经胸二维超声心动图诊断不同部位二尖瓣脱垂的准确性

目的:评价经胸二维超声心动图诊断不同部位二尖瓣脱垂的准确性及其对术式选择的指导作用。方法:本研究共入选39例患者,均经二维超声心动图诊断为二尖瓣脱垂,并对其脱垂部位,脱垂程度,反流程度及各腔室大小进行了详尽的描述。该39例患者均行外科手术治疗,并将术中所见与超声心动图结果对照,首先根据术中所见瓣叶脱垂部位将患者分为前叶病变组(n=15),后叶病变组(n=19)及双叶病变组(n=5),比较各组间临床及超声心动图特点,明确超声心动图诊断不同部位二尖瓣脱垂的准确性。同时根据手术方式将患者分为瓣膜置换者(n=23)与瓣膜成形者(n=16),比较两类患者间的超声心动图特点。结果:39例患者中,超声心动图诊断与术中所见比较二尖瓣前叶病变组,后叶病变组及双叶病变组分别为14例及15例,22例及19例、3例及5例,诊断瓣叶脱垂伴腱索断裂者为17例及22例,与术中所见比较,该四者的准确率分别为92.3%,87.1%,89.7%及72%。在选择不同手术方式的比较的结果为,二尖瓣前叶及双叶脱垂者多行瓣膜置换术,二尖瓣后叶病变者多行瓣膜成形术。结论:二维超声心动图不仅能较准确地诊断不同部位的二尖瓣脱垂,同时对手术方式的选择具有重要的指导作用。     

经胸与经食管超声心动图诊断二尖瓣脱垂并腱索断裂准确性的比较

目的:比较经胸与经食管超声心动图诊断二尖瓣脱垂并腱索断裂的准确性.方法:选择经胸与经食管超声心动图检查诊断为二尖瓣脱垂伴或不伴腱索断裂并行手术治疗的患者21例,以术中所见为标准,明确两者诊断二尖瓣脱垂并腱索断裂的准确性,同时比较它们在判断病因及病变部位等方面的作用.结果:术前检查21例二尖瓣脱垂的患者中,经胸超声心动图诊断有8例患者发生腱索断裂,经食管超声心动图诊断为15例患者发生腱索断裂,与手术结果比较,两者的诊断准确率分别为71%和95%,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:经食管超声心动图较经胸超声心动图能更准确地诊断二尖瓣脱垂并腱索断裂,从而为术式的选择提供更可靠的依据.     

四维超声心动图评价二尖瓣脱垂

采用经胸壁与经食管检查途径获取二维数据，对１０例正常人及２０例二尖瓣脱垂患者的二尖瓣装置及返流束进行了四维（动态三维）超声心动图重建。结果显示，正常二尖瓣装置呈＂马鞍＂形结构，瓣膜附着于瓣环前后缘处靠近左房，位置较高，内外侧结合部附着处靠近左室，位置较低。收缩期二尖瓣前后叶对合良好，四维超声心动图可从左房、左室侧及四腔切面等多个方位显示二尖辩脱垂病变的立体结构关系，脱垂部位、形状、程度及活动情况均可清晰显示，并可对返流束进行四维重建，显示其立体形态及动态变化。对全面理解二尖瓣脱垂的病理改变、提高诊断率、协助制定治疗方案及评价疗效有重要价值。     

