可折断螺钉治疗肩锁关节脱位

目的探讨可折断螺钉治疗肩锁关节脱位（TossyIII型）的疗效。方法1997年7月～2010年7月使用可折断螺钉采用肩关节外侧切口行肩锁关节间内固定治疗25例肩锁关节脱位（Tossy111型）。结果手术时间45～90min,平均70min。术中出血量30～50ml,平均45ml。未发生重要解剖结构的损伤。术后住院7～12d,平均9d。术后6个月关节功能按照Lazzcano标准优25例。25例随访6～23个月,平均11个月,无内固定松动或断裂,可折断螺钉取出后肩锁关节无再次脱位。结论可折断螺钉是治疗肩锁关节脱位（TossyIII型）的一种较好的手术方法。     

Stability at the half pin–frame interface on external fixation constructs

A mechanical study investigating the use of two different methods (grub and bolt screws) to secure external fixation half pins to circular frames. A four part experiment: (1) Grub and bolt screws were used to secure half pins in Taylor Spatial frames. Loosening torques were measured using a calibrated torque wrench. (2) Using universal testing machine (UTM), axial loading was applied to establish thresholds for loosening in grub and bolt screw constructs. (3) We established the application torque to produce failure at the head–driver interface using these two methods. (4) Grub and bolt screw constructs were created controlling torque. Using UTM, axial loading was applied to establish thresholds for loosening. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS v20.0.0. (1) Higher torque is employed when bolt rather than grub screws is used to secure half pins on Rancho cubes (p < 0.05). (2) Loading threshold for loosening is higher in bolt screw constructs when the torque applied to secure the constructs is not controlled (p < 0.05). (3) Torque required for failure at the head–driver interface was 5.3 Nm for grub screws and 9.9 Nm for bolts. (4) Loading threshold for loosening is higher in grub screw constructs when the same torque was applied to secure them (p < 0.05). Bolt screws can be employed to secure the half pin–frame interface. They offer good stability and reduce failure at the head–driver interface. Further research is needed to determine the mechanical properties of such constructs in vivo.     

股骨髁间骨折三种内固定方法生物力学实验研究与临床应用

目的　为临床选择有效的内固定方法提供实验依据。方法　取 9具新鲜尸体股骨标本 ,制成股骨髁间骨折 (AO分类的C1型 ) ,采用L形髁钢板 +螺栓、L形髁钢板、加压钢板 +螺栓三种内固定方法 ,进行实验应力分析 ,比较不同内固定方法的优劣 ,并以有限元理论分析进一步论证它的结果。结果　L形髁钢板 +螺栓内固定优于L形髁钢板、加压钢板 +螺栓固定 ,应力和髁间位移均具有显著差异 (P <0 0 1)。临床手术 5 2例中 43例平均随访 2 5个月 ,膝关节功能优良率分别为 :L形髁钢板+螺栓 95 % ,L形髁钢板 84 6 % ,加压钢板 +螺栓 81 8%。结论　L形髁钢板 +螺栓联合固定是治疗股骨髁间骨折较好的内固定方法。     

The Seidel nail revisited- an evaluation of recent design change

This study evaluated a recent design change of the distal locking mechanism of the Seidel nail. The distal expansion bolt has been modified to incorporate a swagged rotating collar. The torque requirement for distal locking was measured for the original and new bolt design using a composite bone humeral model. Ten of each screw type were tested. The torque requirement for distal locking was less in the original bolt design. However the torque transmission is smoother in the new bolt design making appreciation of adequate locking more reliable.     

