谢及血糖相关的生化指标,分析影响患者骨密度的可能因素。结果依据患者腰椎或股骨颈的骨密度值,骨质疏松的检出率为20％,骨量减少的检出率为53．3％。相关分析显示,年龄、体重、HbAlc均是与腰椎或股骨的BMD相关的变量,其中体重与腰椎的BMD相关性最高（r=0．254,P〈0．01）,HbAlc与股骨的BMD相关性最好（r=-0．224,P〈0．01）。结论老年男性2型糖尿病患者的BMD与年龄、体重、HbAlc相关。     

Depot medroxyprogesterone and bone mineral density

OBJECTIVE: To investigate depot medroxyprogesterone (DMPA)-associated bone loss in a general practice setting. DESIGN: Forty-eight patients from a single practice who had used DMPA for contraception for more than 2 years. All patients had a serum oestradiol and if the serum level was <52 pmol/l or >52 pmol/l with menopausal symptoms, bone mineral densitometry (BMD) measurements were made at the lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN) using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Thirty-two patients had bone densitometry, of whom 27 had a serum oestradiol <52 pmol/l and five >52 pmol/l associated with menopausal symptoms. Of the remaining 16 patients, nine patients had a serum oestradiol <52 pmol/l but did not have a BMD as they moved away (five women) or switched to another contraceptive (four women). RESULTS: BMD results showed a significantly reduced bone mass at both sites with mean Z score LS -0.84 (95% CI -1.17 to -0.52) and FN -0.32 (95% CI -0.62 to -0.02). Eighteen women (56% of 32 women) had either osteopenia (15 cases) (T score < -1.0) or osteoporosis (three cases) (T score < -2.5) at the LS. There were trends to an association of a family history of height loss or tobacco smoking (current or past) for LS and FN Z scores that did not quite achieve significance. There was also a trend to lower body weight in those with a possible family history of osteoporosis or who were smokers and an inverse correlation of weight with BMD at the FN (p < 0.05) and a non-significant inverse correlation at the LS. CONCLUSION: The present results demonstrate that a low bone mass should be considered in patients with prolonged DMPA usage especially if they have risk factors for osteoporosis.     

Association of protein intake with bone mineral density and bone mineral content among elderly women: The OSTPRE fracture prevention study

Abstract

It has been hypothesized that high protein intakes are associated with lower bone mineral content (BMC). Previous studies yield conflicting results and thus far no studies have undertaken the interaction of body mass index (BMI) and physical activity with protein intakes in relation to BMC and bone mineral density (BMD).

Objective

To evaluate the associations of dietary total protein (TP), animal protein (AP) and plant protein (PP) intakes with BMC and BMD and their changes. We tested also the interactions of protein intake with, obesity (BMI ≤30 vs. >30 kg/m2) and physical activity level (passive vs. active).

Design/ Setting

Prospective cohort study (Osteoporosis Risk-Factor and Fracture-Prevention Study).

Participants/measures

At the baseline, 554 women aged 65-72 years filled out a 3-day food record and a questionnaire covering data on lifestyle, physical activity, diseases, and medications. Intervention group received calcium 1000 mg/d and cholecalciferol 800 IU for 3 years. Control group received neither supplementation nor placebo. Bone density was measured at baseline and year 3, using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Multivariable regression analyses were conducted to examine the associations between protein intake and BMD and BMC.

Results

In cross-sectional analyses energy-adjusted TP (P≤0·029) and AP (P≤0·045) but not PP (g/d) were negatively associated with femoral neck (FN) BMD and BMC. Women with TP≥1·2 g/kg/body weight (BW) (Ptrend≤0·009) had lower FN, lumbar spine (LS) and total BMD and BMC. In follow-up analysis, TP (g/kg/BW) was inversely associated with LS BMD and LS BMC. The detrimental associations were stronger in women with BMI<30 kg/m². In active women, TP (g/kg/BW) was positively associated with LS BMD and FN BMC changes.

Conclusions

This study suggests detrimental associations between protein intake and bone health. However, these negative associations maybe counteracted by BMI>30 kg/m2 and physical activity.

     

Relationship of nutrient intakes and bone mineral density of elderly women in Daegu, Korea

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between nutrient intake and bone mineral density (BMD) of elderly women in Daegu, Korea. In this study, the bone mineral densities of 101 elderly women in Daegu were measured, and their nutrient intake, dietary habits, and maternal factors were determined through a survey. The subjects were divided into the normal group, the osteopenia group, and osteoporosis group to find out if there is a correlation between bone mineral density and maternal factors, dietary habits, and nutrient intake through their T-scores, analyzed according to the standards of WHO. Classification by T-scores of the participants were the normal group 25.7%, the osteopenia group 39.6%, the osteoporosis group 34.7%. Menopause age of the osteoporosis group was lower, postmenopausal period was longer, and last delivery age was significantly higher than the normal group (p<0.05). Osteoporosis group had a lower percentage of ''everyday'' fruit and vegetable intakes and higher percentage of ''never'' dairy intake than of the normal group. Vitamin A, vitamin B₁, and vitamin B₂ intakes of participants in the osteoporosis group were lower than those in the normal group (p<0.05). In conclusion, nutritional education is necessary to encourage high intake of milk and vegetables and fruits along with calcium, vitamin A, B₁, and B₁ intakes and low intake of sodium for the prevention of elderly women''s osteoporosis.