阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征对高血压Ⅰ级患者进驻高原后血压的影响

目的研究阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)对于短期进驻高原地区驻训的高血压Ⅰ级青年官兵血压的影响,并分析其机制。方法试验组测定9名高血压Ⅰ级并发OSAHS青年官兵的基础血压和高原驻训期间(10,30和60 d)血压、心率,并采集相应时间点外周血氧饱和度(SO2)、睡眠时间、睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(apnea-hypopnea index,AHI)、神经内分泌激素[肾素-血管紧张-醛固酮系统(RAAS)、皮质醇];对照组测定4名高血压Ⅰ级无OSAHS青年官兵的基础血压和高原驻训期间(10,30和60 d)血压、心率,并采集相应时间点SO2、睡眠时间、AHI、神经内分泌激素(RAAS、皮质醇)。结果试验组官兵进驻高原后收缩压和舒张压均较基线水平显著升高(P0.05),以舒张压升高为主。SO2下降显著(P0.05),睡眠时间显著缩短(P0.05),AHI显著增加(P0.05),神经内分泌激素水平(RAAS及皮质醇)显著升高(P0.05)。对照组官兵进驻高原前后血压、外周血SO2、睡眠时间、AHI及神经内分泌激素均无显著差异。结论高原地区可导致高血压Ⅰ级的青年患者短时间血压持续升高,其机制可能与OSAHS引起血SO2下降、睡眠时间缩短、AHI增加及神经内分泌系统激活相关。     

老年原发性高血压患者动态血压参数与部分体液因素的相关性研究

目的观察老年原发性高血压患者动态血压参数与血浆肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ及醛固酮的相关性及其临床意义。方法将162例患者分为A纽82例（〉60岁）,B组80例（〈60岁）,采用放射免疫法检测162例原发性高血压患者的血浆肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ及醛固酮水平,同时测定24h动态血压,进行相关分析。结果（1）老年高血压具有是脉压增大,波动性大,晨峰高血压现象及并发症多的特点;（2）A组血浆肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ及醛固酮水平明显高于B组;（3）血浆肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ及醛固酮与老年高血压的特点,特别是脉压增大、波动性大、晨峰高血压现象有关。结论老年原发性高血压患者血浆肾素和血管紧张素Ⅱ浓度升高,提示血浆肾素、血管紧张素一醛固酮系统对老年原发性高血压心血管系统有影响,导致老年原发性高血压患者血压特征性的变化,血浆肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ和醛固酮的测定可作为老年原发性高血压患者病情监测及治疗指标之一。     

肾素血管紧张素醛固酮系统和皮质醇分泌节律与非杓型高血压的关系

目的探讨高血压患者血压昼夜节律改变与肾素血管紧张素醛固酮系统(RAAS)、皮质醇分泌节律的关系。方法入选2012年11月至2014年6月在广西医科大学第一附属医院高血压病区住院患者172例,其中正常血压组40例,高血压组132例(分为杓型血压组57例和非杓型血压组75例),比较各组24h动态血压、卧位肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)、醛固酮、皮质醇8:00、16:00、0:00 3个时点水平之间的相关性。结果 3组间肾素、AngⅡ、醛固酮、皮质醇8:00、16:00、0:00时点水平、夜间平均收缩压、夜间平均舒张压差异有统计学意义(均P0.05);非杓型血压组的肾素、AngⅡ、醛固酮、皮质醇8:00、16:00、0:00时点水平、夜间平均收缩压、夜间平均舒张压较正常血压组和杓型血压组明显增高(均P0.05)。非杓型血压组皮质醇昼夜节律消失率较正常血压组和杓型血压组明显增高(36.0%比19.2%、17.5%,P0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示:非杓型血压与AngⅡ、醛固酮、16:00和0:00时点皮质醇水平密切相关[OR(95%CI)分别为1.047(1.019~1.077),1.011(1.001~1.021),1.005(1.001~1.011),1.010(1.001~1.019),均P0.05]。结论非杓型高血压患者的夜间血压水平更高。非杓型高血压的形成可能与RAAS的激活和皮质醇分泌节律紊乱相关。     