A high-profile thread with grit-blasted and acid-etched surface reduces loosening of medial column fusion bolt in instable Charcot foot

BackgroundIntramedullary fusion bolts (FB) were introduced to stabilize the medial column of the instable Charcot foot (ICF), but complications as bolt loosening or breakage are frequent. We compared the use of a standard FB and a high-profile threaded FB with a grit-blasted surface. We hypothesized that implant related complications occurred less often and osseous consolidation of fusion sites was more distinctive using the latter type of FB.MethodsConsecutive patients suffering from an ICF were stabilized with a high-profile threaded and surface-modified FB (HTFB) (n = 20) or with a standard FB (n = 20) which was placed into the first ray. Additional bolts and dorsal low-profile plates were applied in every patient. In a retrospective assessment osseous consolidation of the fusion sites was analyzed at 3 month and quantified by CT scan. At 3 and 12 month longitudinal foot arch collapse and rate of bolt loosening were assessed.ResultsCompared to the control group, the HTFB group reached significant higher consolidation after 3 month. No dislocation and a single bolt breakage was observed in the HTFB group after the fourth month, while the control group included 3 patients with bolt dislocation at 3 ± 1 month and 5 patients with bolt breakage at 6 ± 1.8 month. Compared to preoperative values, the improvement of Meary’s angle after one-year was significant higher in the HTFB group (23.4° ± 14) than in controls (11.7° ± 13).ConclusionsModification of bolt design improves the stability of the medial column: A higher rate of osseous consolidation of the medial column leads to lower rate of bolt dislocation/breakage and finally to permanently erected longitudinal foot arch. Initially disappointing results following medial column stabilization with fusion bolts can be rejected by modifications of bolt design and its technical application.     

Inaccurate pressure readings for subarachnoid bolts

The subarachnoid bolt has been used extensively to monitor intracranial pressure in a variety of conditions. We have had two patients who had subarachnoid bolts in place that were thought to be functional in whom evidence of increased pressure was present. In one case, the patient had Reye's syndrome with seizure activity, decerebrate posturing, fixed and dilated pupils, and cardiac arrest. Although autopsy revealed evidence of cerebellar and uncal herniation, verifying the presence of pressure cones, the subarachnoid bolt pressure was never elevated and had a good wave form. In the other case, the patient developed an epidural hematoma postoperatively while a subarachnoid bolt was in place. The subarachnoid bolt was measuring pressures of less than 15 mm Hg with a good wave form despite clinical and, subsequently, computed tomographic evidence of an evolving mass. The use of a pressure monitor such as the subarachnoid bolt should not replace frequent clinical assessment of the patient.     

远端锁钉数目对加锁髓内钉力学性能影响的研究

目的　测试远端锁钉数目对加锁髓内钉整体力学性能的影响。　方法　实验共选用国产 TAMZ钛合金制造 9mm胫骨加锁髓内钉 2 0根 ,将所有髓内钉随机分成单钉组 ,远端仅安装 1根锁钉 ;双钉组 ,远端安装 2根锁钉。各组再平均分成两小组 ,将髓内钉安装在自行设计的不锈钢模型中 ,利用万能力学实验机测试各组髓内钉的抗压缩和抗扭转力学特性。　结果　在压缩实验中单钉组平均最大压缩载荷为 1880 N,双钉组的平均最大载荷为 2 16 0 N,两组比较有统计学意义 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;在扭转实验中平均最大扭矩、扭角单钉组分别为 5 5 .5 Nm和 5 8.0°,双钉组分别为 5 5 .8Nm和 5 8.3°,两组无差异 (P>0 .0 5 )。　结论　单根锁钉的力学性质可满足临床要求。临床上安装髓内钉时 ,长管状骨近端或中 1/ 3较稳定的骨折 ,可在远端选择安装 1根锁钉 ;而远端 1/ 3骨折或者粉碎性、伴骨缺损的严重骨折 ,应在远端尽量安装 2根锁钉。     

Traumatic fixation of the hip by a bolt fired from a bolt gun

A 25-year-old building worker was struck in the left hip by a 12.7-cm long bolt fired from a bolt gun. The bolt penetrated deeply into the pelvis, through the acetabulum, the joint cavity and the head of the femur leading to fixation of the hip. In spite of immediate extraction of the nail, cleansing, immobilization, antibiotics and tetanus prophylaxis, the wound became infected. The tips of the modern types of nails used in nail guns may be coated with a plastic material which can constitute a troublesome foreign body if left behind, because the nail is merely extracted without opening and exploring the track.     

