The validation of volumetric real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography for the determination of left ventricular function.

The objective of this study was to validate a real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) technique for the determination of left ventricular (LV) volume and ejection fraction (EF). In 10 mongrel dogs, an electromagnetic flow (EMF) probe was placed on the aorta, and the thorax was closed. Transthoracic imaging was performed during multiple hemodynamic conditions (n = 58) with simultaneous measurement of stroke volume (SV) with the use of EMF. From the volumetric data set, LV volumes were manually traced off-line by 2 independent observers with an apical rotation method (6 planes) and a conventional method (biplane) in a subset of conditions. This tracing technique was also evaluated in 18 human subjects in whom the calculated EF values were compared with values derived by multigated radionuclide angiography (MUGA). Excellent correlation and close limits of agreement were noted between SV measured by 3DE and EMF (r = 0.93) in dogs. In comparison with EMF-derived SV, 3DE provided better correlation than the biplane method (r = 0.93 versus r = 0.61). Interobserver and intraobserver variabilities were comparable (r = 0.94 and r = 0.94, respectively). In a comparison of MUGA-derived EF values and those obtained by 3DE in human subjects, 3DE provided better correlation than the biplane method (r = 0.94 versus r = 0.85). Real-time 3DE accurately measures left ventricular volumes transthoracically over a wide range of hemodynamic conditions in dogs and accurately determines EF in humans.     

实时三维超声心动图评价左心室容积的临床应用:与二维超声心动图的对比研究

目的 评价实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)测量成人左室容积和射血分数(EF)的可行性,探讨RT-3DE与二维超声心动图(2DE)测量成人左室容积和EF的相关性.方法 选择健康及各类心脏疾病患者210例,用双平面Simpson法获得左室舒张末容积(EDV)、收缩末容积(ESV)和EF;于心尖四腔观获得左室"金字塔"形全容积三维数据库,脱机用Qlab分析软件,半自动分析获得EDV、ESV及EF值.对比分析两种方法测算左室容积和EF值的相关性.结果 所有受检者的左室RT-3DE图像均成功获取和分析,每位受检者RT-3DE和2DE图像获取和分析所需时间平均为(6±2)min和(5±1)min,图像质量好、良、差分别为70%与72%、23%与20%、6%与8%.2DE和RT-3DE获得的左室容积有明显的相关性,EDV分别为(81±31)ml,(85±35)ml,r=0.9i,P＜0.001;ESV分别为(32±22)ml,(35±25)ml,r=0.93,P＜0.001;EF分别为(63±11)%,(61±10)%,r=0.81,P＜0.001.结论 RT-3DE检测左室容积和功能简便、快捷、易行,对不同的心血管疾病,RT-3DE和2DE测算的容积和心功能有明显的相关性.     

Comparison of ventricular volume and mass measurements from B- and C-scan images with the use of real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography: studies in an in vitro model.

BACKGROUND: Real-time 3-dimensional (3D) echocardiography avoids geometric assumptions in volume analysis and permits immediate visualization in any plane without the need for cardiac or respiratory gating or computation time. This study compared the accuracy of volume and mass assessments between standard long-axis (B-scan) and short-axis (C-scan) views in a simplified but quantifiable left ventricular phantom. METHODS AND RESULTS: The model comprised an inner balloon within an outer balloon separated by ultrasonographic gel. First, to mimic different chamber volumes, 12 volumes (40 to 180 mL) of water within the inner balloon were scanned with a real-time 3D system. Second, 10 volumes (80 to 170 mL) of gel were inserted between the balloons to mimic varying cardiac mass, and the gel volume space (mass) was calculated by subtracting the inner from the outer balloon volume. "Chamber" and "mass" measurements for both B and C scans correlated closely with the actual values (r = 0.99). However, chamber volumes from C scans were consistently less than B-scan values (mean difference from reference for C scans: -5.2 +/- 1.2 mL, P <.0001; for the 2 orthogonal B scans: 0.03 +/- 1.4 mL and -0.9 +/- 1.5 mL, respectively, P = NS). Similarly, for gel volume measurements, B-scan results were closer to actual mass volumes (mean difference 0. 3 +/- 2.5 and 1.7 +/- 2.9 mL) than those of C scans, which tended to underestimate (-4.5 +/- 2.5 mL, P <.0001). CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that real-time 3D echocardiography should provide an accurate means of determining chamber volumes and cardiac mass. However, measurements performed from B-scan views may be closer to the actual values than those from C-scan views, presumably since they are less highly influenced by distortions related to lateral resolution.     