不同血压人群ATⅠ、ATⅡ、肾上腺髓质素的水平比较

目的通过测定理想血压、血压正常高值及原发性高血压人群的血浆血管紧张素Ⅰ（ATⅠ）、血管紧张素Ⅱ（ATⅡ）和肾上腺髓质素（ADM）的水平,了解血压与血浆ATⅠ、ATⅡ及ADM水平的关系。方法分别纳入健康志愿者（理想血压组）40例、正常高值血压者（高值组）40例和原发性高血压（高血压组）患者30例,采用放射免疫法检测血浆ATⅠ、ATⅡ和ADM水平。结果三组间ATⅠ无统计学差异（P〉0.05）;与理想血压组相比,高值组和高血压组ATⅡ和ADM均较高（P〈0.05）,尤其以高血压组升高更为明显（P〈0.01）。结论 ATⅠ与血压无关ATⅡ和ADM随血压升高而水平呈上升趋势。     

肥胖高血压患者血清瘦素与肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统的相关性研究

目的分析肥胖高血压患者瘦素与肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAAS)的相关性,并探讨服用盐酸贝那普利8周后RAAS活性变化与瘦素水平变化之间的关系。方法入选单纯肥胖患者、肥胖高血压Ⅰ级患者、肥胖高血压Ⅱ级患者、健康对照者各50例,每组男性、女性各25例。收集一般资料,包括年龄、体质指数、腰围、腰臀比和血压。检测血清瘦素、肾素(PRA)、血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)、醛固酮(ALD)水平,分析各组血清瘦素水平与RAAS活性的相关性,以及全部肥胖患者的血压水平与瘦素水平、RAAS活性的相关性。同时观察应用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂盐酸贝那普利治疗8周后,肥胖高血压患者的血清瘦素、PRA、AngⅡ和ALD水平的变化。结果肥胖高血压患者的血清瘦素、PRA、AngⅡ和ALD水平均明显高于单纯肥胖组和健康对照组,且与高血压分级有关,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。肥胖高血压患者的血清瘦素水平与PRA、AngⅡ和ALD水平呈正相关(r=0.497、0.861、0.628,P<0.05或P<0.01)。单纯肥胖组的血清瘦素水平与ALD水平呈正相关(r=0.675,P<0.01)。全部肥胖患者的血压水平与血清瘦素、PRA、AngⅡ和ALD水平呈正相关(r=0.519、0.629、0.875、0.539,P<0.05或P<0.01)。应用盐酸贝那普利治疗后,肥胖高血压患者的血清瘦素、AngⅡ和ALD水平明显降低(均为P<0.01)。结论肥胖人群存在瘦素抵抗,瘦素可能通过影响RAAS活性导致肥胖者血压升高。     

老年高血压患者测量外周静脉压的意义

该文探讨老年高血压患者外周静脉压与血压、心脏结构、肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统及细胞因子的关系。方法：将2001—09—2005—08心内科收治老年高血压患者321例，经各项检查排除血液病、肿瘤及肾炎，并排除各种风湿性心脏病，心包积液、肺心病及扩张型心肌病的患者，且有完整超声心动图资料共59例，男30例，女29例，年龄60-85岁。根据周围静脉压测定值将59例老年高血压患者分为静脉压正常组（对照组）和静脉压增高组，比较两组患者血压、心脏结构及血清血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮、转化生长因子-β1、白介素-1α水平的差异。结果：静脉压增高组舒张压、左室收缩末内径、左房内径、右室内径、左心室质量指数及血清血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮、转化生长因子-β1、白介素-1α水平均较对照组高（P〈0．05或0．001）；而收缩压较对照组低（P〈0．0005）。结论：高血压患者也可以出现外周静脉压的升高。脉压的减小与右心功能不全的关系较密切。用外周静脉压升高判断右室增大的方法特异度高。     

缬沙坦治疗轻中度原发性高血压的临床研究

目的：了解缬沙坦对降压效果及其对肾素血管紧张素系统、醛固酮及内皮素水平的影响。方法：３３例轻中度原发性高血压患者口服缬沙坦（商品名代文，北京诺华制药厂生产）８０￣１６０ｍｇ，口服每日１次，总疗程６周，治疗前后分别监测动态血压，放免法测血浆肾素活性（ＰＲＡ）、血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡｎｇⅡ）、醛固酮（Ａｌｄｏ）和内皮素（ＥＴ）水平。结果：观察组治疗后偶测血压和动态血压均显著降低，收缩压与舒张压降压效应的谷／     

洛伐他汀对老年高血压病合并高胆固醇血症患者的降脂疗效观察(摘要)

