Advantage of intraarterial over intravenous vasopressin infusion in gastrointestinal hemorrhage.

Recent laboratory data have suggested equivalent therapeutic value of selective intraarterial or peripheral intravenous infusions of vasopressin in the control of gastrointestinal bleeding. However, recent experience in two clinical cases continues to support a therapeutic advantage of the selective intraarterial route and casts doubt on the applicability of the laboratory results to man. Until further data is accumulated, it is premature to discard the presumed therapeutic advantage of the selective intraarterial infusion of vasopressin.     

家兔氟尿嘧啶胃左动脉灌注与静脉化疗药物动力学比较

目的　评价氟尿嘧啶动物胃左动脉灌注和外周静脉化疗药物动力学的基础实验比较。方法　实验家兔 18只 ,随机分 6个时间组 ,由胃左动脉注入氟尿嘧啶 (按 5 0mg/kg) ,于不同时间点 ,留取门静脉及外周静脉血 ,同时处死动物 ,取部分胃组织。血样及组织样经处理后采用高效液相色谱测定 ,对照组由耳缘静脉注入氟尿嘧啶 (5 0mg/kg) ,不同时间取血和组织 ,同上处理后测定。 结果　两种途径给药后的门静脉及外周静脉的药时曲线均为 5min达到高峰值 ,之后迅速下降 ,30min后下降缓慢 ,符合二室模型 ;动脉灌注组门静脉血药浓度明显高于外周血药浓度 ,亦明显高于静脉注药组的门静脉浓度 ,而且持续时间较长 ;5min后动脉灌注组胃组织药物浓度 11倍于静脉给药组 ,2h后两者浓度接近。结论　经胃左动脉灌注在门静脉及胃组织中的药物浓度在较长时间内维持相对高的水平 ,而且能使局部药物相对集中 ,可以在很大程度上提高疗效     

Granulocyte adherence after intravenous and intraarterial injection of ioxaglate or iohexol.

The effect of iohexol and ioxaglate on granulocyte adherence to nylon fibers was investigated with blood from 15 patients undergoing angiography, and from 24 patients undergoing excretory urography. Decreased adherence and increased numbers of granulocytes in the circulation were observed soon after injection of iohexol or ioxaglate in the aorta, or injection of ioxaglate i.v. Increased adherence and decreased numbers of granulocytes in the circulation were observed soon after injection of iohexol i.v. The differences were small soon after the injection of contrast media (CM). More pronounced decreased adherence and increased numbers of granulocytes were detected 2 and 5 hours after injection in the aorta for both CM.     

Detection of gas bubbles in the pulmonary artery and aorta of dogs by ultrasonic echography after intravenous infusion of air

The transducer and receiving amplifier of a standard ultrasonic echocardiograph were modified to develop a device for detecting unmasked echocardiographic images of gas bubbles in blood vessels. This device was employed to detect gas bubbles passing from the venous to the arterial bed via lungs in anesthesized and thoracotomized dogs during air intravenous infusion. Gas bubbles entered the aorta when the dose of infused airw as 12-15 ml. It is postulated that gas bubbles formed in the animal and human body during decompression may pass from the venous into the arterial bed not only through shunts but also through lung capillaries.     

Boron biodistribution in beagles after intravenous infusion of 4-dihydroxyborylphenylalanine-fructose complex.

Boron biodistribution after intravenous infusion of 4-dihydroxyborylphenylalanine-fructose (BPA-F) complex was investigated in six dogs. Blood samples were evaluated during and following doses of 205 and 250 mg/kgbw BPA in a 30 min infusion, and 500 mg/kgbw in a 1h infusion. Samples from whole blood, urine, brain and other organs were analysed for boron content after varying times following the onset of infusion. The whole blood boron concentrations declined from 27 to 8.4 ppm over the period of 39-165 min after the onset of infusion and the levels increased from 1.9 to 12 ppm in the grey matter of the brain over the same period. The boron concentrations in whole blood decreased steadily, whereas the boron values in brain tissue rose steadily with time. It was concluded that whole blood boron concentrations do not seem to reflect accurately the boron concentration in brain tissue at respective time points.     

