卒中高危个体药物干预前后脑血管血流动力学综合指标的比较

目的:评价不同药物干预措施对卒中高危个体脑血管功能的影响。方法:将上海社区或郊区农村筛选出的4415例,具有至少1项卒中危险暴露因素且脑血管血流动力学指标(CVHI)积分值<75分的高危个体,随机分为脑安胶囊、阿司匹林50mg和75mg组。1年后从上述3组干预对象中随机分别抽取445例、427例和381例作为评价对象,进行CVHI复查。结果:干预1年中,3组服药率达到96%以上,以脑安胶囊组依从性最好。干预1年后,3组干预对象的收缩压和舒张压水平均有显著降低(P<0.001);CVHI积分值平均水平均有显著提高,CVHI积分值高分的比例显著增高(P<0.001),提高的幅度依次为脑安胶囊组、75mg阿司匹林组和50mg阿司匹林组,3组提高到75分以上者的比例依次为44.0%、32.5%和33.3%。结论:实施干预1年后,脑安胶囊和阿司匹林均能显著改善血压水平和CVHI积分值,脑安胶囊和阿司匹林服药依从性均好。     

医院门诊卒中高危人群筛查与脑安胶囊对其的干预效果

目的评价门诊危险因素暴露者的卒中风险及脑安胶囊预防卒中的效果。方法在2005—2007年秦皇岛军工医院门诊患者中，选择具有高血压、心脏病、糖尿病、脂代谢紊乱、肥胖和中风家族史等卒中危险因素暴露者（1500例），采用有多普勒探头和压力传感探头的脑血管血流动力学监测仪进行颈动脉脑血管血流动力学检测和危险因素的调查，按知情同意的原则，在血流动力学积分值（CVHI）〈75分者中选择278例作为干预对象，并随机分为2组（脑安胶囊组132例，对照组146例），脑安胶囊组在健康教育、指导危险因素治疗等一般干预措施的基础上，口服脑安胶囊（CVHI积分值〈50分者，脑安胶囊2粒／次，2次／d，其中积分值〈25分者，睡前再加服1粒；积分值50—74分的个体，脑安胶囊1粒／次，2次／d。），对照组仅给予一般干预措施，卒中发生率每6个月随访1次，共随访2年。结果1500例门诊患者中，高血压、心脏病、糖尿病、卒中家族史和肥胖的暴露率分别为36．7％（550／1500）、22．4％（336／1500）、19．5％（292／1500）、9．9％（148／1500）和27．6％（414／1500），血流动力学积分值〈75分者占50．7％，脑安胶囊干预组和对照组的2年卒中累积发生率分别为2．3％（3／132）和7．5％（11／146），P=0．0767，脑安胶囊组干预后，CVHI≥50分者由55．6％上升到88．2％，对照组由64．38％上升至84．93％（P〈0．01）。结论医院门诊常见危险因素暴露者中，卒中风险明显升高；脑安胶囊能改善脑血管血流动力学，降低卒中的发生率。     

脑安胶囊对320例卒中高危患者的干预效果

目的评价脑安胶囊对卒中高危患者的中长期干预效果。方法在门诊与住院患者中,筛选出有高血压、心脏病、糖尿病、血脂异常、卒中家族史等危险因素,同时年龄≥40岁、脑血管血流动力学参数（CVHP）积分〈75分者320例,按随机数字法分为脑安胶囊组162例及阿司匹林组158例。脑安胶囊组口服脑安胶囊,2次/d,2粒/次;阿司匹林组口服拜阿司匹林,100mg/次,1次/d。干预时间均为24～36个月。每年随访1次,随访内容为血压、血脂、CVHP积分的水平以及卒中的发病率及病死率。结果①脑安胶囊组累积随访470人年,卒中发生率和病死率分别为1.915%和0.851%;阿司匹林组累积随访460人年,卒中发生率和病死率分别为4.130%和2.391%。脑安胶囊组卒中综合发生率及病死率均低于阿司匹林组（P〈0.05）。②脑安胶囊组干预前、后,收缩压为（162±11）、（130±7）mmHg,舒张压为（101±9）、（83±6）mmHg,CVHP积分值为（49±13）、（82±9）;阿司匹林组干预前、后,收缩压为（161±10）、（137±5）mmHg,舒张压为（99±7）、（90±4）mmHg,CVHP积分值为（49±12）、（70±11）。两组干预后收缩压、舒张压及CVHP积分值差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论脑安胶囊可以降低卒中的发生率和病死率,改善脑血管功能。在卒中高危人群一级预防中长期疗效优于阿司匹林。     