ACL重建术中联合使用RetroButton微钢板和光面同种异体皮质骨挤压钉的初步疗效观察

目的对ACL重建术中联合使用RetroButton微钢板和光面同种异体皮质骨挤压钉进行股骨侧移植物固定的疗效进行初步观察。方法选取ACL断裂患者10名,采用标准膝关节镜下ACL重建术式,经前内侧入路定位和钻取股骨骨隧道,经取腱切口钻取胫骨隧道。股骨侧采用RetroButton微钢板固定后,从股骨隧道关节内入口置入光面同种异体皮质骨挤压钉;胫骨侧固定从隧道关节外入口置入可吸收界面钉,并用门型钉进行加强。通过X线平片、CT扫描、轴移试验以及Lachman试验对术后临床疗效进行观察。结果通过3～6个月随访,所有患者的轴移试验和Lachman试验均转为阴性;通过X线平片和CT扫描测量股骨隧道,均未出现明显扩大,且挤压钉已部分吸收。结论联合使用RetroButton微钢板和光面同种异体皮质骨挤压钉对股骨侧移植物进行混合固定,在ACL术后3～6个月能有效防止股骨隧道的扩大;加之光面同种异体骨挤压钉所具有的骨诱导作用,其在理论上具有促进腱骨愈合进程的功能。     

内镜联合肝动脉栓塞化疗、射频消融治疗肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓

目的探讨内镜联合肝动脉栓塞化疗（transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,TACE）、射频消融（percutaneous radiofrequency ablation,PRAF）治疗肝细胞癌（hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC）合并胆管癌栓的治疗效果。方法回顾总结1999年1月～2005年12月收治的65例肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓的诊疗情况。结果65例中,均行内镜胆道引流术或EST及取栓,联合TACE,PRAF治疗。本组无手术死亡。癌栓清除率为95．4％（62／65）,肿瘤坏死率为96．9％（63／65）,1年生存率为60．0％（39／65）,3年生存率为38．5％（25／65）。结论内镜联合TACE及PRAF治疗肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓不失为一种行之有效的微创治疗方法,疗效优于单纯的内镜、TACE及PRAF治疗。     

Detection of Locking Bolt Loosening in the Stem-Condyle Junction of a Modular Femoral Stem in Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty

We report one case of loosening of the locking bolt in the stem-condyle junction of a constrained modular femoral component in revision total knee arthroplasty. Early detection of loosening of the locking bolt was possible using reconstructed view of computerized tomography scans before complete disengagement and radiographic loosening of the stemmed femoral component. When using the Total Condyle III femoral component with a stem extension, surgeons should keep in mind that stress concentration at the stem-condyle junction can result in failure of the locking bolt although it is rare and that loosening or disengagement of the locking bolt may be a sign of a loose stemmed femoral component.     

Brain injuries caused by spherical bolts

OBJECT: Metallic particles contained in antihuman bombs increase the number of fatalities. The ballistics of these particles depends on the explosive that is used, the distance from the explosion, the shape of the particle projected, and the biomechanics of the injured tissue. The authors present their experience with penetrating spherical bolt injuries to the brain. METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed clinical and radiological data obtained in eight patients with penetrating spherical bolt injuries to the cranium: four had Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores less than 8 (three died, one from an unrelated injury) and four had a GCS score of 15 (all survived). Two of the latter patients suffered unique anatomical injuries attributed to the distinctive ballistics of spherical bolts: in one patient the bolt penetrated the cavernous sinus causing minimal cranial nerve injury, and in the other patient the bolt lodged in the fourth ventricle causing acute hydrocephalus without other neurological deficits. CONCLUSIONS: Penetrating spherical bolts to the brain may be lethal. Nevertheless, they have unique ballistics that cause highly delineated anatomical damage and minor neurological deficits.     

