颈动脉内膜剥脱术后即期脑中风的病因、影响因素及治疗

对２９１例颈动脉内膜剥脱术后患者进行随访研究，１例术后即期死亡；２２例（６．３％）在术后发生脑中风，１７例为中度中风，５例为严重中风，即期中风的病因包括：１４例手术部位颈动脉血栓形成（１４／２２，６４％），４例术中或术后即期脑栓塞，２例阻断颈动脉所致脑缺血，１例脑出血，１例原因不明。此外讨论了术后中风的危险因素和处理方法。     

混合性中风的临床特点与诊断

混合性中风即脑出血合并脑梗塞。自１９９４年７月应用磁共振以来作者等共收治混合性中风２２例，占同期脑出血患者１２１％（２２／１８２），报道如下。１临床资料１．１一般资料２２例中男性１７例，女性５例，男女之比为３４∶１，年龄５０～８０岁，＜６０岁占９...     

危重症患者经皮穿剌中心静脉插入术后感染因素分析

目的：分析经皮穿剌中心静脉插管术后感染因素，探讨有效防治感染的对策。方法：将７５例实施经皮穿剌中心静脉插管术的危重症患者根据导管留置时间分成３组：第１组（≤７天），第２组（８－１４天），第３组（〉１４天）。根据导管类型分为单腔中心静脉导管组及多腔中心静脉导管组。分别观察其术后感染发生率。结果：第１组、２组和第３组术后感染发生率分别为２．８６％，１７．２０％和５４．５０％，均存在显著性差异（Ｐ均〈０     

乳腺癌术后骨转移14例诊治分析

乳腺癌术后骨转移１４例诊治分析周荣伟（南昌铁路中心医院，南昌３３０００３）１９８７～１９９１年我院共收治１１７例乳腺癌患者，其中１４例术后出现骨转移，占１２％，现分析如下。１临床资料１．１一般资料本组均系女性，年龄３９～５９（中位年龄为４７）岁，其中...     

脑中风患者机械通气后的氧动力学变化

对７例接受机械通气的重症中风患者氧动力学指标进行研究。发现中风后第３天时系统氧输送（ＤＯ２）与中风第１天相比显著增加（５８８±２５４ｍｌｍｉｎ－１／ｍ２比４４８±２０６ｍｌｍｉｎ－１／ｍ２），而心脏指数（ＣＩ）和动脉血氧含量（ＣａＯ２）却无相应的变化；中风后第７天脑组织（５１％±６％比３３％±１７％）和系统的氧摄取率（ＥＲ，５３％±２２％比２８％±１３％）与中风后第１天相比显著增高，以满足氧消耗（ＶＯ２）的增加（２３０±１５３ｍｌｍｉｎ－１／ｍ２比１１４±４９ｍｌｍｉｎ－１／ｍ２）。３例有并发症的中风患者存在氧耗的病理性氧供依赖性。因此推论：由ＣＩ和ＣａＯ２计算所得的ＤＯ２较血流动力学指标的变化可能更敏感；已经治疗７天的中风患者仍存在较高的ＥＲ，可能预后较差；没有严重并发症的中风患者是否存在氧耗的病理性氧供依赖性有待进一步研究     

肝硬变上消化道大出血病因的内镜诊断

肝硬变上消化道大出血患者６２例，出血后６小时－１周内行胃镜检查及硬化剂治疗。检查证实无食管胃底静脉曲线２例；胃及十二指肠球部明显糜烂１４例（２２．６％），胃和十二指肠球部溃疡６例（９．７％）。９例（１４．５％）为非静脉曲张性出血，７例（１１．３％）为双因素性出血，表明将肝硬变上消化道大出血－概推断为食管静脉曲张破裂出血是片面的。作者强调早期内镜检查和治疗的重要性。     

开颅术中脑膨出原因及对策

我科１９９５年１２月至１９９７年９月共行开颅手术１９６例，发生术中脑膨出７例（３．５％），现报告如下。１临床资料７例中男６例，女１例，年龄２２～５２岁，重度颅脑损伤４例，颅内动静脉畸形（ＡＶＭ）破裂出血１例，高血压脑出血１例，小脑肿瘤１例。７病例术前...     