A simple catheter-vessel model for MR assessment of drug distribution in arteries and optimization of catheter design for intraarterial infusion therapy

PURPOSE: To investigate the efficacy of a new catheter-vessel model for MRI to evaluate drug distribution and to optimize catheter design for intraarterial infusion therapy MATERIALS AND METHODS: The model consisted of a hepatic artery simulant tube through which blood simulant water flowed continuously and a water cistern. Catheters were inserted into the tube and a gadolinium contrast medium was injected at rates suitable for angiographic or computed tomographic evaluation and commensurate with the clinical drug infusion rate. Axial images of the tube were obtained with a 0.2-T scanner and gradient echo technique. Preliminary studies and catheter tests were conducted. The points at which drug and water were completely mixed were defined as the site with uniform enhancement nearest the catheter tip. RESULTS: Flip angle and gadolinium concentrations were optimized at 90 degrees, and at 62.5 and 500 mM for the high and low infusion rates, respectively. Drug distribution near the catheter tips was clearly visualized. The drug was mixed in shorter distances via the slit side-hole than the end- or side-hole catheters, and the smaller diametrical than the larger at either rate. CONCLUSION: This model appeared to be effective for evaluation of drug distribution and optimization of catheter design.     

Gastric and splenic infarction: A complication of intraarterial vasopressin infusion

Gastric and splenic infarction following intraarterial infusion of vasopressin in a patient's left gastric artery is reported. None of the previously described factors predisposing to infarction were present and the cause appears to have been hyperconstriction of vessels in response to vasopressin. Computed tomography (CT) scanning was used to confirm the extent of involvement.     

Dynamic CT of hepatic masses with intravenous and intraarterial contrast material

Seven patients with primary and metastatic hepatic tumors had dynamic computed tomographic scans obtained after an intravenous and an intrahepatic arterial bolus of contrast media. Four patients had hepatoma and three had hepatic metastasis from either a colonic, pancreatic, or leiomyosarcoma primary malignancy. Computed tomography was also performed after an intravenous drip infusion of contrast material. Time-density curves of the hepatic lesions after contrast administration were analyzed and compared. The results demonstrated that: (1) intrahepatic arterial delivery of contrast fluid resulted in the greatest contrast enhancement of lesions and detected more lesions than the intravenous bolus technique, which was superior to the drip infusion technique; (2) no consistent difference in the pattern of contrast enhancement was found between various hepatic lesions; (3) within multiple lesions of similar pathology in any one liver, a spectrum of contrast enhancement pattern was found; and (4) changes in contrast enhancement occurred rapidly and lesions changed from hypodense to isodense to hyperdense to isodense within 30--45 sec.     

细胞因子诱导杀伤细胞在动物体内的分布

目的 观察细胞因子诱导杀伤(CIK)细胞在动物体内分布的特点.方法 99Tcm标记CIK细胞采用亚锡还原法.昆明种小白鼠40只,按随机数字表法分为8组,每组5只,进行小鼠体内分布实验,计算每克组织百分注射剂量率(%ID/g).新西兰家兔3只行动态显像,连续观察99Tcm-CIK细胞体内分布图像特点.结果 分离纯化后99Tcm-CIK细胞的放化纯＞95%,室温下6 h内保持稳定.小白鼠体内99Tcm-CIK细胞血液清除较快,观察到血液中1和24 h的再分布现象.99Tcm-CIK细胞主要分布于肺、肝、脾和肾,心脏、脑、骨骼和肌肉等其他脏器组织均分布较少.家兔动态显像示99Tcm-CIK细胞早期分布以肺为主,随时间延长肺内放射性逐渐减少,肝放射性逐渐增多,并超过肺部放射性,2 d后仍可见肝放射性浓聚.心脏、脑、骨骼和肌肉等其他脏器组织均未见明显放射性分布.结论 99Tcm-CIK细胞在血循环中滞留时间较短,注射后1 h内主要聚集于肺,随后肺的摄取逐渐减少,其主要浓聚于肝和脾,尤以肝为甚.     