A case of a penetrating brain injury due to an explosion of a construction machine

Penetrating brain injury caused by a high speed projectile is rather rare in Japan, known for its strict gun-control laws. We report a case of a 55-year-old male, who was transferred to our hospital with a foreign body in the brain due to penetrating head injury, which was caused by an explosion of a construction machine. Neurological examination demonstrated severe motor aphagia with no apparent motor paresis. The patient had a scalp laceration on his left forehead with exposed cerebral tissue and CSF leakage. Head CT scan and plain skull X-ray revealed a 20 mm×25 mm bolt which had penetrated due to the explosion of the machine. The anterior wall of the left frontal sinus was fractured resulting in dural laceration, and scattered bone fragments were seen along the trajectory of the bolt. Digital subtraction angiography showed no significant vascular injuries including superior sagittal sinus. We performed open surgery, and successfully removed the bolt along with the damaged frontal lobe. The patient had no infection or seizure after the surgery, and was transferred for further rehabilitation therapy. We performed a cosmetic cranioplasty six months later. Surgical debridement of the damaged cerebral tissue along the trajectory led to successful removal of the bolt with no further neurological deficit.     

Biomechanical evaluation of a bioabsorbable expansion bolt for hamstring graft fixation in ACL reconstruction: an experimental study in calf tibial bone

Introduction: The purpose of our study was to evaluate and compare the primary fixation strength of a novel bioabsorbable two shell expansion bolt (EB) with that of a well-established interference screw-fixation technique in hamstring reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. Materials and methods: Thirty calf tibia plateaus (age 5–6 months) were assigned to three groups: In group I (n=10) triple-stranded hamstring grafts were fixed with titanium interference screws (7 mm thread / 8 mm head × 25 mm). Specimens of group II (n=10) received bioabsorbable poly-L-lactide interference screws (8×23 mm). In group III (n=10), the grafts were fixed using bioabsorbable poly-D,L-lactide expansion bolts (5.8/8.5/10 mm × 35 mm). The tensile axis was placed parallel to the bone tunnel. The construction was then loaded until failure under a displacement rate of 1 mm per second. Results: There were no significant differences concerning the maximum pullout force (group I: 357 N ± 61; group II: 326 N ± 92; group III: 343 N ± 55). In case of the expansion bolt, we found the stiffness to be higher (61 N/mm) when compared to group I (48 N/mm), and group II (52 N/mm) (P<0.01 I vs. III). Using interference screws, we were able to demonstrate a strong correlation between torque and pullout forces (group I: r ²=0.7; group II: r ²=0.92). Ruptures of the suturing material occurred only in groups I and II. Conclusion: We conclude that hamstring graft fixation, using the presented expansion bolt, demonstrates fixation strength similar to the established screw fixation and can therefore be regarded as a reasonable alternative fixation method. Especially, since some specific disadvantages of screw fixation can be prevented by application of the bolt fixation.     