急性胆囊炎的腹腔镜胆囊切除术

对１７５例急性胆囊炎行ＬＣ。平均发病时间２２ｈ，术前体温超过３８℃者９２例。胆囊周围有渗出者１６１例，脓性渗出６７例，坏疽３例；术中需先行胆囊开窗减压８６例，顺行切除１４３例，逆行完全切除１１例，胆囊大部切除２０例，胆囊造瘘１例。术中胆道造影２４例，成功２２例，发现异常８例，仅１例胆总管结石需术中处理。平均手术时间４６ｍｉｎ，术中出血５～８０ｍｌ。中转开腹５例（包括１例术后开腹），术后轻并发症８例（术后胆漏２例，其中１例再开腹，腹壁出血、戳口感染、下肢浅静脉炎、胆囊床积液及右肾周围脓肿各１例），无损伤及严重并发症。认为除胆囊真正坏疽处，余均不是ＬＣ的绝对禁忌。     

中青年脑梗死60例临床分析

近年来脑梗死发病年龄有年轻化趋势。为探讨中青年脑梗死有关情况，本文分析总结我科１９８８年６月～１９９８年６月６０例脑梗死发病原因及诊断与治疗情况，现报告如下。１ 临床资料１．１ 一般资料 本组６０例病人，男性４１例，女性１９例。男女之比２．２：１。年龄１５～２０岁３例，２１～４０岁２２例，４１～５０岁 ３５例，平均４２．５岁。冬春发病３８例，夏秋发病２２例。本组６０例占我科同期收治缺血性中风病人的１４％。１．２ 发病形式和临床表现 发病形式可分为三型：（１）急性发作的卒中型，发病１～２ｄ症状达高峰３８…     

危重症患者经皮穿刺中心静脉插管术后感染因素分析

目的：分析经皮穿刺中心静脉插管术后感染因素，探讨有效防治感染的对策。方法：将７５例实施经皮穿刺中心静脉插管术的危重症患者根据导管留置时间分成３组：第１组（≤７天），第２组（８～１４天），第３组（＞１４天）。根据导管类型分为单腔中心静脉导管组及多腔中心静脉导管组。分别观察其术后感染发生率。结果：第１组、第２组和第３组术后感染发生率分别为２．８６％，１７．２０％和５４．５０％，均存在显著性差异（Ｐ均＜０．０５）。其中应用单腔、多腔中心静脉导管术后感染率分别１２．１％及１９．０％，无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论：引起经皮穿刺中心静脉插管术后感染的因素，以寄生于穿刺伤口局部皮肤的微生物沿导管向体内迁移所致的术后感染最多见。随着导管留置时间的延长，其感染发生率相应增加；中心静脉导管留置时间以不超过７天为宜，需长期留置者，应及时更换导管。     

THE CHANGING INDICATIONS FOR CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY IN THE UK

In early series the majority of carotid endarterectomies were performed in patients with amaurosis fugax (AFx) or transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs) who were thought to have atheromatous ulcers of the carotid bifurcation or the internal carotid artery (ICA). The degree of stenosis was considered to be of secondary importance. We compared our own data with two British series undertaken in the early and late 80s/early 90s. This reflects the broadening of indications and the change of practice for carotid endarterectomy over the years, on the one hand towards including patients who are at greater risk of perioperative stroke (previous CVAs vs TIAs, crescendo TIAs and stroke in evolution), and on the other towards patients who have had no symptoms attributable to the carotid lesion (asymptomatic cases, combined carotid and cardiac procedures).     

Carotid endarterectomy for unilateral carotid system transient cerebral ischemia

This study involved 151 consecutive patients who had transient focal cerebral ischemia (TIA) in one carotid arterial system and who had carotid endarterectomy on the side corresponding to the ischemic symptoms. Each patient was examined preoperatively by a neurologist, who also judged the postoperative morbidity and mortality. All patients were operated on by one surgeon. A major or minor ischemic stroke occurred in 3% of patients during operation or within 30 days thereafter. The mortality was less than 1% at 1 month. After the first month, ischemic stroke occurred at a rate of 2% per year, and two-thirds of the strokes were ipsilateral to the endarterectomy. Long-term mortality was 3% per year. Long-term stroke morbidity was less than would have been expected for a comparable group of patients with TIA, and the percentage of deaths due to a cardiac cause was greater than expected, owing to a relative shift from stroke mortality to cardiac mortality. No patient who had a cerebral blood flow of 40 ml or greater per 100 g of brain per minute during occlusion for endarterectomy had a stroke during operation or during 4 1/2 years of follow-up.     