社区脑卒中高危人群服用脑安胶囊强化干预效果评价

目的评价在社区脑卒中高危人群中应用中药脑安胶囊进行脑卒中一级预防的干预效果。方法采用多中心、随机对照研究,筛选出脑血管血流动力学分值<75分的脑卒中高危人群4069例作为干预对象。根据知情同意原则,以村或居委会为单位随机分为强化干预组2000例和一般干预组2069例。2组干预观察2年,随访脑卒中发病情况。评价指标为干预结束时,2组脑卒中累积发病率。结果干预结束时,2组共新发生脑卒中52例,强化干预组新发生脑卒中18例,脑卒中累积发病率为900人/10万人。一般干预组新发生脑卒中34例,发病率为1643人/10万人。与一般干预组比较,强化干预组脑卒中累积发病率明显降低,差异有统计学意义(X~2=4.957,P=0.026)。采用多因素Cox回归分析,在调整了年龄、性别及其他几种主要危险因素后,服用脑安胶囊可降低脑卒中发病风险(HR=3.798,P=0.001)。结论在社区脑卒中高危人群中应用脑安胶囊进行脑卒中一级预防是安全有效的,可以降低脑卒中发病率。     

脑安胶囊对脑卒中病人脑血流动力学的影响

目的观察和评价脑安胶囊对脑卒中病人血流动力学指标的改善情况。方法选择上海市奉贤区某社区2000年—2004年发病的脑卒中病人30例,基线调查时进行脑血管血流动力学检测,应用脑安胶囊进行治疗2年后复查脑血管功能。比较干预前后脑血管血流动力学指标及其积分值的变化。结果治疗后左右两侧颈动脉最小流速分别上升12.9%和10.7%(P<0.05),治疗前后血流动力学积分值分别为(52.58±27.20)分和(59.62±33.73)分,上升13.4%,其他指标也有不同幅度改善。结论脑安胶囊治疗脑卒中病人,能使脑血管血流动力学明显改善。     

社区人群脑血管功能异常头颅MRI分析

目的观察脑血流动力学指标(CVHI)异常病人的头颅MRI改变,验证CVHI筛查脑卒中高危人群的科学性。方法从上海市奉贤区接受CVHI检测的55岁及以上社区人群选择CVHI综合积分值低于50分病人29例。按照MRI检测结果分组,脑缺血组19例和正常组10例,分析CVHI及其积分值变化与MRI定义的脑缺血关系。结果脑缺血组双侧最小脑血流速度明显低于正常组(P0.01);脑缺血组舒张压与临界压差值明显低于正常组(P0.05);其他脑血流动力学指标两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组比较,CVHI指标越低综合积分值越低(P0.05)。结论 CVHI检测在脑卒中筛查中可起到重要的作用。     

成都市心血管疾病患者中脑卒中高危人群研究报告

目的：调查成都市心血管疾病患者脑卒中高危人群所占的比例,评价各项脑卒中高危因素在脑卒中的作用。方法纳入2011年11月~2012年11月四川省人民医院心血管疾病患者9174例,根据弗明翰（Framingham）卒中风险评估得分对所有患者进行评分,将男性≥10分和女性≥6分定义为脑卒中高危人群,统计高危人群在入组人群中所占比例,并统计各项脑卒中高危因素[包括高血压、脑血管疾病（包括卒中史）、糖尿病、左心室肥厚、房颤、吸烟]的发生率。结果脑卒中高危人群在入组患者中占比52.46%（4813/9174）,其中男性较女性高危人群占比更高[69.99%（2831/4045）vs.38.64%（1982/5129）],差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;在脑卒中的高危因素中,最常见的是脑血管疾病史（86.72%）,其次是高血压（59.01%）,所纳入的脑卒中危险因素中仅吸烟在男性的发生率高于女性,其他均是女性高于男性。结论成都市心血管疾病患者中脑卒中高危患者比例较高,而高危因素中又以脑血管病史和高血压最为主要。     

