The fate of vacuolation in liver cells with special reference to hyaline globules.

This study was undertaken in rats to clarify the mechanisms and time necessary for recovery from vacuolation in liver cells. Vacuoles were produced by congestion of the liver due to constriction of the inferior vena cava just below the diaphragm, and changes in vacuoles were examined quantitatively and qualitatively until 24 h after release of the constriction. Vacuoles in liver cells decreased in number by half within 5 min after recovery from congestion. The remaining vacuoles metamorphosed to hyaline globules by condensation of the contents. The number of hyaline globules increased with a peak occurring at 3-6 h after recovery from congestion, although the number of vacuoles decreased gradually. Only a few small vacuoles and hyaline globules were found in liver cells in pericentral areas at 24 h after recovery from congestion. These data indicate that vacuoles may be discharged promptly from the liver cell cytoplasm after recovery from congestion, and the remaining vacuoles may metamorphose to hyaline globules by condensation of the contents and finally fade into the cytoplasm.     

The role of hepatic venous congestion and endotoxaemia in the production of fulminant hepatic failure secondary to congestive heart failure

The present study was undertaken to clarify the role of congestion of the liver and endotoxemia in the production of fulminant hepatic failure secondary to congestive heart failure. Induction of congestion of the liver, i.e. an elevation of hepatic venous pressure, in rats was accomplished by partial obstruction of the inferior vena cava. A close relationship was demonstrated between venous pressure and serum levels of transaminases as a measure of hepatic dysfunction. Hepatic dysfunction was mild in rats with venous hypertension alone, and only centrilobular congestion was seen on microscopy. In contrast, severe abnormalities of hepatic function were induced by venous hypertension and endotoxaemia. Histologically, the liver revealed bridging centrilobular necrosis as seen in patients with congestive heart failure who develop fulminant hepatic failure. These data suggest that coexistence of endotoxaemia and congestion of the liver may induce fulminant hepatic failure, and that the latter alone is associated only with slight hepatic dysfunction and liver damage.     

恶性肿瘤引起下腔静脉梗阻血管内支架治疗的临床应用

目的探讨恶性肿瘤引起下腔静脉梗阻血管内支架治疗的临床效果。方法16例下腔静脉梗阻患者中．原发性肝癌7例,肝转移癌6例,胃癌2例,胰腺癌腹膜后淋巴结转移1例（其中男性9例,女性7例,年龄40～70岁）。均造成下腔静脉的完全或部分梗阻,采用经皮股静脉穿刺行血管内支架治疗。结果16例患者均一次成功植入血管支架。下腔静脉梗阻症状明显改善。全部病例均无严重并发症。结论血管支架植入术可迅速缓解下腔静脉恶性梗阻的临床症状．是治疗恶性下腔静脉梗阻有效的姑息性治疗方法。     

右叶部分肝移植肝静脉的临床应用解剖

目的：为右叶部分肝移植提供肝静脉的解剖学基础。方法：观测52个铸型标本中肝静脉的走行、分布、分型，肝中静脉肝左静脉合干比率，肝短静脉的数量，大小，及其在肝静脉的各类型中的出现率。结果：肝静脉的分型中A型、B型、C型分别为65．4％、26．9％、7．7％。肝中静脉肝左静脉合干机率67．3％。肝短静脉出现率为32．6％，肝右静脉汇入下腔静脉处与肝中静脉汇入肝左静脉或下腔静脉处的距离2．Ocm以内者占80．7％。结论：本文结果为右叶部分肝移植提供了肝静脉的解剖学基础，提示中国人肝静脉的结构似乎较适合右叶部分肝移植。     

CT静脉成像技术在布加综合征诊断中的应用价值

目的 探讨CT静脉成像（CTV）在布加综合征（BCS）诊断中的应用价值。方法 回顾性研究。纳入2017年5月—2021年11月蚌埠市第一人民医院和蚌埠医学院第一附属医院BCS患者136例。其中男78例、女58例,年龄24~82岁。患者均经CTV和数字减影血管造影（DSA）检查,对下腔静脉、肝静脉及侧支血管进行三维重建分析。观察项目：（1）观察BCS患者的CTV影像学表现;（2）比较CTV与DSA在评估和诊断阻塞血管及BCS合并血栓、肝癌等的差异。结果 （1）BCS患者的CTV影像学表现：肝硬化,脾肿大,腹水,尾状叶明显增大,增强早期见尾状叶及肝左叶中央部分迅速强化,呈斑片状不均匀强化（中心扇样强化）,延迟强化密度趋于均匀,并可见侧枝循环形成。（2）CTV与DSA在诊断肝静脉节段性阻塞、肝静脉膜性阻塞、肝静脉广泛性阻塞、下腔静脉节段性阻塞、下腔静脉膜性阻塞、下腔静脉膜性带孔阻塞及肝静脉和下腔静脉阻塞的差异均无统计学意义（χ²=0.13、0.00、0.00、0.44、0.13、0.25、0.80,P值均>0.05）。CTV诊断BCS合并肝癌（5例）优于DSA（0例）,差异有统计学意义（χ²=4.00,P=0.046）。两者诊断BCS合并血栓,差异无统计学意义（χ²=2.45,P=0.118）。结论 CTV可准确显示BCS患者的血管病变,具有与DSA相当的准确性,而且对合并肝癌的诊断优于DSA,可为BCS的术前诊断和临床治疗方案制定提供指导意见。     