Rapid full volume data acquisition by real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography for assessment of left ventricular indexes in children: a validation study compared with magnetic resonance imaging.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to assess the feasibility, accuracy, and reproducibility of a rapid full volume acquisition strategy using real-time (RT) 3-dimensional (3D) echocardiography (3DE) for measurement of left ventricular (LV) volumes, mass, stroke volume (SV), and ejection fraction (EF) in children. METHODS: A total of 19 healthy children (mean 10.6 +/- 2.8 years, 11 male and 9 female) were prospectively enrolled in this study. RT 3DE was performed using an ultrasound system to acquire full volume 3D dataset from the apical window with electrocardiographic triggering in 8 s/dataset. The images were processed offline using software. The LV endocardial and epicardial borders were traced manually to derive LV end-systolic volume, end-diastolic volume, mass, SV, and EF. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies were performed on a 1.5-T scanner using a breath hold 2-dimensional cine-FIESTA (fast imaging employing steady-state acquisition) sequence. RESULTS: All RT 3DE and MRI data were acquired successfully for analysis. Measurements of LV end-systolic volume, end-diastolic volume, mass, SV, and EF by RT 3DE correlated well by Pearson regression ( r = 0.86-0.97, P < .001) and agreed well by Bland-Altman analysis with MRI. The interobserver and intraobserver variability of RT 3DE measurements were less than 5%. CONCLUSIONS: This prospective study demonstrated that RT 3DE measurements of LV end-systolic volume, end-diastolic volume, mass, SV, and EF in children using rapid full volume acquisition strategy are feasible, accurate, and reproducible and are comparable with MRI measurements.     

Superiority of 3-dimensional versus 2-dimensional echocardiography for left ventricular volume assessment in small piglet hearts.

To evaluate the accuracy of 3-dimensional (3D) echocardiography in the estimation of left ventricular (LV) volume in vivo, we studied 15 newborn piglets ranging in weight from 2.6 to 11.8 kg. Measurements of beating LV volumes by 3D echocardiograms were compared with measurements by conductance catheter and transthoracic 2-dimensional (2D) echocardiograms with the use of Simpson's rule. The results of both 3D and 2D echocardiograms correlated strongly with the actual volume (r = 0.98 and 0.95 for LV end-diastolic volume, and 0.998 and 0.95 for LV end-systolic volume, respectively). However, the standard error of estimate (SEE) for 2D echocardiography was larger than for 3D. The SEE values for LV end-diastolic volume for 2D and 3D echocardiograms were 2.30 mL and 1.85 mL, respectively, and 1.52 mL and 0.5 mL for LV end-systolic volume. We conclude that 3D echocardiography not only accurately measures LV volume and systolic function in a newborn heart, it is more precise than measurements from 2D echocardiography in the assessment of small beating hearts.     

Assessment of left ventricular function by real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography compared with conventional noninvasive methods.

Quantitative assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction is an essential component of cardiac evaluation. We performed real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography in 56 consecutive patients who underwent multigated radionuclide angiography. Thirteen patients were excluded for the following reasons: 5 for large size of left ventricle required for image acquisition, 5 for suboptimal image quality in real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography, and 3 for atrial fibrillation. Finally, we compared left ventricular ejection fraction assessed by real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography and conventional 2-dimensional echocardiography with that obtained by multigated radionuclide angiography in 43 patients. Left ventricular ejection fraction was determined by real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography with the use of parallel plane-disks and sector plane-disks summation methods. A good correlation was obtained between both real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography methods and multigated radionuclide angiography (r = 0.87 and 0.90, standard error of estimate = 3.7% and 4.2%), whereas the relation between the 2-dimensional echocardiography method and radionuclide angiography demonstrated a significant departure from the line of identity (P <.001). In addition, interobserver variability was significantly lower (P <.05) for the real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography methods than that by the 2-dimensional echocardiography method. Real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography may be used for quantification of left ventricular function as an alternative to conventional methods in patients with adequate image quality.     

Anatomic correlation of left atrial appendage by 3-dimensional echocardiography.

