Unusual hepatic-portal-systemic shunting demonstrated by Doppler sonography in children with congenital hepatic vein ostial occlusion

PURPOSE: This report describes unusual changes in the hepatic vasculature in 3 children presenting with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. METHODS: The study included 3 children (ages 5-8 years) who presented with hematemesis. All had mild hepatosplenomegaly and normal liver function. Esophageal varices were demonstrated in all on upper endoscopy. Color and spectral Doppler sonography was performed to assess the hepatic vasculature, including the hepatic veins (HVs), portal vein (PV), hepatic artery (HA), and inferior vena cava (IVC). RESULTS: The HVs were all patent but with ostial occlusion at the point of their communication with the IVC. Complete flow reversal was shown inside the HVs, with blood draining into collateral vessels at the liver surface and paraumbilical vein. In one patient, the paraumbilical vein could be traced to its communication with the right external iliac vein. In all children, the direction of flow in the PV, HA, and IVC was normal. After endoscopic sclerotherapy, all children were shown to be in good general condition and to have normal liver function for a follow-up period of 15-36 months. CONCLUSIONS: Ostial occlusion of the HV is a rare cause of hepatic outflow obstruction in children. Doppler sonography is a valuable, noninvasive imaging technique for evaluation of the hepatic vasculature and the accompanying shunting pathways in such cases.     

Intrahepatic venous and portal venous aneurysms examined by color Doppler flow imaging.

Thirteen cases with liver cystic lesions, which were suspected to communicate with intrahepatic vessels on the basis of ordinary sonography, were examined by color Doppler flow imaging. By this method, blood flow within the cystic lesion was detected in 5 of these cases, and the communication to the intrahepatic vessel confirmed. Information about the hemodynamics of aneurysms was obtained. Two of these lesions were diagnosed as an aneurysmal porta-hepatic venous fistula, another 2 as a portal venous aneurysm, and the remaining 1 as a hepatic venous aneurysm.     

Internal jugular and subclavian vein thrombosis caused by central venous catheters. Evaluation using Doppler blood flow imaging

Thrombosis of the internal jugular vein and the subclavian vein is often caused by central venous catheters. Doppler blood flow imaging (duplex sonography and color flow imaging) is very useful to establish the diagnosis, as soon as signs of venous obstruction occur after placing a catheter. Twenty-six patients with clinically suspected thrombosis were examined; in 25 patients thrombosis of the internal jugular or subclavian vein was diagnosed. By means of duplex sonography and color flow imaging, the degree of venous obstruction can easily be determined. The efficiency of therapy can be controlled. With color flow imaging, blood flow direction and velocity can be visualized in color which provides global information about hemodynamics in a short time. Furthermore, color flow imaging is a suitable method to detect even small subcutaneous collaterals.     

布加综合征肝静脉和下腔静脉的超声表现

目的 探讨布加氏综合征肝静脉（ＨＶ）、下腔静脉（ＩＶＣ）的灰阶和彩超表现。方法 对２５例布加氏综合征（ＢＣＳ）进行灰阶和彩超检查,均经手术或下腔静脉造影证实。结果 灰阶超声发现２７支肝静脉（占４２％）和４支肝右下静脉扩张。彩色多普勒显示肝静脉、下腔静脉异常的血流情况;频谱多普勒显示肝静脉、下腔静脉呈低速、平坦、单向的血流流速曲线。结论 灰阶超声对布加氏综合征仅能提供肝静脉、下腔静脉的内径、管腔及梗     

Color Doppler sonography in the diagnosis and monitoring of arterial complications after liver transplantation

PURPOSE: We assessed the usefulness of color Doppler imaging in the diagnosis and monitoring of arterial complications after liver transplantation. METHODS: Subjects were 142 liver transplant recipients who underwent serial color Doppler sonographic evaluations of the hepatic arteries after surgery. Patients with abnormal sonographic findings underwent subsequent angiography. RESULTS: Eighteen subjects experienced 20 hepatic arterial complications (13 thromboses and 7 stenoses). In 7 of the 13 thrombosis incidents, hepatic arterial obstruction occurred within a month of surgery and was evident from the absence of Doppler signals; angiography confirmed the absence of hepatic arterial perfusion in these cases. In the other 6 thrombosis cases, the thrombosis developed 3 or more months after surgery and became apparent from the absence of color Doppler signals at the level of the main arterial trunk and the presence of intraparenchymal "tardus parvus" waveforms. In these cases, angiography showed obstruction of the main arterial trunk and the development of compensatory collateral vessels. In 3 of the 7 cases of stenosis, high flow velocities were recorded at the site of the narrowing, and intrahepatic tardus parvus waveforms were present. In the other 4 stenosis cases, the site of stenosis could not be identified, but intraparenchymal tardus parvus waveforms were recorded. CONCLUSION: The use of color Doppler sonography allows the early diagnosis of hepatic arterial complications after liver transplantation. Tardus parvus waveforms indicated severe impairment of hepatic arterial perfusion, from either thrombosis or severe stenosis. The presence of these waveforms enhanced the accuracy of color Doppler diagnosis (100% positive predictive value), and their detection should prompt angiography.     