枢椎椎弓根骨折半螺纹螺钉固定长度的影像学研究

 目的影像学测量枢椎椎弓根不同部位骨折后路半螺纹螺钉的固定长度。方法收集2007年6月至2013年6月收治非Hangman骨折致寰枢椎损伤汉族患者的影像学资料,枢椎椎体及关节突间部（椎弓根）骨折者均以排除,共160例患者资料纳入研究,男120例,女40例;年龄18~72岁,平均41.4岁。在ADW 4.4工作站行CT三维重建,选取枢椎椎弓根钉道设计图像,以Ebraheim法确定枢椎进钉点,测量自进钉点经枢椎椎弓根最狭窄部位中点至枢椎体前方皮质骨后缘的距离（半螺纹螺钉长度）;模拟临床常见的三种枢椎椎弓根骨折（经椎体后壁骨折、经峡部骨折、经椎板前缘骨折）的骨折线,分别测量自进钉点至骨折线的距离（螺杆长度)和自骨折线至枢椎椎体前方皮质骨后缘的距离（螺纹长度）。观察身高、性别、不同部位骨折半螺纹螺钉长度、螺杆长度及螺纹长度的规律。结果男性身高162~177 cm,平均（167±7.9） cm;女性身高151~167 cm,平均（156±6.6） cm。枢椎椎弓根骨折后所需半螺纹螺钉长度男性平均（28.8±3.2）mm;女性（24.7±2.6） mm,男性半螺纹螺钉较女性长（t=6.50,P< 0.05）。患者身高与半螺纹螺钉长度呈正相关（r=0.667,P<0.01）。骨折线越靠近枢椎体后壁半螺纹螺钉的螺杆越长、螺纹越短,经椎体后壁骨折组螺杆长度男性平均17 mm、女性15 mm,螺纹长度男性平均12 mm、女性10 mm;经峡部骨折组螺杆长度男性平均14 mm、女性13 mm,螺纹长度男性平均15 mm、女性12 mm;经椎板前缘骨折组螺杆长度男性平均10 mm、女性9 mm,螺纹长度男性平均18 mm、女性15 mm。结论枢椎椎弓根骨折后路手术中使用的半螺纹螺钉长度与身高、性别有关。椎弓根骨折部位不同,所需半螺纹螺钉的螺杆、螺纹长度也不相同。     

Strength Evaluation of Lateral Calcaneal Wall with Circular External Fixation Application in Cadaveric Specimens

Circular external fixation is a useful treatment option for the correction of complex trauma, extremity deformity, osteomyelitis, and reconstruction of the foot and ankle. The goal of the present study was to determine the degrees of bolt rotation required to create enough wire tension to cause structural failure of the lateral calcaneal wall when stressed with both olive and smooth wires in a cadaveric model. Ten fresh, thawed, below-the-knee specimens were tested at the San Diego Cadaveric Academic Research Symposium. The mean bolt rotation required to pull an olive wire through the lateral wall of the calcaneus was 79.8° ± 32.81°, and the mean bolt rotation required to “walk” a skinny wire (narrow diameter) and create 1 mm of cortical bone failure was 50.5° ± 30.91°. The results of the present investigation further define and elucidate the appropriate “Russian tensioning” technique applicable for external fixation of the calcaneus using olive or skinny wires in the case of fracture repair or compression arthrodesis.     

The diagnosis of delayed expanding traumatic pseudoaneurysm of thoracic aorta caused by self-inflicted penetrating injury with crossbow bolt: A case report

Introduction and importancePenetrating chest trauma caused by a crossbow bolt is very rare. Herein, we report a successfully treated patient who attempted suicide by directing a crossbow to the chest cavity and developed an expanding pseudoaneurysm of the thoracic aorta during eight-day follow up.Case presentationA 51-year-old male was admitted to the emergency department after firing a crossbow bolt twice into his left chest. At admission, the patient was hemodynamically stable and maintaining oxygenation. The bolt had already been removed from the body. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) revealed a cavity pseudoaneurysm 2.5 mm in size in the aortic arch. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the CT demonstrated wound tracts showing probable damage by the bolt. The patient was admitted to the emergency department for careful observation and transferred to the psychiatric ward on day two. Follow-up contrast-enhanced CT on day eight demonstrated rapid expansion of the pseudoaneurysm from 2.5 mm to 4.0 mm in size. We performed thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) on day 13. The patient was uneventfully discharged on the 20th hospital day.Clinical discussionEmergency physicians should be aware that damage to the surrounding tissue may be accompanied by delayed expansion of an aortic pseudoaneurysm, even if the bolts do not cause direct aortic wall injury.ConclusionThis case suggests that understanding the injury mechanism, confirming the tract of the bolts, and carefully exploring traumatic pseudoaneurysm can lead to a less invasive operation due to early detection.     