The adequate study of the left atrial appendage is an echocardiographic challenge. The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of 3-dimensional echocardiography in reconstructing this potentially complex structure.     

Determination of left ventricular mass by three-dimensional echocardiography: in vitro validation of a novel quantification method using multiple equi-angular rotational planes for rapid measurements

Measuring left ventricular mass by m-mode echocardiography or two-dimensional echocardiography is limited by the fact that calculations are based on assumptions, which describe left ventricular shape by simple geometric figures. The ability of three-dimensional echocardiography (3-DE) to accurately assess left ventricular mass has been shown previously, but 3-DE approaches to quantitative analysis of ventricular mass required multiple tomographic sectioning, manual tracing in various cut planes and were time consuming and laborious. We investigated the accuracy of a novel, rapid method of 3-DE mass quantification using multiple rotational planes in left ventricles in vitro. Methods: Three-dimensional data sets of 10 fixed pig hearts were obtained using a TomTec 3-DE system. For 3-DE mass calculations, a rotational axis in the center of the ventricle (apical–basal orientation) was defined and 3, 6 and 12 equi-angular rotational planes were created. The endocardial and epicardial contour of the left ventricle was traced in each cut plane and the volume of the corresponding myocardial wedge was automatically calculated. Mass was calculated by multiplying the resulting myocardial volume by the specific weight of myocardial tissue. The measurements were performed by two investigators blinded to the anatomic true mass and were analyzed for interobserver and intraobserver variability. Results: The anatomic left ventricular mass was measured 73–219 (168 ± 50) g. 3-DE mass ranged from 88–247 (207 ± 51) g (three planes), 84–250 (205 ± 52) g (six planes) and 86–241 (202 ± 50) g (12 planes) respectively. The correlation between 3-DE mass and anatomic LV mass measurements (r = 0.92) and between two observers (r = 0.97–0.98) was good. True mass was slightly overestimated by 3-DE measurement (SEE = 22–23 g). The intraobserver and interobserver variabilities were 4 and 7% respectively for all measurements. Conclusion: This new 3-DE method of left ventricular mass quantification with rotational approach provides accurate and reproducible measurements. In normal shaped left ventricles even three planes were sufficient to provide accurate mass measurements in vitro.     

实时三维超声心动图测量左心室容积的实验研究

目的　探讨实时三维超声心动图 (RT 3DE)检测体外模拟左心室室壁瘤条件下的左心室容积的可行性与准确性。方法　使用RT 3DE系统采集 1 5个模拟左心室室壁瘤的橡胶水囊 (对称性 7个 ,非对称性 8个 )以及 1 0只犬离体心脏 ( 6只有左心室室壁瘤形成 ,4只对照 )的“金字塔”形数据库 ,结合容积分析软件 ,分别用 2、4、8、1 6平面法勾画水囊及左心室内膜面 ,计算水囊与左心室容积。同时用二维超声Simpson法测量水囊与左心室容积 ;以注水法测量水囊及左心室实际容积作为参照 ,分别将不同平面法的RT 3DE容积测量值、2DE测值与之相比较。结果　在对称性橡胶水囊容积测量 ,RT 3DE各平面法与实际值均呈正相关 (r =0 .795～ 0 .994) ;2DE亦与实际值正相关 (r =0 .71 5 ) ;RT 3DE、2DE与实际值差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。在非对称性橡胶水囊容积测量 ,RT 3DE各平面法测量的左心室容积与实际值均呈正相关 (r =0 .775～ 0 .988) ,两者差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;2DE与实际值r =0 .5 92 ,两者差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。离体犬左心室室壁瘤组RT 3DE各平面法测量的左心室容积与实际值均呈正相关 (r =0 .765～ 0 .91 4) ,两者差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;2DE与实际值亦呈正相关 (r =0 .61 5 ) ,两者差     