从受体水平阻断肾素－ 血管紧张素系统的生物学效应来探讨血管紧张素Ⅱ和醛固酮对高血压大鼠心肌肥厚及纤维化的作用,将二肾一夹型高血压大鼠分为高血压治疗组和高血压对照组,高血压治疗组在术后第１６ 周通过饮水给予缬沙坦（１０ μｇｇ·ｄ）,高血压对照组和假手术组不给药。术后第１６ 周、２０ 周及２８ 周分别处死大鼠,测定血压、心脏和左心室重量、血浆和心肌血管紧张素Ⅱ及醛固酮浓度、左心室重量指数、心肌胶原含量及胶原容积分数。结果发现,高血压对照组大鼠血浆和心肌血管紧张素Ⅱ及醛固酮浓度、左心室重量指数、心肌胶原浓度及胶原容积分数均显著高于假手术组（ Ｐ＜０．０５ 或０．００５）;与高血压对照组比较,高血压治疗组血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ浓度明显增高,血压、左心室重量指数、血浆醛固酮浓度、心肌胶原浓度及胶原容积分数则显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５） ,且主要是Ⅰ型胶原减少。结果提示,肾血管性高血压大鼠左心室重塑与心肌血管紧张素Ⅱ和醛固酮浓度密切相关,血管紧张素Ⅱ１ 型受体拮抗剂缬沙坦可以阻断血管紧张素Ⅱ的病理生理作用,抑制醛固酮的释放,逆转左心室重塑,心脏局部血管紧张素Ⅱ的生物学效应可能主要是血管紧张素Ⅱ１ 型受体所介导     

比索洛尔对原发性高血压患者肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统及血管内皮功能的影响

目的研究比索洛尔的降压疗效及其对肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统及血管内皮功能的影响.方法对72例初诊原发性高血压病人口服比索洛尔4周.观察治疗前后诊室血压及血浆肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮、内皮素和一氧化氮浓度的变化.结果比索洛尔治疗4周后,诊室收缩压和舒张压的下降幅度分别为16.2mm Hg和7.6mm Hg(1mm Hg=0.133kPa)(P＜0.01);肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮降低,一氧化氮水平升高(P＜0.05);而内皮素、一氧化氮/内皮素比值无明显变化.结论比索洛尔能够有效的抑制肾素、血管紧张素、醛固酮系统及改善血管内皮功能,达到降低血压和保护靶器官的目的.     

血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂与心血管病──基础与临床

血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂与心血管病──基础与临床成都市第一人民医院心研室张廷杰，朱轼，阎亚非综述由于肾素血管紧张素醛固酮系统（ＲＡＡＳ）与血压升高的密切联系。当血管紧张素转换酶（ＡＣＥ）抑制剂问世后，首先考虑用于高血压，直到１９７６年在讨论ＡＣＥ抑制剂...     

初始血压水平对青少年远期血压变化及高血压发生的影响

目的 探索初始血压水平对青少年远期血压变化及高血压发生的影响.方法 1987年在陕西汉中农村4623名6～15岁在校学生进行血压等相关因素调查的基础上,根据初始3次血压测量,收缩压持续稳定在该年龄、性别血压百分位数75以上者为血压偏高组,3次血压测量收缩压持续稳定在该年龄、性别血压百分位数50以下者为血压正常对照组.共有292名儿童进入队列(其中血压偏高组152名,血压正常对照组140名).2005年对该队列组样本进行随访.结果 总随访率70.2%,其中血压偏高组随访率70.4%,对照组随访率70.0%;基线血压偏高组,18年后随访不仅收缩压、舒张压仍显著高于基线血压对照组,而且前者发生高血压(≥140/90 mm Hg,1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)的概率是后者的6.88倍(28.0%对4.1%,P＜0.01).结论 初始血压百分位偏高儿童,远期高血压发生率显著增加,是青年高血压发病重要易患因素.     

胰岛素增敏剂罗格列酮抗高血压作用探讨

目的　观察胰岛素增敏剂马来酸罗格列酮在超重和 (或 )肥胖的轻、中度高血压患者的降血压作用及其影响因素 ,探讨胰岛素增敏剂用于原发性高血压治疗或辅助治疗的可能性。方法　超重及肥胖 (体重指数≥ 2 5kg/m2 )的非糖尿病轻、中度原发性高血压 [14 0mmHg <收缩压 <190mmHg ,(1mmHg =0 133kPa) ]患者 89例。测定口服葡萄糖耐量试验各时点血糖及胰岛素浓度 ,排除糖尿病。原服用降血压药物者停用药物 2周后进入试验 ,原生活方式不变。仅服用胰岛素增敏剂马来酸罗格列酮 8mg/d ,疗程 4周。分析血压下降情况及影响因素。 结果　 (1)治疗 4周后收缩压平均降低了 17mmHg ,舒张压平均降低了 11mmHg。 (2 )治疗后比治疗前空腹、糖负荷后 1h及 2h血胰岛素水平分别下降 2 7%、35 %、4 1% (P <0 0 0 0 1)。胰岛素敏感性改善了 30 % (P <0 0 0 0 1)。(3)在基线血压水平较高、胰岛素抵抗程度较严重及无高血压家族史的患者中罗格列酮的降压幅度更大。结论　马来酸罗格列酮对超重或肥胖非糖尿病人群显示了良好的抗高血压效能 ,提示此类胰岛素增敏剂可能在某些人群原发高血压治疗或辅助治疗中有一定价值。     