二维及彩色多普勒超声对肝癌合并门静脉瘤栓的诊断

本文应用二维超声及彩色多普勒血流显像（CDFI）探查了28例肝癌合并门脉瘤栓的患者。结果示：门脉瘤栓以主干、主干＋右支及主干＋左支＋右支最多见，分别为35．7％、25％及25％。多好发于弥漫型肝癌占53．6％。门脉内径明显增宽。CDFI探查有以下特点：门脉血流中断（42．9％）；腔内可见线状纤细的间断或斑点状血流信号（14％）；血流束变细或充盈缺损（28．6％）；瘤栓内探及动脉血流频谱（21．4％）；侧支循环血流（21．4％）；由肝门向肝内放射状扩张的动脉血流（89％）。二维超声及CDFI不但可以提高对门脉瘤栓的检出率，且对门脉阻塞程度的判断极有帮助。     

Visualization of blood flow in hepatic vessels and hepatocellular carcinoma using B-flow sonography

PURPOSE: A B-flow sonographic technique was recently developed to provide direct visualization of blood flow with gray-scale sonography. Compared with color Doppler sonography, B-flow imaging has wideband resolution and a high frame rate. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of B-flow sonography for visualizing blood flow in hepatic vessels and tumor vascularity in patients with liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: Twenty-five patients with liver cirrhosis, including 15 with HCC, were studied by B-flow and color Doppler sonography. Blood-flow detection rates in portal veins and hepatic arteries and tumor vascularity in HCC were analyzed, and the 2 methods were compared. RESULTS: Using B-flow, blood flow was visualized in the portal vein in 23 (92%) of 25 patients and was visualized in the hepatic artery separately from the portal vein in 9 (36%) of 25 patients. The blood-flow signals were visualized only within vessels, never "bleeding" outside the vessel's lumen. Blood flow in the portal vein was observed with color Doppler sonography in all 25 patients, but the hepatic artery was never clearly separated from the portal vein. Vascularity within the HCC tumor was detected in 9 (60%) of 15 nodules with B-flow imaging, and fine arteries flowing into the tumor were observed in 6 nodules. Color Doppler sonography detected blood flow in 13 (87%) of the 15 HCC nodules. CONCLUSIONS: Blood flow in hepatic vessels and tumor vessels of HCC were visualized with B-flow sonography. B-flow sonography is a potentially useful technique for the evaluation of liver vascularity and intratumoral vessels.     

B超诊断子宫多发巨大肌瘤伴囊性变1例

患者女性，４７岁。既往月经规律，量较多。近２～３年自觉下蹲时呼吸困难，未经治疗。因停经四个月，阴道淋滴流血２０天来诊。妇科检查；外阴：发育正常、经产型。阴道通畅、壁光滑、无充血，血性分泌物少许。宫颈；光滑、口闭，无举痛。宫体；孕５月大，质略硬，活动可...     

彩色多普勒超声和能量多普勒超声对经颈静脉肝门-体静脉支架分流术后的评价

目的探讨彩色多普勒和能量多普勒超声在经颈静脉肝内门-体静脉支架分流术(TIPSS)后内支架血流动力学情况及其在随访中的价值。方法24例肝硬化门脉高压患者行TIPSS,术后应用彩色多普勒和能量多普勒检查72例次,测量支架的血流速度。结果随访3个月~2年,彩色多普勒和能量多普勒显示支架内的血流方向,频谱多普勒显示支架内以及门静脉和脾静脉的血流速度。从支架门静脉端到支架肝静脉端血流速度逐渐增加。1例患者多普勒血流显示支架内狭窄,为门静脉造影证实。与正常支架比较,狭窄支架的血流速度测值差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论彩色多普勒和能量多普勒超声可以方便有效地检测TIPSS术后内支架的血流情况,是TIPSS术后定期复查和疗效判断的首选方法。     

电子束CT增强双期扫描和血管重建对Budd-Chiari综合征的评价

目的 分析Budd-Chiari综合征的CT增强双期扫描影像学征象，评价血管三维重建的临床意义。方法 32名患者CT扫描增强动脉期延迟时间为30s，门脉期延迟时间为70s。血管三维重建方式为表面阴影遮盖法(SSD)和多平面重建法(MPR)。所有患者均进行了下腔静脉数字减影血管造影。结果 下腔静脉梗阻：隔膜性5例，闭塞性15例，狭窄性12例。肝静脉完全梗阻10例，不完全梗阻14例。可发现有两种肝外侧支循环形成，其中10例有肝内侧支循环形成。SSD法血管重建可显示血管和侧支循环总体情况，而MPR法可多角度直接显示血管。结论 电子束CT增强双期扫描和血管三维重建可全面评价Budd—Chiari综合征的血管和器官病变状况。     

Color and power Doppler sonography of liver hemangiomas: a dream unfulfilled?