Real-time 3-dimensional echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular volume: correlation with magnetic resonance imaging--a validation study.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of our study was to validate the ability of real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography (RT3D) to measure cardiac volume. METHODS: We studied 25 patients with various cardiac disorders who had a regular heart rhythm and a good precordial echocardiographic window. Each patient underwent complete transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), RT3D, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies. Left ventricular dimension was calculated from slices of the whole left ventricle obtained by 7 different equidistant azimuth tilts. Planimetry of the endocardial (for volume data) and epicardium (for mass data) surface was performed for each azimuth tilt. The left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) and the left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV) were calculated. The cardiac mass data were derived with the formula (Epicardial volume - LVEDV) x 1.055. The parameters of LVEDV, LVESV, stroke volume, ejection fraction, and cardiac mass were compared with those derived from MRI. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were found between the data from RT3D and MRI (P > or =.05). Good correlations were found between these two methods for left ventricle volume and mass measurements (r from 0.92 to 0.99). However, a weaker correlation was found with larger chamber sizes because extrapolation was necessary for the volume of myocardial segments that were not covered by the small sector angle. CONCLUSIONS: For data acquisition, RT3D is faster than either TTE or MRI. It is also better than MRI for measuring cardiac volume and mass. To improve results with larger cardiac chamber sizes, enlargement of the sector angle will be necessary.     

实时三维超声心动图评价高血压肥厚型心肌病患者左心室节段收缩功能

目的采用实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)评价高血压肥厚型心肌病(HHC)患者左心室节段收缩功能.方法 选择HHC患者30例,健康人32名.在心尖四腔观,应用全容积显像方式采集RT-3DE图像,显示左心室17节段的容积-时间曲线,获得左心室收缩功能参数:左心室舒张末期容积(EDV)、收缩末期容积(ESV)和左心室射血分数(LVEF),左心室17节段收缩容积变化比值即ESV/EDV,左心室16节段心率校正后达到收缩末期最小容积时间的标准差(Tmsv16-SD)和时间的差值(Tmsv16-Dif).结果 HHC组较正常对照组整体EDV及ESV明显增大,且差异有统计学意义[(88±29)ml vs (72±15) ml,t=-2.680,P=0.008;(28±10)ml vs (22±6)ml,t=-2.613,P=0.01],而LVEF的差异无统计学意义[(67±7)% vs (68±5)%,t=-0.261,P=0.795].HHC组较正常对照组室间隔中段及心尖段收缩容积变化比值明显增大,且差异有统计学意义[前室间隔中段:(40.51±20.28)% vs (26.43±10.10)%,t=-3.378,P=0.002;后室间隔中段:(41.44±23.55)% vs (24.46±8.12)%,t=-3.688,P=0.001;室间隔心尖段:(30.96±21.31)% vs (19.53±7.33)%,t=-2.745,P=0.01].HHC组与正常对照组比较,左心室Tmsv16-SD及Tmsv16-Dif明显增加,且差异有统计学意义[Tmsv16-SD:(2.48±1.38)% vs (1.16±0.26)%,t=-5.117,P＜0.001;Tmsv16-Dif:(7.67±5.07)% vs (3.95±1.48)%,t=-3.865,P＜0.001].HHC组和正常对照组左心室收缩不同步发生率分别为43%及3%.结论 HHC患者左心室整体收缩功能降低之前可能已存在室壁节段收缩功能受损,左心室收缩同步性异常发生率较高,RT-3DE是评价HHC患者左心室心肌收缩功能有价值的方法.     

Transesophageal 3-dimensional echocardiography: in vivo determination of left ventricular mass in comparison with magnetic resonance imaging.

The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy and reproducibility of transesophageal 3-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) in comparison with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the in vivo calculation of left ventricular mass (LVM). In addition, mass values obtained by M-mode echocardiography were compared with those calculated by MRI. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the left ventricle was performed from a transesophageal and transgastric transducer position with a multiplane transducer in 20 patients. Left ventricular mass was calculated from both transducer positions by using slices of various thicknesses, ranging from 5 to 20 mm. Reproducibility was determined by 5 repeated measurements of mass in each of 5 randomly selected left ventricles. M-mode echocardiography was performed according to the method described by Devereux. For MRI, multiple short-axis views with 10-mm slice thickness were acquired in inspiration hold. Correlation was high for mass determined by 3DE and MRI (for 10-mm slice thickness: r = 0.99; y = 0.99 x - 0.7 g; standard error of estimate = 8.5 g; P <.001). There was no statistical bias, and the limits of agreement ranged from +/-16.4 g to +/-27.2 g, depending on the slice thickness. Variability was lowest for a slice thickness of 10 mm (SD +/- 8.2 g). The reproducibility of mass determination was excellent (mean width of the 95% CI 12.8 g). Left ventricular mass values calculated from the transgastric and transesophageal transducer position were not different from each other (mean bias 0.6 +/- 9.1 g; P = ns). M-mode-based LVM calculations showed systematic overestimation and large measurement variability (bias 23.7 g; 95% CI +/- 92.8 g). Compared with MRI, transesophageal 3DE is an accurate and reproducible method for the determination of LVM and clearly superior to M-mode echocardiography.     