应用不同内固定方法治疗股骨远端骨折的疗效分析

目的比较分析应用不同内固定方法治疗股骨远端骨折的疗效。方法对86例成人股骨远端骨折应用切开复位分别L形钢板(30例)、动力髁螺钉(Dynamic Condylar Screw，DCS)(22例)、髁上交锁髓内钉(36例)固定的方法进行治疗，术后随访1a以上，对其骨折愈合时间、膝关节活动度、短缩及畸形、步态等四项指标进行评价。结果3种固定方法优良率分别为33％(10／30)、36％(8／22)、83％(30／36)。L形钢板与动力髁钢板相比，无显差异，两与髁上交锁髓内钉相比，后明显优于前两。结论髁上交锁髓内钉内固定是目前治疗股骨远端骨折的最好方法，愈合率高，关节功能恢复好。     

Proximale Verriegelung von Humerusmarknägeln und Verletzungsrisiko des N. axillaris

Question. Possible injuries to the axillary nerve are criticised in antegrade and retrograde endomedullary nailing of the humeral shaft during proximal interlocking. Clinical experience seems not to support the theory of a high risk of nerve injury. The real risk although remains unknown under anatomical-morphological aspects. Material and Methods. Eight complete human cadaveric shoulder-arm regions with original soft-tissue coverage had been used. Four times the unreamed humeral nail (UHN) had been inserted retrograde, and four times antegrade, distributed in each pair. Antegrade interlocking was performed after skin incision and spreading of soft tissues through the aiming devices. This involved one oblique bolt from lateral to medial. Retrograde proximal interlocking was performed under image intensifier. This involved triple interlocking, once dorso-ventrally and twice latero-medially. The incision paths have been marked. After preparation of the nerve stem in the lateral axillary portal the different branches have been searched and exposed. The spatial relations of bolts and nerve branches have been measured and the insertion path of the bolts has been revised, finally lesions of nerve structures have been documented. Results. We found the latero-medially inserted bolt heads of the retrograde approach and the oblique bolt head of the antegrade approach being placed in a safe distance from the medio-dorsally positioned stem of the axillary nerve. On the other hand the dorso-ventrally inserted bolt head (retrograde approach) showed in most cases a very tight relation to the nerve stem. Exploring the axillary nerve and its branches showed in no case a direct nerve lesion. Conclusions. We suggest to perform only a sharp cutaneous incision and then to prepare the muscle only by careful spreading until touching bone, with tissue retraction during drilling. In retrograde nailing the dorso-ventral bolt should only be used in extreme proximal fractures.     

Epidemiological,forensic, clinical,and imaging characteristics of head injuries acquired in the suicide attempt with captive bolt gun

Summary.  The captive bolt gun (slaughterer's gun) is a tool used in the meat industry for “humane killing” of animals. Used with the intent of suicide, the captive bolt gun causes very serious injuries.  We analysed 19 self-inflicted head injuries with captive bolt gun during the past 20 years. Autopsy of 20 pigs killed by this method was also performed.  All 19 cases were middle-aged men from rural areas, with low level of education, and without a previous psychiatric history. Five of them used the captive bolt gun daily in their professional activities, while the remaining 14 handled it only sometimes. In seven cases suicide was primarily successful, while in five patients, despite intensive medical care, serious craniocerebral injuries eventually resulted in death. Total mortality was 63.2%.  The clinical appearance of the entrance wound and the imaging characteristics of the cranial trauma are very specific, and can be easily differentiated from firearm or other penetrating injuries. These wounds were always primarily infected with mixed bacterial flora from the skin. Therefore, besides radical primary wound care, especially of the wound canal with removal of foreign bodies, it is important to administer high doses of wide spectrum antibiotics. Published online December 5, 2002  Correspondence: Dr. Zivko Gnjidic, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital “Sestre Milosrdnice”, Zagreb, Croatia.