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine whether color Doppler or power Doppler sonography can aid in the diagnosis of hepatic cavernous hemangiomas. METHODS: We imaged 25 hepatic cavernous hemangiomas in 17 patients with gray-scale, color Doppler, and power Doppler sonography. Five malignant lesions were also imaged in the same manner for reference. Hemangiomas had been previously diagnosed by biopsy in 8 patients (15 lesions) and by CT, MRI, and/or tagged red blood cell scanning in 9 patients (10 lesions). RESULTS: Of the 25 hemangiomas, color or power Doppler imaging showed no internal blood flow in 23. Of these 23 lesions, 11 showed a peripheral flow pattern believed to represent flow in displaced blood vessels. This pattern was better visualized with power Doppler imaging in 3 lesions and equally well visualized with color and power Doppler imaging in 8 lesions. Two hemangiomas that had unusual central fibrosis with large vessels in 1 patient showed diffusely increased blood flow on power Doppler study. All 5 malignant lesions showed flow in peripheral vessels, and 1 showed internal vascularity as well. CONCLUSIONS: Neither color nor power Doppler imaging improved the capability of sonography for making a specific diagnosis of benign hepatic cavernous hemangioma.     

多普勒超声检查腹内血管所出现的伪像及局限性

目的 本文旨在研究多普勒超声检测门脉系统及腹内血管时所遇到的各种伪像及存在的问题。方法 利用多普勒超声,包括脉冲多普勒、彩色多普勒血流显像及彩色多普勒能量图检查门脉系统及腹内血管。结果 常见的伪像有镜像伪差、交替伪像、壁伪像、混迭以及闪烁伪像等。结论 由于多普勒技术与B型超声的不同点,不正确使用常常会出现许多伪像;另一方面,由于多普勒超声存在着与普通超声同样的技术问题,因此也受到气体、呼吸、腹水及肥胖的影响。本文还分析了产生各种伪像的机制并介绍了避免产生的方法。     

彩色多普勒超声在不同类型布-加综合征诊断与治疗中的价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在不同类型布-加综合征(BCS)诊断与治疗中的价值。方法应用彩色多普勒超声对临床拟诊的不同类型BCS患者106例及30例健康对照者进行检测,观察其特异性血管形态及血流动力学变化,与DSA对比,并治疗后随访。结果(1)超声诊断BCS90例,DSA确诊89例,超声诊断的敏感性97.8%,特异性82.4%,准确性95.3%,假阳性率17.7%,假阴性率2.3%。(2)血流动力学变化:与对照组相比,下腔静脉(IVC)狭窄者可见局部高速血流,阻塞者局部无血流信号;肝静脉(HV)扩张,血流减慢,并可见肝内侧枝血管;门静脉(PV)入肝血流速度减慢.(3)介入治疗及手术后随访:①介入治疗后,IVC病变处增宽,血流恢复,并可见支架回声,HV及PV血流速度加快;②手术治疗组,根治者可见IVC及HV血流恢复正常,人工血管转流者,可见人工血管呈螺旋管状,内血流清晰。结论彩色多普勒超声对BCS的诊断与血管造影具有良好的相关性,可明确BCS特异性异常血管形态及血流动力学变化,是BCS诊断及术后随访的可靠方法。     

超声血管增强技术在布-加综合征诊断及介入治疗疗效评估中的应用

目的 探讨超声血管增强技术(VET)在布-加综合征(BCS)诊断及介入治疗疗效评估中的应用价值.方法 应用二维超声、彩色多普勒及VET对93例BCS患者介入术前肝内血管及下腔静脉进行系统检测,存储上述血管静态及动态图像,术后同法检测治疗血管.比较术前被检血管及术后治疗血管二维超声与VET图像的清晰度,并比较经DSA证实...     