Complications of intraarterial urokinase-lys-plasminogen infusion therapy in arterial ischemia of lower limbs

Thirty-five patients with peripheral arterial occlusions were treated by intraarterial infusion of low-dose urokinase associated with bolus of lys-plasminogen. Thrombolysis was achieved in 26 cases (74%), but only 10 patients (28.5%) experienced sustained improvement. Complications of thrombolysis occurred in 11 patients: Five patients developed groin hematoma, five had distal emboli, and one experienced macroscopic hematuria. Catheter-related thrombosis was observed in 14 patients (40%) despite intravenous heparin. Nine patients suffered from recurrent thrombosis and three from proximal emboli. A patient died from catheter-related infection. Limited fibrinolysis could increase pericatheter thrombosis, and further work will be necessary to assess the local risk of intraarterial thrombolysis.     

Heparinized catheters for long-term intraarterial infusion of 5-fluorouracil in liver metastases

A heparinized catheter was used for the regional infusion of 5-fluorouracil in seven patients with liver metastases. The hepatic artery was catheterized from the left brachial artery. The period of treatment varied from one to 13 weeks. Pull-out angiograms, obtained after eight catheterizations, revealed complete occlusion of the brachial artery in five and partial occlusion in three, although no patient had ischemic symptoms in the hand. Thus, heparinization of the catheter did not prevent thrombosis during long-term infusion therapy.     

经动脉导管化疗对大肠癌组织学疗效和细胞凋亡的影响

目的　观察大肠癌术前经动脉导管化疗对大肠癌组织学疗效和细胞凋亡的影响。方法　 5 0例大肠癌术前经导管联合抗癌药物灌注治疗 ,介入化疗后 5～ 30d(平均 12d)外科手术切除肿瘤。切除标本作组织学疗效观察和细胞凋亡测定 ,其中介入治疗前 2 2例肠镜活检标本和 2 5例正常肠黏膜 (标本正常肠切缘 )作对照。结果　肿瘤组织学疗效Ⅰ级 2 0例 ,Ⅱ级 2 1例 ,Ⅲ级 9例。肿瘤凋亡细胞密度介入化疗前为 (31 4 7± 5 5 8)个 /网格 ,介入化疗后为 (76 6 9± 17 12 )个 /网格 ,正常肠黏膜为 (8 0 1± 3 39)个 /网格。凋亡细胞密度介入治疗后明显高于介入治疗前 (t =13.70 1,P <0 0 0 1) ,腺癌明显高于正常肠黏膜 (t=5 0 .978,P <0 0 0 1)。 5 0例中 5例失访 ,4 5例获得随访结果 ,1、3和 5年生存率分别为 95 1%、71 1%和 4 8 5 %。不同病理分期的组织学疗效之间差异无显著性意义 (χ2 =4 .6 96 ,P >0 30 )。组织学化疗反应和肿瘤细胞凋亡之间呈正相关 (F =7.73,P <0 0 1)。不同分化程度肿瘤的细胞凋亡比较差异无显著性意义 (t=0 .392 7,P >0 0 5 )。不同病理分期肿瘤的细胞凋亡比较差异也无显著性意义 (t=0 .0 0 1376 ,P >0 0 5 )。结论　大肠癌术前经导管动脉灌注化疗 ,肿瘤组织学疗效显著 ,肿瘤细胞凋亡     