实时三维超声心动图估测左心室容量的实验研究

目的初探实时三维超声心动图(3DE)估测心室容量的可行性和准确性.方法应用Philips公司实时3DE系统采集19只离体猪心金字塔形数据库,结合相应测量软件用心尖长轴系列平面法分别测量左室容量,并与二维双平面Simpson法和猪心左室排水法实测值比较.结果从方差分析、SNK检验及直线相关分析看:实时3DE 16平面法(23.31±14.29)ml、8平面法(23.42±14.56)ml估测左室容量值与猪心左室排水法实测值(23.79±14.78)ml差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),实时3DE 2平面法(17.94±10.46)ml和二维超声双平面Simpson法(19.67±13.46)m1测值与排水法实测值差异则有统计学意义(P＜0.05).而且实时3DE 16平面和8平面法测值与排水法实测值高度相关(r=0.98,P＜0.0001),二维超声双平面Simpson法则较逊(r=0.89).结论实时3DE是心室容量准确估测的又一可靠手段.     

超声心动图实时三平面成像法测量左心室容积的实验研究

目的探讨超声心动图实时三平面成像法(Tri-plane)在正常离体猪心和模拟左心室室壁瘤的橡胶水囊中测量左心室容积的准确性。方法应用Tri-plane法同步采集8个正常离体猪心的心尖四腔观、心尖二腔观及心尖左室长轴观图像;同步采集8个模拟左室室壁瘤的橡胶水囊三个互成60°角的长轴观图像,手动勾画上述切面观的内膜边界测量左心室容积。同时应用二维超声心动图双平面Simpson法(2DE-Simpson)测量左心室容积。以注水法测量的左心室容积作为“金标准”,分别将Tri-plane法及2DE-Simpson法容积测值与之比较。结果①在正常离体猪心,Tri-plane法和实测左心室容积呈高度正相关(r=0.981);2DE-Simpson法与实测左心室容积亦呈正相关(r=0.938)。Tri-plane法、2DE-Simpson法与实测左心室容积比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。②在模拟左心室室壁瘤的橡胶水囊,Tri-plane法和实测左心室容积呈高度正相关(r=0.982);2DE-Simpson法与实测左心室容积亦呈正相关(r=0.930),但其相关性明显低于前者(P<0.05)。Tri-plane法和实测左心室容积比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);而2DE-Simpson法与实测左心室容积比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论Tri-plane法可准确测量正常心腔及心腔变形情况下的左心室容积,该方法测量容积的准确性优于2DE-Simpson法。     

实时三维超声心动图测量左室重量的实验研究

目的:探讨实时三维超声心动图(RT3DE)检测左室重量的可行性与准确性。方法:使用RT3DE系统采集10例利用双层橡胶水囊模拟的左室壁及10例离体犬心脏的左室“金字塔”型数据库,结合容积分析软件得出RT3DE左室重量值;同时用2DE的长度面积法测量左室重量;分别将RT3DE测量值、2DE测值与实际重量相比较。结果:RT3DE各平面法测量的左室重量与实际值均呈正相关(左室壁模型r=0.813~0.994,离体犬左室壁r=0.764~0.991),两者无显著性差异(P>0.05);2DE值与实际值亦呈正相关(左室壁模型r=0.628,离体犬左室壁r=0.514),两者有显著性差异(P<0.05)。RT3DE各平面法之间相比较,八平面与十六平面法之间没有显著性差异(P>0.05),而它们与两平面、四平面法之间有差异(P<0.05)。结论:实时三维超声心动图能准确测量左室重量,为评价左室功能提供了新的有力的工具。对于左室重量RT3DE测量,八平面法是准确与简便的最佳选择。     

实时三维超声心动图结合声学造影测量犬左室容积

目的探讨实时三维超声心动图(RT3DE)结合声学造影测量左室容积的准确性.方法应用RT3DE诊断仪分别测量15只犬在无造影、造影状态下的左室舒张、收缩末期容积(LVEDV、LVESV)和每搏量(SV).对RT3DE和二维所测LVEDV、SV值,分别与左室实际值、Doppler频谱法SV测值进行对照分析.结果 RT3DE造影法相关性高于单纯RT3DE、二维Simpson法和面积长度法(r分别为0.934、0.920、0.846和0.768).结论实时三维超声心动图结合声学造影能更准确地定量测量左室容积.     