颈动脉狭窄引起短暂性脑缺血的外科治疗

目的 探讨颈动脉内膜剥脱术的适应证及围手术期处理。方法 回顾性总结11例因短暂性脑缺血(TIA)伴有颈动脉硬化狭窄患而行颈动脉内膜剥脱术(CEA)的临床资料。结果 除1例术后第二天发生脑梗塞死亡外，其余患TIA表现消失，4例慢性脑缺血症状也得到明显的改善。术后未出现偏瘫或脑出血等严重的并发症。结论 对于TIA病人，经多普勒超声或动脉血管造影(DSA)或磁共振血管造影(MRA)检查发现一侧或双侧颈总动脉或颈内动脉狭窄大于50％，可以考虑行颈动脉内膜剥脱术。对于双侧颈动脉狭窄，分期手术治疗较为安全。做好围手术期处理。有助于减少手术并发症。     

Prospective study of the effectiveness and durability of carotid endarterectomy

In a series of 252 consecutive patients who underwent 282 carotid endarterectomies, we conducted clinical and angiographic follow-up for 2 to 6 years (mean, 3.2 years). Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was done postoperatively in 95% of cases. Clinical follow-up was achieved in 97% of cases, and DSA follow-up was obtained in 66% of cases. The overall group had a 1% operative minor morbidity (three cases of minimal new neurologic deficit), no major morbidity, and a 0.7% mortality (one death from stroke and one from myocardial infarction). Complications correlated well with the patient's preoperative risk category. During follow-up, 10 minor strokes, only 1 of which was attributable to the reconstructed artery, and 10 transient ischemic attacks, 3 of which were presumably related to recurrent stenosis, occurred. Asymptomatic mild to moderate restenosis of the internal carotid or common carotid artery was identified in 10% of follow-up DSAs and severe stenosis or occlusion in 3%. Stenosis in the opposite common carotid or internal carotid artery progressed in 48 cases (26% of follow-up DSAs and ultrasound studies), and 10 of these became symptomatic. An actuarial analysis of patients who had endarterectomy indicated that the cumulative probability of ipsilateral stroke was 1.5% at 1 month and 2% at 5 years. The cumulative probability of ipsilateral stroke, transient ischemic attack, or reversible ischemic neurologic deficit was 4% at 1 month and 8% at 5 years or less than 1% per year after the first month, with censoring at the time of the second surgical procedure.     

血管超声评价颈动脉蹼的结构特征

目的通过血管超声评估颈动脉蹼（CW）的结构特征。 方法连续纳入2018年1月至2019年6月于首都医科大学宣武医院就诊的经超声检查并经CT血管造影（CTA）证实的CW患者共66例。根据超声对狭窄程度的判定,将患者分为颈动脉<50%狭窄组54例,≥50%狭窄组12例。应用超声测量CW的长度、厚度、与管壁间锐性夹角,记录CW上端的血流方向特征（顺向或逆向血流）、CW与管壁间血栓形成情况,比较2组间CW结构特征的差异,并分析不同颈动脉狭窄程度对缺血性脑卒中发生的影响。 结果首次诊断为CW的患者为42例（42/66,63.6%）,余24例患者首次检查分别诊断为溃疡斑块21例（21/66,31.8%）和夹层3例（3/66,4.5%）。<50%狭窄组与≥50%狭窄组CW的长度、厚度、方向、周边血栓情况差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。<50%狭窄组CW与管壁间夹角显著小于≥50%狭窄组（中位数：39o vs 73o,P=0.002）,而<50%狭窄组中夹角≤60o的发生率也显著高于≥50%狭窄组（74.1% vs 41.7%,P=0.042）。<50%狭窄组CW处的颈动脉残余内径明显大于≥50%狭窄组,而收缩期峰值流速明显低于≥50%狭窄组,2组比较,差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.001）。缺血性脑卒中患者与非卒中患者的颈动脉狭窄程度差异无统计学意义（P=0.321）。 结论超声通过二维及彩色多普勒模式可评估CW的结构特征,CW与管壁间夹角较大时更易导致局部血管狭窄≥50%,但血管狭窄并非导致CW患者脑卒中的重要原因。     