大鼠原位肝移植模型的建立*☆

背景：“二袖套法”原位肝移植模型的建立缩短了无肝期的时间,并且显著提高了老鼠肝移植后的存活率。 目的：在“二袖套法”的基础上,结合一些相关文献,建立稳定大鼠原位肝移植模型。 方法：用改进的二袖套法对75对SD大鼠行原位肝移植,移植中门静脉、肝下下腔静脉用袖套法进行吻合,肝上下腔静脉用缝合法吻合,胆道采用支架法进行胆道重建。 结果与结论：受体大鼠移植后一般状况良好,50例正式实验移植后1 d存活率94%,1周存活率为90%。供肝热缺血时间均接近0,供体手术时间(34.44±3.25) min,受体手术时间(49.07±4.93) min,无肝期(17.26±2.51) min,下腔静脉平均阻断时间约为20 min。说明只有熟练地掌握手术技巧,细致耐心的操作,最大程度减少各种并发症的发生,才能获得稳定的原位肝移植模型。     

双袖套法大鼠异体原位肝移植模型改进与体会

目的    探讨建立一种灌注更彻底,操作更简便实用的改进双袖套法大鼠异体原位肝移植模型。　方法　在Kamada双袖套法的基础上进行改良。供、受体均为SD雄性大鼠,以4℃林格氏液经腹主动脉、肝门静脉低压双重灌注供肝,受体肝上下腔静脉采用血管膜端端“三点”标记吻合法,肝门静脉及肝下下腔静脉采用袖套吻合法,胆管吻合采用单管插管吻合。　结果　54例正式实验受体无肝期较短,手术1d存活率94.4%(51/54)。受体大鼠术后一般状况良好。　结论　改良后双袖套法大鼠原位肝移植模型操作简易快捷,成功率较高。     

尾状叶切除术应用解剖学研究

目的：为肝尾状叶切除术提供形态学理论基础。方法：选取37具成人离体尸肝标本，采用雕琢法和断层解剖观测肝尾状叶形态、毗邻，血管系统的来源、走行，肝后腔静脉前间隙。结果：尾状叶三管系统的来源，Spiegel叶多以左肝三管系统为主，而腔静脉旁叶多以右肝或分权处为主，三管系统中，以门静脉分支分布最为稳定，尾状叶静脉变异较大；三管系统在进入尾状叶时形成簇；尾状叶有前平面及肝后腔静脉前间隙；尾状叶Spiegel叶与腔静脉旁部存在较为明显的界线，其外部标志大致与其外切迹相当，腔静脉旁部与尾状突无明显的界线。结论：肝尾状叶位置特殊，毗邻关系复杂，三管系统进入尾状叶的位置比较恒定。尾状叶的手术切除术应首先确定边界，根据相应的解剖标志来选择手术方式及入路。     

肝静脉,肝短静脉注入下腔静脉壁处在肝移植术中的应用

目的 探讨采用膈下肝段下腔静脉壁前半部钳夹,解决肝移植术中无肝期下肢静脉回流障碍。方法 对17例成人尸肝进行解剖,以时钟刻度方法描述肝静脉、肝短静脉注入下腔静脉壁的位置。结果 肝左静脉、肝右静脉、肝中静脉均注入下腔静脉前半壁(即3～9点),肝短静脉多为针眼大小,注入部位多在5～9点之间(154支),少数注入9～11点(9支)。结论 肝移植术中可以采用下腔静脉壁前半钳夹,解决无肝期下肢静脉回流障碍。     