二尖瓣病变定位经食道超声检查与术中发现的对照研究

目的:应用经食道超声心动图序列二尖瓣病变定位切面与术中发现进行对照研究,寻找对应二尖瓣不同小叶分区的相应切面及标准化操作规程,以供临床决策及提高手术成功率。方法:二尖瓣脱垂并伴有中度以上的二尖瓣反流拟行外科手术患者53例。术前行食道超声检测瓣膜病变类型与小叶分区定位,与术中发现进行对照。二尖瓣的解剖定位采用Carpentier命名法,将前叶分为A1、A2及A3,后叶分为P1、P2及P3。术前1周及术中食道超声应用中食道四腔心切面、中食道5腔心切面、显示冠状静脉窦的短四腔心切面、两腔心切面、二尖瓣交界区两腔心切面、中食道左心室长轴切面及胃底左心室短轴切面进行二尖瓣病变的小叶分区定位。外科医生术中记录二尖瓣瓣膜脱垂、腱索断裂等病理类型及A1、A2及A3;P1、P2及P3病变部位。结果:46例资料完整的患者276个小叶被分析。在7个可以显示二尖瓣小叶分区定位的切面中,中食道五腔心切面、中食道四腔心切面、显示冠状静脉窦的短四腔切面、三腔心切面及结合彩色血流的胃底左心室短轴切面与术中发现的吻合率较高。结论:通过食道超声选择序列合理的切面可以在二尖瓣手术前进行较为准确的病变小叶分区定位,为外科手术,尤其是二尖瓣成形术提供必要的术前资料。     

老年患者的二尖瓣成形术(附46例报告)

目的:评价老年患者二尖瓣成形术的早期疗效。方法:回顾性分析2001年11月至2006年7月老年患者二尖瓣成形术46例的资料。二尖瓣关闭不全病因包括:二尖瓣脱垂18例,二尖瓣缺血性9例、感染性7例、退行性6例、风湿性3例,扩张性心肌病3例。手术均在体外循环下进行。手术前、后应用彩色多普勒超声心动图观察二尖瓣返流的情况。结果:术后早期死亡1例(死亡率2.17%),其余患者均顺利出院。随访39例,随访时间6～48月。术后6个月NYHA心功能Ⅰ级29例,Ⅱ级7例,Ⅲ级1例,Ⅳ级2例;术后超声心动图检查二尖瓣无反流24例,轻度反流10例,中度反流2例,重度反流3例。结论:二尖瓣成形术对二尖瓣脱垂及退行性者疗效较好;扩张性心肌病,不宜成形术。     

二维及三维超声心动图诊断左房室瓣脱垂在外科手术中的应用

目的通过二维及三维超声心动图诊断左房室瓣脱垂的部位及病理分型,选择合适的外科手术。方法 30例左房室瓣脱垂患者,于左房室瓣外科手术前行二维及三维经胸超声心动图检查,分析左房室瓣瓣膜病变特点,并与外科手术结果对照。结果二维及三维经胸超声心动图定性诊断左房室瓣脱垂的准确率为100%,诊断左房室瓣脱垂病理类型准确率为93.31%（28/30）,定位诊断左房室瓣前、后叶病变区域的准确率为90.0%（27/30）。结论二维及三维经胸超声心动图能清晰显示左房室瓣脱垂的病因及具体部位,选择合适的外科手术。     

经食管超声心动图在二尖瓣成形术中的应用价值

目的探讨经食管超声心动图在二尖瓣成形术中的应用价值。方法术前18例二尖瓣关闭不全患者均常规经胸超声心动图检查,术中经食管超声心动图监测,并即刻评价二尖瓣成形术的效果。结果本组18例中16例一次性手术实施成功。1例术中监测发现反流2级后再次实施成形后成功,1例术中监测发现反流3级后改行二尖瓣置换术。结论经食管超声心动图在二尖瓣成形术中具有非常重要的临床应用价值。     