Feasibility of real-time 3-dimensional treadmill stress echocardiography.

Rapid acquisition of echocardiographic images is critical for the predictive accuracy of stress echocardiography. Real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography (RT3D) allows review of several standard 2-dimensional images from a single volumetric data set. To assess the feasibility of RT3D for treadmill stress echocardiography, we performed treadmill stress RT3D on 20 volunteers (10 men and 10 women; mean age 32 +/- 6 years) with a device that uses a matrix phased-array transducer in a 60-degree pyramidal volume. Images are displayed as 2 steerable, intersecting B-scan sectors with adjustable C-scan planes parallel to the transducer face. At pre-exercise and immediate postexercise assessment, the volumetric data were obtained from apical and parasternal windows, respectively. Left ventricular segments were divided into 16 standard segments according to criteria defined by the American Society of Echocardiography. The use of both volume sets resulted in visualization of 98% of the segments at peak exercise. Even with only an apical volume set, 89% of the segments were adequately visualized. Image optimization and acquisition time at peak exercise was 35 +/- 18 seconds from the apical window and 50 +/- 28 seconds from the parasternal window. This preliminary study indicates that RT3D treadmill stress echocardiography is feasible and may be an important application of this new 3-dimensional device.     

Impact of on-line endocardial border detection on determination of left ventricular volume and ejection fraction by transthoracic 3-dimensional echocardiography.

This study was performed to determine whether use of on-line automated border detection (ABD) could reduce data analysis time for 3-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) while maintaining accuracy of 3DE in measures of left ventricular (LV) volumes and ejection fraction (EF). The study proceeded in 2 phases. In the validation phase, 20 subjects were examined with the use of 3DE and of monoplane 2-dimensional (2D) ABD. Results were compared with the reference standard of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In the test phase, 20 subjects underwent two 3DE studies (once with images optimized for visual border definition and once with images optimized for ABD border tracking) and a conventionally used 2D ABD study. For 3DE, volumes and EF were determined with the use of manually traced borders and ABD. Analysis times were recorded with a digital stopwatch. In the validation phase, 3DE and MRI results correlated very well (r = 0.99) without systematic differences. Comparison of 2D ABD with MRI showed good correlation for LV volumes (r >/= 0.90) and EF (r = 0.85) despite significant underestimation. For the test phase, Acoustic Quantification-optimized 3-dimensional datasets underestimated end-diastolic volume and EF relative to visually optimized 3-dimensional datasets regardless of whether borders were hand-traced or ABD was used. However, correlations ranged from r = 0.96 to r = 0.98 for LV volumes and 0.88 to 0.91 for LV EF and were superior to those for 2D ABD. Data analysis times decreased moderately with the use of ABD, but scan times increased; total study times were unchanged. Use of on-line ABD with 3DE reduces data analysis time and is more accurate than conventional monoplane 2D ABD but results in underestimation of LV volumes and EF. Additional automated postprocessing techniques may be required to obtain accurate measures, consistently using 3DE in conjunction with on-line ABD.     

实时三平面超声心动图测量正常人左心室每搏量的临床研究

目的探讨实时三平面超声心动图(RT-3PE)评价正常人左心室每搏量(LVSV)的可行性与准确性。方法分别采用实时三平面超声心动图法、M型超声心动图Teichholtz公式法、多普勒超声心动图主动脉瓣瓣环血流测量法以及二维超声心动图双平面Simpson法检测35例正常人的LVSV。将RT-3PE的测值与其他三种方法的测值分别进行比较。结果RT-3PE可实时、直观、真实显示左心室的空间形态。RT-3PE、Teichholtz公式法、主动脉瓣瓣环血流测量法及双平面Simpson法测量的LVSV分别为(73.18±10.18)ml、(71.86±8.70)ml、(74.77±9.71)ml和(73.50±11.80)ml。RT-3PE测值与三种传统方法测值之间的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),且均有较好相关性,r为0.755~0.842(P<0.001)。结论RT-3PE可准确定量LVSV。