数控气压式肝血流阻断术的肝脏解剖学基础

目的　探讨非直视下钝性分离肝裸区 ,临床应用数控气压式肝血流阻断术做肝切除的可能性。方法　观测 15例经福尔马林灌注的成人尸体肝脏标本的形体特点。结果　 (1)全部标本右肝膈面前部、后部的凸出部位明显 ,后部的最凸出点位于肝裸区 ,其至下腔静脉右缘最小距离约 (4 7± 1 1) (7 2～ 3 0 )cm ,前部的最凸出点到第二肝门右缘的最小距离为 (6 7± 1 6 ) (9 0～ 5 0 )cm。两凸出点之间联线左侧缘至镰状韧带的中间部位肝膈面形成凸圆形 ,中间部位脏面右侧较平整 ,左侧有尾状叶 ,故外形轮廓呈钝圆形 ,较规则 ;(2 )肝裸区的左右最大径线为 (8 4± 9 8) (10 5～ 7 3)cm ,肝裸区的前后最大径线为(7 1± 1 1) (8 9～ 4 9)cm。肝裸区有纤维结缔组织与膈相连 ,无较大血管。结论　 (1)肝脏中间部位的形态结构特征适合肝气压止血带的固定、加压 ,为临床上应用数控气压式肝血流阻断术提供了可能性 ;(2 )不游离肝周韧带 ,非直视下钝性分离肝裸区不会引起大出血 ,临床上操作简单、安全、可行。     

国人肝段在冠状断层上的划分

目的：为肝内微小病变精确定位诊断和外科治疗提供冠状断层解剖学依据。方法：采用30例上腹部连续冠状断层标本、20例肝内门静脉和肝静脉解剖正常的薄层MSCT断层图像及其三维重建图像,在冠状断层上对其门静脉肝段进行精确划分。结果：经胆囊、门静脉左支及肝左静脉的冠状断面上,肝中静脉主干是划分右前上叶和左前下叶的识别标志,门静脉左支角部是左前下叶的段间裂识别标志,亦是右前上叶和左前下叶的亚段间裂识别标志。经肝门静脉主干的冠状断面上,门静脉右前支主干是右前上叶的段间裂识别标志,该层面以前为右前上叶的腹侧段,该层面以后则为右前上叶的背侧段。经网膜孔的冠状断面上、下腔静脉的右缘是划分尾状叶和右半肝的识别标志,门静脉右后支主干是划分右前上叶背侧段和右后下叶下段的标志,经下腔静脉和肝右静脉的冠状面上,肝右静脉主干是划分右前上叶的背侧段和右后下叶上段的标志;门静脉右后支主干是右后下叶的段间裂识别标志。结论：国人门静脉肝段在冠状断面上的精确划分,不仅有利于肝内微小病变的精确定位,且有利于探索新的和更加安全的外科术式。     

Magnetic resonance imaging of the liver by frontal (coronal) sections

In general, frontal sections of the liver in magnetic resonance imaging are used less than sections passing through other planes of space. Frontal sections of the trunk in magnetic resonance imaging involving the liver, performed in over 80 patients for various reasons, were compared with frontal sections of the trunk made in 10 cadavers. A general schema was established of the anatomy of the liver studied in the frontal plane. Frontal sections in magnetic resonance imaging make it possible to form a very good estimate of the structure and size of the liver, and to recognize individual variations. They clearly show certain inferior relations of the liver. In particular, frontal sections in magnetic resonance imaging make it possible to identify most of the main veins of the liver, the main lobar veins and branches of the portal vein, and to properly study the entire retrohepatic portion of the inferior vena cava. Some of the vascular images were found almost constantly in the sections of the various subjects. The right lobe of the liver is more accessible to such study than the left by reason of its structure and its venous arrangements. Frontal sections of the liver in magnetic resonance imaging constitute a preferential method for studying the anatomy of the liver. Together with transverse sections, they make it possible to specify the site and venous relations of a pathologic process within the liver, with a view to hepatectomy.     

左外叶活体肝移植肝静脉的临床应用解剖

目的 :观察肝左叶静脉解剖结构 ,模拟左外叶活体肝移植肝静脉切取方法。方法 :解剖正常人肝脏标本 30具 ,观察肝脏铸型标本 30具 ,测量肝左静脉长度、管径及属支分布情况。结果 :肝左静脉主要由左外叶上段静脉支和下段静脉支汇合并延续而成 ,主要接收或不接收较有意义的属支有左后上缘静脉支和左叶间裂静脉支。结论 :肝左外叶静脉血管解剖变异较多 ,活体取肝前应仔细研究其结构特点 ,设计合理的切取模式 ;移植前肝静脉需行必要的整形 ,以便与受体静脉进行吻合。少数情况下肝左外叶活体移植为禁忌证。     

Point-of-care ultrasound assessment of the inferior vena cava distensibility index in mechanically ventilated children in the operating room

Background and aimPoint-of-care ultrasound imaging of the inferior vena cava distensibility index is a potential indicator for determining fluid overload and dehydration in the mechanically ventilated patients. Data on inferior vena cava distensibility index and inferior vena cava distensibility variability are limited in mechanically ventilated pediatric patients. That is why our aim in this study was to measure inferior vena cava distensibility index and to obtain mean values in pediatric patients, ventilated in the operating room before the ambulatory surgical procedure started.Materials and methodsThis crosssectional study was performed between February 2019 and February 2020. Ultrasonographic measurements were performed in a total of 125 children.ResultsIn a period of 13 months, the measurements were performed in a total of 125 children, of which 120 (62.5% male) met the criteria and were included in the study. Overall inferior vena cava distensibility index (%): mean   SD: 6.8   4.0, median (min–max): 5.7 (1.4–19.6), IQR: 3.8–8.7. Overall inferior vena cava distensibility variability (%): mean   SD: 6.5   3.7, median (min–max): 5.5 (1.4–17.8), IQR: 3.7–8.4.ConclusionOur study is the largest series of children in the literature in which inferior vena cava distensibility index measurements were investigated.     