经肝动脉灌注90Y微球治疗肝癌的剂量计算

目的 计算经肝动脉灌注^90Y微球治疗肝癌后肿瘤及正常组织内的吸收剂量分布情况。方法 用Campbell AM等人的肝癌病人经^90Y微球治疗后的肿瘤切实实验结果进行微球的分布模拟，然后计算肿瘤及正常组织的吸收剂量并画出吸收剂量自肿瘤中心沿径向的分布图，并与其他微球分布模型的计算结果进行比较。结果 用本文中的微球分布计算所得的总微球数接近于实际注入肝脏部位的微球数，以此分布为基础的剂量计算结果表明：治疗后绝大部分正常组织的有收剂量均小于其耐受剂量但同时在肿瘤中心部位也存在欠剂量区，此结果要较相同治疗活度下其他两种微球分布模型计算的结果更接近于实际情况；相同治疗活度及微球分布时^90Y微球治疗后的剂量均匀性较^32P的略优。结论 ^90Y微球治疗肝癌后的剂量计算最好采用微球的不均匀分布模型才能正确反映实际剂量分布并解释临床实际疗效。     

Evaluation of cerebral perfusion from bypass arteries using selective intraarterial microsphere tracer after vascular reconstructive surgery.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSETo detect areas of cerebral perfusion from bypass arteries after vascular reconstruction, we administered selective intraarterial microsphere tracer into the external carotid arteries and determined (via single-photon emission computed tomography [IA-SPECT]) whether the distribution of radiotracer matched the arteriographic distribution of contrast material as shown on external carotid angiograms.METHODSWe compared the extent of regional distribution of tracer after external carotid artery injection of 20 to 40 MBq of 99mTc-HMPAO or 99mTc-ECD with that of contrast medium on the external carotid angiograms in 582 cortical regions in 12 patients with atherosclerotic occlusive disease and in 18 patients with moyamoya disease.RESULTSMarked accumulation of tracer was found only in the expected, specific, newly developed areas of cerebral perfusion from bypass arteries. The regional distribution of tracer corresponded to that of contrast medium in 523 regions (90%) and did not correspond in 59 regions (10%). Significant overestimation of the distribution of contrast material relative to that of tracer was observed in the patients with moyamoya disease.CONCLUSIONSPECT showed slightly different distribution of tracer from that predicted by conventional angiography. IA-SPECT should enhance the analysis of newly developed areas of cerebral perfusion from the bypass arteries.     

Local intraarterial thrombolysis: In vitro comparison between automatic and manual pulse-spray infusion

Purpose Manual and automatic pulse-spray infusion techniques are compared in vitro to evaluate the efficacy of thrombolysis and the distribution of urokinase and saline solution within thrombus using a pulse-spray catheter. Methods A pulse-spray catheter was introduced into a human thrombus within a stenotic flow model. Automatic and manual pulsed infusion of urokinase and automatic pulsed infusio of saline solution were compared. To quantify the efficacy of thrombolysis, pressure gradients were recorded proximal and distal to the thrombus and during the course of infusion. Distribution of infused urokinase was assessed radiographically. Results The fastest and most homogeneous dissolution of the thrombus was achieved with automatic pulsed infusion of urokinase, shown by decreasing transthrombotic pressure gradients (p<0.001, Wilcoxon, matched pairs). Manual pulsed infusion of urokinase or saline solution resulted in inhomogeneous thrombus dissolution and delayed thrombolysis. Conclusion Application of automatic pulse-spray injectors seems beneficial for more effective and homogeneous intraarterial pulse-spray thrombolysis when compared with conventional manual pulsed technique.     

婴幼儿静脉输液的风险管理

静脉输液是临床治疗、抢撇最常用的技术操作,但由于婴幼儿血管的特殊性和护理人员本身的心理素质、护理技术等主、客观原因,经常出现穿刺一次不成功、针头移位或脱出等情况,容易引起家长的不满,甚至导致护患纠纷,更重要是因此影响治疗或抢救,延误了救治时机。