彩色多普勒超声心动图诊断新生儿心下型肺静脉异位引流

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声心动图在心下型肺静脉异位引流诊断中的价值。方法 患者为３例出生６天、７天及２５天的新生儿。采用Ｈｐ Ｓｏｎｏｓ５５００型彩色多普勒超声诊断仪,探头频率１２ＭＨｚ,经胸行二维超声心动图及彩色多普勒血流图检测。结果 心下型肺静脉异位引流的超声心图特征为左房明显小,房水平右向左分流,其后方见肺总静脉、与左房无交通,追踪其瞳向右下穿过膈肌、于肝右叶后方入门静脉或肝静脉。剑下主动脉短     

B-TFE与3D DCE-MRA联合应用在布加综合征诊断中的价值

目的探讨B-TFE与3D DCE-MRA联合应用在布加综合征（BCS）诊断中的价值。材料与方法搜集经DSA证实的布加综合征患者32例,其中8例为单纯下腔静脉阻塞,2例为单纯肝静脉阻塞,22例为下腔静脉阻塞伴肝静脉阻塞。32例患者均行B-TFE和3D DCE-MRA检查,分析两种方法及联合应用时对BCS及其侧支循环的显示情况。结果 B-TFE正确诊断8例下腔静脉阻塞、18例下腔静脉阻塞伴肝静脉阻塞和2例肝静脉阻塞,总检出率为87.5%（28/32）;3D DCE-MRA正确诊断8例下腔静脉阻塞、19例下腔静脉阻塞伴肝静脉阻塞和1例肝静脉阻塞,总检出率为93.8%（30/32）。B-TFE共显示个193侧支循环,3DDCE-MRA则显示248个侧支循环。两者结合准确诊断全部BCS及其肝内外侧支循环。结论联合应用B-TFE和3DDCE-MRA是诊断BCS的理想方法。I     

肝内“假平行管征”的超声研究

目的：研究肝内“假平行管征”的超声表现及其临床意义。方法：检查正常成人214例,观察肝右后下静脉（IRHV）的超声表现,统计其显示率,并对10例肝动脉分支扩张的患者进行彩色多普勒和频谱多普勒超声检查。结果：IRHV的显示率为24％,在第一肝门水平注入下腔静脉,和门静脉右后叶支相伴而行,形成“平等管征”。肝内扩张的肝动脉分支在二维超声上与伴行门静脉分支亦构成“平行管征”,但彩色多普勒显示双管内均有血流信号,频谱多普勒分别探测动脉血流频谱和静脉血流频谱。结论：认识IRHV和肝内扩张的肝动脉分支有助于鉴别真假“平行管征”,有助于阻塞性黄疸的鉴别诊断。     

Doppler sonographic findings in children with idiopathic portal vein cavernous deformity and variceal hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the flow patterns in the portal vascular territory in children with portal vein cavernous deformity. METHODS: The study included 12 children (age 4-10 years) with hematemesis, melena, or both in whom B-mode gray scale sonography revealed small anechoic spaces replacing the site of the portal vein. The portal vein cavernous deformity was present either alone (in 8 patients) or with congenital hepatic fibrosis (in 4). Doppler sonography (color and spectral) was performed to assess the flow in the portal vascular territory, splenic vein, intrasplenic veins, and abdominal collaterals. RESULTS: Doppler sonography confirmed the venous flow waveform in the cavernous portal vein in all children with normal flow direction in the few intrahepatic portal vein branches and also in the intrahepatic veins. Splenomegaly was present in all. The intrasplenic veins were dilated in all but had normal flow direction except in 2 with spontaneous trans-splenic shunts. Gallbladder varices were shown in 4 patients, and perisplenic collaterals were shown in 3. CONCLUSIONS: Doppler sonography is a valuable noninvasive imaging technique for assessment of the portal hemodynamic profile in patients with portal vein cavernous deformity, which can affect subsequent treatment decision making. Trans-splenic shunts are uncommon, but this Doppler sonographic report documents such shunts in children with portal hypertension.     

Hydatid cyst of the liver presenting as an inferior vena cava obstruction

A 48-year-old woman presented with clinical features suggestive of an obstruction of the inferior vena cava (IVC). Abdominal sonography showed a 15- x 14-cm cystic mass involving the medial segment of the left hepatic lobe and the anterior segment of the right hepatic lobe. We visualized multiple intracystic floating membranes, a detached endocyst, and a daughter cyst within the main cyst. The cyst was compressing and effacing the intrahepatic portion of the IVC and the right atrium. Sonography of the right and left hepatic veins showed blood flow in the normal direction, but spectral analysis showed that the flow was continuous, possibly owing to extrinsic compression of the IVC at the site where the hepatic veins drained into the IVC. The patient responded well to percutaneous treatment of the hydatid cyst. This case represents a rare presentation of a hydatid cyst of the liver.     

下腔静脉血经肝回流入右心房：布—加氏综合征的一种特殊类型

目的 回顾性研究一种特殊类型的布－加氏综合征：下腔静脉肝回流入右心房。方法 彩多多普勒超声检查１１４例布－加氏综合征患者,观察下腔静脉和三支肝静脉的走行、入口和血流方向以及肝内外交流支。结果 共５例布－加氏综合征患者呈现特殊循环方式,表现为肝段下腔静脉血经一支肝静脉入肝,通过肝内交通支 另一支肝静脉回流右心房。诊断均经介入手术证实。结果 下腔静脉血经肝加 型布－加氏综合征是一种少见类型,其特点是下