实时三维经食管超声心动图定位二尖瓣脱垂部位临床应用

目的:分析二尖瓣脱垂的三维经食管超声心动图(RT-3D-TEE)表现,探讨其诊断二尖瓣脱垂的应用价值。方法:选取由于二尖瓣脱垂引起二尖瓣关闭不全,进行二尖瓣修复或置换的患者23例,术前及术后即刻均行RT-3D-TEE检查,分析二尖瓣脱垂的RT-3D-TEE表现特征及脱垂部位,并与术中所见进行对比。RT-3D-TEE成像切面均采用二尖瓣左心房面外科视野观。结果:23例患者术前即刻二尖瓣左心房面外科视野观均显示清楚,观察二尖瓣小叶共138个。术前RT-3D-TEE判断二尖瓣脱垂小叶33个,无脱垂小叶105个,其中腱索断裂17例;发现3例瓣叶赘生物。术中发现二尖瓣脱垂小叶35个,无脱垂小叶103个,其中腱索断裂16例;赘生物3例。RT-3D-TEE诊断二尖瓣脱垂的敏感性为91.4%,特异性为99%,阳性预测值为97.0%,阴性预测值为97.1%,总符合率为97.1%。RT-3D-TEE判断腱索断裂的准确性为99.3%;诊断瓣叶赘生物的准确性为100%。结论:二尖瓣脱垂的RT-3D-TEE表现具有特征性,RT-3D-TEE是诊断二尖瓣脱垂的有效手段,亦可以提供一些额外信息。     

急性风湿病合并二尖瓣脱垂10例报告

本文报告１０例急性风湿病合并二尖瓣脱垂。主要临床表现为急性风湿病的特点，但病情重，心力衰竭难以控制，心尖部可以闻及收缩中、晚期喀喇音，二维超声心动图和（或）彩色多普勒血流显像显示收缩期二尖瓣一叶或两叶脱入左房。经抗风湿、强心治疗，心功能不全得到纠正，二尖瓣反流减轻。随访２月～５年（平均１４．４月），１例自动出院并死于心力衰竭，３例分别在病程的１２、１５、２４个月时收缩中、晚期喀喇音消失，二维超声心动图复查二尖瓣叶活动恢复正常，余６例病程仅２～４个月，尚在随访之中，随时问推移，也可能恢复正常。文中就急性风湿病继发二尖瓣脱垂的机制进行了讨论。提示炎症性瓣叶脱垂的存在，而且可能是可逆的。     

彩色多普勒超声心动图诊断二尖瓣腱索断裂的价值

目的　探讨彩色多普勒超声心动图 (CDE)诊断二尖瓣腱索断裂 (RMCT)的价值。方法　对 2 0例 RMCT患者行 M型超声心动图、二维超声心动图 (2 DE)及彩色多普勒 (CD)检查。在 2 DE检查时 ,特别注意与二尖瓣相连的断裂腱索及二尖瓣运动形态。结果　 2 0例患者 2 DE均显示二尖瓣与一段断裂腱索相连。断裂腱索活动度大 ,在收缩期进入左心房。二尖瓣运动呈如下三种改变 :19例患者腱索断裂的二尖瓣呈“连枷样”或“挥鞭样”活动。 2 6例患者二尖瓣尖在收缩期不能合拢 ,对合错位。 3 5例患者表现为二尖瓣脱垂改变。 CD检测在 2 0例患者中均显示“偏心型”二尖瓣反流。结论　 CDE对二尖瓣腱索断裂有特异性诊断价值     

Cleft mitral leaflets and severe mitral regurgitation: Testing the limits of percutaneous mitral valve repair

Repair of mitral regurgitation (MR) with the MitraClip device (Abbot Vascular, Menlo Park, CA) to treat degenerative MR is associated with improved acute and long‐term outcomes. There is an increasing adoption of the device and operators are now testing the limits of the therapy even for unfavorable anatomies. Isolated cleft mitral leaflets are rare but represent a challenge to percutaneous repair. We present two cases of successful repair of severe MR and cleft mitral leaflets. In the first case, a 52‐year‐old male with a dilated cardiomyopathy and an ejection fraction (EF) of 15% presented in decompensated heart failure. Workup revealed a pseudo‐cleft anterior mitral leaflet and a cleft posterior leaflet. A strategy to treat the restricted posterior leaflet lateral of the posterior cleft with a provisional second clip resulted in trace residual MR with only one clip, and an EF improvement to 50% at 2‐month follow‐up. In the second case, an 80‐year‐old male with a history of obstructive CAD with a normal EF but severe MR and a restricted anterior leaflet presented with severe shortness of breath. An initial strategy to grasp the middle of the valve was unsuccessful due to the cleft. Instead, two clips were placed side‐by‐side on either side of the cleft resulting in trivial residual MR. Despite challenging anatomy percutaneous repair can allow for dramatic reduction in MR, resulting in significant left ventricular remodeling and improvement of EF and cardiac output.     