Complications of carotid endarterectomy: the influence of case load

We reviewed the records of 508 consecutive carotid endarterectomies done by 19 surgeons during a five-year period in one medical center to evaluate postoperative complications (stroke and death). Each of 16 surgeons did 32 operations or fewer, with case loads ranging from one to 32. Three surgeons did 70, 98, and 172 respectively. The incidence of stroke among patients of the 16 surgeons combined who did 32 cases or fewer in five years (fewer than ten cases per year) was 7%, with a combined stroke and death rate of 8%; in contrast, patients of the combined surgeons who did more than 32 operations in five years (more than ten cases per year) had a stroke rate of 3%, with a combined stroke and death rate of 3%. When the carotid disease was examined separately, it was apparent that the adverse event rate among patients with asymptomatic or nonhemispheric disease accounted for the difference. Patients of surgeons with fewer cases had 18% adverse events, whereas those of more experienced surgeons had 2% adverse events. The adverse events were similar for both groups in patients with focal transient ischemic attacks or stroke. Seven of the 16 surgeons who did fewer than 32 cases had no patients who had stroke, despite the few carotid endarterectomies they had done. Thus, the stroke rate was somewhat lower in the hands of those surgeons who did endarterectomy more often, but the number of carotid endarterectomies done by a surgeon is not the only factor to decrease the stroke rate. Proper selection of patients and attention to risk factors and technique are essential.     

The effect of changing transfusion practice on rates of perioperative stroke and myocardial infarction in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy: a retrospective analysis of 1114 Mayo Clinic patients. Mayo Perioperative Outcomes Group

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate changes in the institution's red blood cell (RBC) transfusion practice during the past 15 years and the influence of these changes on neurologic or cardiac morbidity after carotid endarterectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Based on a retrospective analysis of the Mayo Clinic database, 1,114 patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy were stratified into 1 of 2 groups: (1) 1980 to 1985 (ie, pre-human immunodeficiency virus screening, early-practice group [n=552]) and (2) 1990 to 1995 (ie, recent-practice group [n=562]). Data were compared between time periods using the chi2 test for categorical variables and the rank sum test for continuous variables. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between perioperative transfusion practice and the occurrence of stroke or myocardial infarction. Two-tailed P values < or = 05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Patients in the recent-practice group were significantly older (mean +/- SD age, 69.6 +/- 8.7 years) vs 65.9 +/- 8.3 years in the early-practice group (P<.001). The proportion of patients receiving perioperative RBC transfusion decreased dramatically from 72.9% in 1980-1985 to 8.7% in 1990-1995 (P<.001). Additionally, the mean +/- SD number of RBC units transfused decreased from 1.10 +/- 1.30 U in 1980-1985 to 0.27 +/- 1.22 U in 1990-1995 (P<.001). Mean +/- SD discharge hemoglobin concentration decreased from 13.7 +/- 1.4 g/dL in 1980-1985 to 11.8 +/- 1.5 g/dL in 1990-1995 (P<.001). Rates of perioperative stroke and myocardial infarction did not differ between the 2 time periods (early-practice group vs recent-practice group: stroke, 5.1% vs 3.6% [P=.22]; myocardial infarction, 1.5% vs 2.3% [P=.29]). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that elderly patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (ie, individuals known to be at high risk for cerebral and cardiac ischemia) can tolerate modest perioperative anemia despite a considerable change in the institution's transfusion practice (lower "transfusion trigger," the hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value below which RBC transfusion is indicated).     

Asymptomatic carotid stenosis: is surgical prevention of infarct still justified?

The present retrospective study compared the incidence of TIA, stroke, and death in patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis (greater than 50%) during a follow-up period of 24 to 30 months. 65 patients were operated and 193 treated medically. The incidence of death was comparable in both groups. Death in most patients was due to cardiac disease or cancer. The annual incidence of TIA and stroke was not different between the two populations. Despite the low incidence of perioperative complications (%) surgery of asymptomatic carotid stenosis cannot be recommended at the present time.     

Cardiovascular medicine update 2007: perioperative risk, carotid angioplasty, drug-eluting stents, stronger statins

Some recent clinical trials have concluded the following: Patients who need noncardiac surgery and who are at risk of major cardiac events should not undergo revascularization with the aim of achieving a better perioperative outcome. They should have an office evaluation only and be prescribed a beta-blocker, if indicated. Except for unusual, high-risk cases, patients at risk of stroke due to atherosclerotic carotid artery stenosis should undergo carotid endarterectomy rather than carotid stenting. Because the technology is still developing, however, carotid stenting may still be appropriate as part of a clinical trial. Although drug-eluting coronary stents reduce the risk of restenosis in the short-term, they pose a small but significant risk of in-stent thrombosis. Clopidogrel (Plavix) should be prescribed for at least a year following drug-eluting stent placement, and perhaps indefinitely. Patients with known coronary heart disease have better outcomes if they receive aggressive statin therapy (eg, atorvastatin [Lipitor] 80 mg/day) to lower their serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to less than 70 mg/dL.