Comparative pharmacoclinical study of 2 beta-blockers: atenolol and betaxolol in slight-to-moderate arterial hypertension

Sixteen patients with mild to moderate hypertension were randomized to receive either atenolol 100 mg a day (group A: 2 females, 6 males, mean age 42.3 years) or betaxolol 20 mg a day (group B: 8 males, mean age 49.3 years), both drugs given once daily for one month with a wash out on the 5th day. Pretreatment blood pressure was significantly higher in group B than in group A: this disparity, linked with randomization, hampered the comparison of the antihypertensive efficacy of both drugs but not the comparison of their pharmacodynamics. The maximal effect on resting supine blood pressure occurred later with betaxolol (4th day) than with atenolol (1st day), while the effect on peak exercise-blood pressure and heart rate was rapidly maximal (1st day) for both beta-blockers. The duration of the antihypertensive action at rest seemed to be nearly similar, while the effects of betaxolol on exercising heart rate and blood pressure were more prolonged than those of atenolol: on the wash out day, plasma atenolol and betaxolol levels fell in a same way but the increase in peak systolic blood pressure was more marked in group A than in group B, so that the positive correlation we found between the plasma drug levels and the percentage of peak systolic blood pressure reduction, was much closer with atenolol (p less than 0.001) than with betaxolol (p less than 0.05).     

Resting blood pressure and cardiovascular response to sympathetic stimulation in adolescents.

The prevalence of significant hypertension in childhood may be higher than expected. We have measured sitting blood pressure in 168 11-yr-old children attending a pre-high school in the Neapolitan area on four occasions over a 3-month period. We have also measured blood pressure and heart rate during a mental arithmetic test and during isometric exercise. Prevalence of significant hypertension (diastolic blood pressure 82-90 mmHg) was 13% at the first visit and decreased to 6.5% at the last visit; prevalence of severe hypertension (diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 90 mmHg) decreased from 5.4% to 1.2% from the 1st to the 4th visit. No sex-related difference was observed. A more frequently positive family history of hypertension (50% vs 30% in the fifth and first quintile of blood pressure, respectively) and higher body weight (body mass index = 21.4 vs 19.3 kg/m2) were found in children in the 5th quintile of blood pressure distribution. Blood pressure increased during mental arithmetic by 10/13% of the resting values in the first quintile and by 6/11% in the last one during mental test; during handgrip the increase was of 20/37% and 24/46%, respectively: differences between quintiles did not reach statistical significance. These data show that about 8% of a Neapolitan sample of school population have high blood pressure levels, while no difference in vascular reactivity to sympathetic stimulation was detected in children with higher blood pressure.     

Effects of alcohol withdrawal on blood pressure in hypertensive heavy drinkers

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological investigations have demonstrated a close association between heavy alcohol consumption and hypertension. The mechanisms of this association, however, remain elusive. We studied the effects of alcohol withdrawal on blood pressure, hormonal parameters, and circulating markers of endothelial activity. METHODS: In 14 hypertensive heavy alcohol consumers (> 200 g/day) who agreed to participate in a hospital withdrawal programme we monitored, for 30 days, blood pressure, plasma levels of renin, aldosterone, cortisol, endothelin, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), and urinary levels of catecholamines. Patients in the withdrawal group were compared with eight hypertensive heavy drinkers who refused to participate in the programme and maintained regular alcohol consumption and 11 normotensive teetotalers. RESULTS: By the third day after withdrawal, blood pressure was significantly decreased and the normalization of levels was obtained in 13 of 14 patients by the end of the study. Alcohol withdrawal significantly decreased plasma aldosterone and cortisol levels, but did not affect levels of active renin and fractionated urinary catecholamines. At baseline, plasma endothelin and PAI-1 levels were significantly higher in alcoholic individuals than in teetotalers, and after the cessation of alcohol intake decreased progressively, reaching levels different from baseline within 1 week. A significant correlation was found between changes in endothelin and PAI-1, and blood pressure variations during alcohol abstinence that remained significant only for endothelin with the multivariate approach. CONCLUSION: Hypertension is rapidly reversible in the majority of heavy drinkers after the withdrawal of alcohol consumption. In these patients, hypertension is associated with an increased release of endothelial factors that might contribute to the increase in blood pressure.     