前入路绕肝提拉法肝后隧道的解剖学研究

目的:探讨前入路绕肝提拉法手术的临床解剖学依据.方法:解剖分离21具成人尸体的肝后下腔静脉标本,采集20例因肝硬化行背驮式肝移植患者的肝后下腔静脉的临床影像资料,按不同的绕肝提拉法可能的路径和不同宽度肝后隧道(10 mm,6 mm)统计可能遇到的肝静脉.结果:前入路绕肝提拉法的标准路径平均可遇到肝短静脉的中位数是1(0～3),标准路径右上方的路径(肝后下腔静脉右缘、距肝下缘1 cm)和标准路径之间、不同宽度肝后隧道之间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),肝硬化组与无肝硬化对照组之间无明显差异(P＞0.05).结论:前入路绕肝提拉法肝切除手术是可行的.     

肠系膜上静脉外科干及下腔静脉下段的应用解剖观察

本文解剖了30具成人尸体,对肠系膜上静脉外科干、下腔静脉下段的位置、长度、外径、两者的相互关系以及前者与肠系膜上动脉分支后者与腹主动脉分支的关系等进行了观察测量。认为国人的外科干至少80％能满足手术中行肠腔静脉吻合术应具备的四点要求。     

肝尾状叶的外科解剖及其临床应用

在42例成人肝脏标本上，研究了肝尾状叶的形态，动脉、静脉和肝管的分布特征；尾状叶常有3个突起，即尾状突、乳头突和下腔静脉后突，且变异较大；尾状叶有两个恒定的蒂，其结构排列由浅入深分别是门静脉支、肝动脉支和肝管。尾状叶静脉有2～5支，其中以3支居多，主要汇入下腔静脉肝后段的中、下1／3部的左前壁。中结合解剖学研究总结了施行肝尾状叶肿瘤切除术的方法和经验。     

下腔静脉滤器置入预防肺栓塞

背景：下腔静脉滤器置入预防肺栓塞是有效的,也为手术取栓提供了安全保障。 目的：探讨下腔静脉滤器临床应用的研究进展。 方法：由第一作者检索1985/2010 FMJS数据库及万方数据库有关下腔静脉滤器材料学的发展,置入的适应证、禁忌证,置入技术,并发症及置入后抗凝问题方面的文献。 结果与结论：下腔静脉滤器材料学发展迅速,其置入技术显著提高,但对其临床应用指针还没有统一的认识。对于置入后抗凝问题认识也存在差异,而滤网位置偏移、游走、成角及腔静脉穿孔和对周围脏器的损伤报道随着下腔静脉滤器应用的增多而相应增多。下腔静脉滤器置入预防肺栓塞的临床疗效是值得肯定的,但应该高度重视置入后的并发症及其严重性,相信随着下腔静脉滤器材料学的进一步发展及生物相容性的提高,其临床应用前景会越来越广阔。关键词：下腔静脉滤器;深静脉血栓;肺栓塞;置入;综述文献 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.16.033     

大鼠腹腔心脏移植技术的改良

目的 探讨大鼠腹腔心脏移植手术技术的改良。方法 采用Ono创建的大鼠异位心脏移植模型，即将供体心脏主动脉和肺动脉分别与受体腹主动脉和下腔静脉吻合，对手术方法作了部分改进，缩短手术时间和移植心脏缺血时间。结果 50次实验手术成功率88％。结论 新技术的采用降低了大鼠腹腔心脏移植模型的制作难度，手术失败的主要原因是吻合口出血，减少术中出血是保证手术成功的关键，吻合血管时应遵守“宁慢勿漏”的原则。     

Complex venous anomalies: magnetic resonance imaging findings in a 5-year-old boy

We report magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of a very unusual venous anomaly case. A 5-year-old boy who had surgical repair of coarctation of the thoracic aorta was referred to our department for evaluation of an enlarged venous structure anterior to the aorta, which had been noted during the surgery. Contrast enhanced dynamic MRI revealed partial anomalous pulmonary venous return to the left azygos vein, double inferior and superior vena cava with the left azygos continuation of the left superior vena cava. The recognition of venous anomalies allows correct planning of surgical and interventional procedures. MRI is a valuable imaging tool providing detailed anatomical information.