脑血管血流动力学积分对高血压患者卒中相对危险度的评估

目的以脑血管血流动力学综合评估指标，评估高血压患者卒中的相对危险度（RR）。方法选择卒中危险因素研究队列人群中年龄≥40岁的高血压患者7371例，对其危险因素基线调查、脑血管血流动力学指标（CVHI）检测、卒中随访资料进行分析，以CVHI积分值评估高血压患者的卒中危险度。结果单因素分析显示，与高血压患者卒中发病有显著性联系的危险因素分别是CVHI积分值降低、心脏病、吸烟和饮酒，其RR分别为4．93（95％CI：3.26～7．45）、1．90（95％CI：1．36～2．66）、1、99（95％CI：1．42～2．79）和1．73（95％CI：1．19～2．53）。多因素分析结果显示，被筛选进入Cox回归方程的变量分别为CVHI积分、年龄、性别、吸烟、卒中家族史和收缩压水平，其中CVHI积分的RR值（3．518，95％CI：2.119～5．841）最高。剂量反应关系分析显示，高血压患者CVHI积分值75分以下每降低15分，卒中的RR值分别为2.85、4．43、4．54、5．40、9.88。结论高血压患者卒中风险与血流动力学损害密切相关，CVHI积分可定量评估卒中的相对危险度。     

上海市南汇区"筛检-干预"卒中预防策略潜在利益分析

目的分析和评价上海市南汇区“筛检-干预”卒中一级预防策略实施3年的潜在利益。方法在全区69．7万框架人群中选择≥35岁具有卒中危险因素暴露的人群进行脑血管血流动力学指标（CVHI）检测。筛选出18271人CCHI积分值〈70分的卒中高危个体，根据知情同意原则分成药物干预组（10313人）和对照组（7958人），实施3年干预和随访卒中发病。计算每预防1例卒中需要筛检的人数（NNS）和需要治疗的人数（NNT）。结果针对筛检出的高危个体实施全部干预方案的NNS为148，根据知情同意原则实施部分干预方案的NNS为268。干预策略实施3年的NNT为51。结论“筛检-干预”卒中一级预防策略实施3年后可取得良好的效益。     

老年高血压患者合并脑血管血流动力学异常对轻度认知功能障碍的影响

目的 探讨老年高血压患者合并脑血管血流动力学(CVHI)异常与轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)的关系。方法选择2016年11月-2017年5月在五云山疗养院进行疗休养的离退休老年原发性高血压患者117例,通过对其进行CVHI检测,根据CVHI积分分为CVHI异常组53例,CVHI正常组64例,另选择同期在五云山疗养院进行疗休养的离退休非高血压老年人群111例为对照组,用蒙特利尔认知量表(MoCA)对调查对象进行认知功能调查,比较3组的认知差异,并进行MCI影响因素的分析。结果与对照组比较,老年高血压组(CVHI异常组与CVHI正常组)的认知总分、视空间与执行功能、语言、延迟回忆得分较低(均P0.05)。与CVHI正常组比较,CVHI异常组的认知总分、抽象、延迟回忆、定向得分较低(均P0.05)。二元Logistic回归分析结果显示,最小流速(OR=0.698,P=0.023)是认知功能的保护性因素,高血压合并CVHI异常(OR=4.809,P0.001)、CVHI异常(75分)(OR=8.101,P=0.004)、教育年限≤12年(OR=2.098,P=0.021)、糖尿病(β=2.540,P=0.037)是引起MCI的独立危险因素。结论除教育年限、糖尿病传统影响因素外,老年高血压患者合并CVHI异常是引起MCI的独立危险因素,其对MCI的发生、发展影响更大。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.