Listeria endocarditis with acute thoracoabdominal aortic dissection

The patient was 71-year-old male under treatment at a clinic for hypertension, aortic regurgitation, alcoholic hepatitis and dental treatment. He mainly complained fever and anorexia. Since blood culture examination revealed Listeria monocytogenes and echocardiography exhibited vegetation at the mitral leaflet, the patient was diagnosed as infective endocarditis. Fever and inflammatory reaction were improved after penicillin administration; however, he had fever on the 24th hospital day. CT revealed type IIIb acute thoracoabdominal aortic dissection which was not observed on admission. The blood pressure was controlled with antihypertensive agents. He could leave the hospital on the 61st day.     

Blood pressure response to acute changes in dietary sodium in young Zimbabwean men.

OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this study was to determine the effect of acute alterations in sodium intake upon the blood pressure and hormone levels of young Zimbabwean men. DESIGN: Blood pressure, 24-h urinary electrolyte excretion and plasma concentrations of angiotensin II, aldosterone, and atrial natriuretic peptide were measured in normotensive black medical students. Three sets of measurements were taken: (1) during free access to sodium (baseline); (2) after 4 days on a low-sodium diet (10 mmol/day); and (3) after 4 days on a high-sodium diet (800 mmol/day). METHODS: Blood pressure was measured by random zero sphygmomanometry, hormone levels by radioimmunoassay, and urinary electrolytes by flame photometry. RESULTS: The low-sodium diet caused the range of pulse pressure to narrow, with a decrease in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and an increase in diastolic blood pressure (DBP). With the introduction of the high-sodium diet, SBP increased and DBP decreased. Mean arterial pressure did not change. At the same time, angiotensin II and aldosterone decreased. Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide did not change. A subgroup of the men on the high-sodium diet also received 100 mmol potassium/day. The increase in SBP associated with high sodium was significantly attenuated by the presence of added potassium. CONCLUSIONS: SBP of young black Zimbabwean men is lowered by dietary sodium restriction and rises with a large increase in dietary sodium for a short duration, but mean arterial pressure does not change due to the opposing decreases in DBP.     

High Pressure Diuresis Initiates Malignant Hypertension in the Young

Weight loss, polydipsia, polyuria, hyponatremia are symptoms often seen in patients with severe renininduced hypertension. To investigate the role of the maturing kidney in the development of high pressure diuresis hypertension was induced in infantile (18 days old) and adult (40 days old) Sprague-Dawley rats by clipping one renal artery. In infantile rats blood pressure increase was steeper than in adult rats (7.8 vs. 3.2 mmHg/day). High pressure diuresis resulting in body weight loss was observed at systolic blood pressure levels of about 140 to 150 mmHg in infantile animals compared to 180 mmHg in adult rats. At this time fluid intake was increased to 64 in infantile and 30 ml/100 g body weight/day in adult rats. Plasma renin concentration and aldosterone were two fold higher in infantile than in adult rats. The data show that infantile rats, due to a higher activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, have a steeper blood pressure increase and, furthermore, that during maturation of the kidney high pressure diuresis starts at lower blood pressure levels and is much more pronounced.     

Precursors of hypertension in black compared to white medical students

Data were collected on 433 black medical students at Meharry Medical College (MMC) and 573 white medical students at The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (JHMS) during the period of 1958 through 1965 consisting of baseline measurement of some possible precursors of hypertension. Similar methods were employed in both cohorts. Comparison as to prevalence and significance of hypertension precursors revealed the following: Black males had significantly higher casual and resting blood pressures than whites (p less than 0.01); and higher mean changes in blood pressure following the cold pressor test. White males had a significantly higher mean change in heart rate following cold pressor test (p less than 0.01). Upon exercise black males had significantly higher mean change in blood pressure and heart rate (p less than 0.01). There appears to be more blood pressure lability in blacks as indicated by higher mean SBP + DBP changes following the cold pressor test, and by mean pulse pressure level at peak exercise. The difference in blood pressure lability observed between blacks and whites in young adulthood may be one of the earliest identifiers of later differences in the incidence of hypertension. However, of even more importance is the difference in blood pressure levels between the two groups, though both are normotensive.