Segmental analysis of the movement of the posterior mitral valve in mitral stenosis

We have analyzed independently, both, early diastolic and end diastolic (A wave) movements of the posterior mitral leaflet in 302 cases of mitral stenosis with sinus rhythm, as well as in a control group of 100 subjects without mitral stenosis. Studied patients were separated into two groups: 275 that were not treated surgically, and 27 studied after mitral commisurotomy. We described 4 patterns of posterior mitral leaflet early diastolic movement, and 3 patterns of A wave motion. Only those patterns that showed anterior drift of the studied segment of the posterior mitral leaflet, were considered diagnostic of mitral stenosis. The sensitivity found was 49% for the anterior early diastolic movement; 89,5% for the anterior A wave, and 95,3% for both signs considered together. The specificity was 99% for anterior A wave, with a predictive value of 99,6%. When surgical and non surgical groups were compared, the absence of anterior drift in early diastole in the former group, showed to have statistical significance when the Chi square test was employed, while A wave pattern (anterior drift) did not show any difference between both groups. It is concluded that the most sensitive and specific sign for M-mode echocardiagraphic diagnosis of mitral stenosis in patients with sinus rhythm is the anterior drift of posterior mitral leaflet's A wave.     

Transient mitral regurgitation due to mitral valve prolapse accompanied by systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve

A grade 4/6 systolic murmur, systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve (SAM), and severe mitral regurgitation (MR) documented by two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography developed suddenly on the structurally normal heart of a patient with idiopathic portal hypertension. The patient did not have signs of congestive heart failure and the aforementioned phenomenon disappeared completely when the patient was in hepatic failure. This could be explained by a change in circulating blood volume either by gastrointestinal hemorrhage or hepatic failure.     

Severe mitral regurgitation due to perforation of the mitral anterior leaflet

We present a case of a 75-year-old male with a worsening dyspneaduring the last month. Transthoracic echocardiography revealeda severe mitral regurgitation. Transesophageal echocardiographywas evident of a 6 mm defect of the mitral anterior leafletat the region of the anteromedial A1 and medial A2 scallopsprobably due to perforation, which caused a significant regurgitantjet as documented by the presence of a convergence flow overthe ‘hole’. As the patient had a prolonged feverof undetermined origin one and a half months ago, perforationof the mitral anterior leaflet must at least be considered tobe of an infective origin.     

Contribution of closed mitral commissurotomy in the surgery of rheumatic mitral stenosis

The objective of this work was to study the indications, techniques and results of closed heart mitral commissurotomy in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis in Morocco.MethodsAll patients who had undergone closed heart mitral commissurotomy for rheumatic mitral stenosis, operated between 1999 and 2008 were collected in this study. Mitral stenosis was diagnosed and evaluated using Doppler echocardiography. Patients with commissural calcification, severe mitral regurgitation, and surgical tricuspid or aortic valvular disease were excluded from this study.ResultsSix hundred and twenty-five patients have been collected. 62.2% were young with an age between 18 and 35 years and 491 (78.8%) were female. Seventy-nine percent of patients had stage III or IV NYHA and were in sinus regular rhythm. The closed heart mitral commissurotomy was performed for all patients through a left thoracotomy using either digital or dual dilatation. The mitral area was significantly increased postoperatively to 2.11 ± 0.32 with 100% opening of the anterior commissure, while the posterior commissure was opened only for 93.7% of patients. There were nine perioperative deaths (4.9%) and all patients who died had severe mitral stenosis (< 0.8 cm²) with an elevated systolic pulmonary artery pressure (> 60 mmHg).ConclusionThe closed heart mitral commissurotomy provides excellent results in young patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis.