Differential diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia or influenza A pneumonia by clinical characteristics and laboratory findings

BackgroundPneumonia caused by the 2019 novel Coronavirus (COVID‐2019) shares overlapping signs and symptoms, laboratory findings, imaging features with influenza A pneumonia. We aimed to identify their clinical characteristics to help early diagnosis.MethodsWe retrospectively retrieved data for laboratory‐confirmed patients admitted with COVID‐19–induced or influenza A–induced pneumonia from electronic medical records in Ningbo First Hospital, China. We recorded patients'' epidemiological and clinical features, as well as radiologic and laboratory findings.ResultsThe median age of influenza A cohort was higher and it exhibited higher temperature and higher proportion of pleural effusion. COVID‐19 cohort exhibited higher proportions of fatigue, diarrhea and ground‐glass opacity and higher levels of lymphocyte percentage, absolute lymphocyte count, red‐cell count, hemoglobin and albumin and presented lower levels of monocytes, c‐reactive protein, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, serum creatinine. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that fatigue, ground‐glass opacity, and higher level of albumin were independent risk factors for COVID‐19 pneumonia, while older age, higher temperature, and higher level of monocyte count were independent risk factors for influenza A pneumonia.ConclusionsIn terms of COVID‐19 pneumonia and influenza A pneumonia, fatigue, ground‐glass opacity, and higher level of albumin tend to be helpful for diagnosis of COVID‐19 pneumonia, while older age, higher temperature, and higher level of monocyte count tend to be helpful for the diagnosis of influenza A pneumonia.     

Clinical features and outcomes of aspiration pneumonia compared with non-aspiration pneumonia: A retrospective cohort study

Pneumonia is a leading cause of death among elderly patients. Although aspiration pneumonia (AP) commonly occurs with aging, its clinical features and outcomes are still uncertain. The aims of this study were to describe the clinical features and outcomes of AP and to assess whether presence of AP affects clinical outcomes in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP). We retrospectively analyzed patients with CAP and HCAP hospitalized in our institution in Japan from October 2010 to March 2012. We compared clinical features and outcomes between AP and non-AP, and investigated risk factors for recurrence of pneumonia and death. Of 214 consecutive patients, 100 (46.7%) were diagnosed as having aspiration pneumonia. These patients were older and had lower body mass index, more comorbidities, and poorer Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) than the patients with non-AP. Patients with AP had more severe disease, required longer hospital stays, and had a frequent recurrence rate of pneumonia and higher mortality. In multivariate analyses, AP, age, and ECOG PS were related to recurrence of pneumonia, and the prognostic factors were CURB-65 score and ECOG PS. AP was not a significant indicator for prognosis but was the strongest risk factor for recurrence of pneumonia. Clinical background and outcomes including recurrence and mortality of AP were obviously different from those of non-AP; therefore AP should be considered as a distinct subtype of pneumonia, and it is important to prevent the recurrence of pneumonia in the patients with AP.     

Evaluation of pneumonia severity scoring systems in nursing and healthcare-associated pneumonia for predicting prognosis: A prospective,cohort study

The usefulness of existing pneumonia severity indices for predicting mortality in nursing and healthcare-associated pneumonia (NHCAP) is unclear. This study compared the usefulness of existing pneumonia severity indices for predicting mortality in NHCAP and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Consecutive hospitalized pneumonia patients including NHCAP and CAP patients were prospectively enrolled between October 2010 and November 2017. Admission pneumonia severity was assessed using CURB-65, Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI), A-DROP, Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA)/American Thoracic Society (ATS) severe pneumonia criteria, and I-ROAD. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality. The discriminatory ability of each severity index was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Overall, 828 patients had NHCAP, and 1330 patients had CAP. Thirty-day mortality was 12.8% and 5.6% in NHCAP and CAP patients, respectively. The area under the curve of PSI (0.717, 95% confidence interval 0.673–0.761) was the highest among all pneumonia severity indices, with significant differences compared with CURB-65 (0.651, 95% confidence interval 0.598–0.705, P = 0.02) and IDSA/ATS severe pneumonia criteria (0.659, 95% confidence interval 0.612–0.707, P = 0.03). The predictive abilities for 30-day mortality of the pneumonia severity indices, excluding PSI and I-ROAD, were significantly inferior for NHCAP than for CAP. PSI may be the most useful pneumonia severity score for predicting mortality in NHCAP. However, the predictive ability for mortality of each pneumonia severity score was worse for NHCAP than for CAP; therefore, the prognostic factors in NHCAP need to be identified for better management of NHCAP patients.     

儿童坏死性肺炎支原体肺炎的影像学表现

目的探讨儿童坏死性肺炎支原体肺炎的影像学特点。方法回顾性分析经临床确诊的17例坏死性肺炎支原体肺炎患儿的临床资料和影像学表现。结果 17例坏死性肺炎支原体肺炎影像学均表现为肺内实质浸润及液性坏死,9例为单一肺叶受累,8例2个及以上肺叶受累;9例肺内有空腔形成;15例合并胸膜改变。随访中17例肺内实质浸润及液化坏死区范围缩小或者明显吸收,2例局部残留支气管扩张。结论儿童坏死性肺炎支原体肺炎表现为肺内实质浸润及液性坏死,可有空腔形成及胸腔积液、胸膜增厚。     

Validation of JRS atypical pneumonia score in patients with community-acquired Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia

IntroductionThe Japanese Respiratory Society (JRS) atypical pneumonia score is a useful tool for the rapid presumptive diagnosis of atypical pneumonia. We investigated the clinical features of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) due to Chlamydia psittaci and validated the JRS atypical pneumonia score in patients with C. psittaci CAP.MethodsThis study was conducted at 30 institutions and assessed a total of 72 sporadic cases with C. psittaci CAP, 412 cases with Mycoplasma pneumoniae CAP, and 576 cases with Streptococcus pneumoniae CAP.ResultsSixty-two of 72 patients with C. psittaci CAP had a history of avian exposure. Among the six parameters of the JRS score, matching rates of four parameters were significantly lower in the C. psittaci CAP than the M. pneumoniae CAP in the following parameters: age <60 years, no or minor comorbid illness, stubborn or paroxysmal cough, and absence of chest adventitious sounds. The sensitivity of the diagnosis of atypical pneumonia in patients with C. psittaci CAP was significantly lower than the M. pneumoniae CAP (65.3% and 87.4%, p < 0.0001). When the diagnostic sensitivity was analyzed for different ages, the diagnostic sensitivities for the C. psittaci CAP were 90.5% for non-elderly patients and 30.0% for elderly patients.ConclusionsThe JRS atypical pneumonia score is a useful tool for distinguishing between C. psittaci CAP and bacterial CAP in patients aged <60 years, but not in patients aged ≥60 years. A history of avian exposure in middle-aged patients with normal white blood cell count may be suggestive of C. psittaci pneumonia.     

A prospective comparison of nursing- and healthcare-associated pneumonia (NHCAP) with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)

Nursing- and healthcare-associated pneumonia (NHCAP) has been proposed by the Japanese Respiratory Society as a new category of pneumonia considering the characteristics of the Japanese medical care environment. It is necessary to ascertain the epidemiology and clinical outcomes of NHCAP. A prospective study was conducted of patients with pneumonia who were hospitalized at our hospital from August 2011 to July 2012. We compared 192 cases of NHCAP with 114 cases of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Compared with CAP, NHCAP had a higher disease severity, higher 30-day mortality rate (10.9 vs. 3.5 %, P = 0.022), and longer length of hospital stay (median, 12 vs. 8 days, P < 0.001). Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most frequent causative pathogen in both NHCAP and CAP (33.9 vs. 34.8 %, P = 0.896). The incidence of atypical pathogens in NHCAP was low (1.7 %). Multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens were isolated more frequently in NHCAP than in CAP, but there was no significant difference (11.0 vs. 4.5 %, P = 0.135). Among 192 NHCAP patients, 122 (63.5 %) were aspiration pneumonia. Aspiration pneumonia was associated with poor outcomes and was considered a major characteristic of NHCAP. Our study suggested that many patients with NHCAP do not need broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy targeting MDR pathogens. Excess mortality in NHCAP patients is the result of patient backgrounds or disease severity rather than the presence of MDR pathogens.     

隐源性和继发性机化性肺炎临床和影像学特点分析

目的了解机化性肺炎(OP)的临床特点,比较隐源性机化性肺炎(COP)和继发性机化性肺炎(SOP)在临床表现、影像学表现及对糖皮质激素治疗反应方面的差异。方法回顾性分析自2002年7月~2011年5月本院43例OP患者的临床资料。结果与COP患者相比,SOP患者入院前的病程更短(P<0.01),更易出现发热症状(53.8%vs 20.0%)和捻发音体征(61.5%vs 40.0%)。胸腔积液仅发现于SOP患者,与COP患者相比具有显著性差异(P<0.01)。OP患者对糖皮质激素治疗有效率90.7%,4例死亡病例均为多肌炎/皮肌炎患者。结论 SOP患者临床表现更为多样,OP和多肌炎/皮肌炎并存预后差。     

口腔牙菌斑与呼吸机相关性肺炎的关系

目的：探讨机械通气患者口腔牙菌斑与呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的关系。方法选择我院重症监护病房行机械通气后并发 VAP 的30例患者,同时取其口腔牙菌斑和肺泡灌洗液进行培养,并进行细菌鉴定和同源性分析。结果30例患者中有22例的牙菌斑能培养出需氧细菌,其中15例的牙菌斑培养出的需氧菌≥2种;17例患者的肺泡灌洗液能培养出需氧细菌。牙菌斑和肺泡灌洗液培养出的革兰阴性菌的比例均高于革兰阳性菌。17个肺泡灌洗液样本中有10个和自身牙菌斑所培养出来的细菌具有高度同源性。结论口腔牙菌斑与 VAP 的发生密切相关,可能是机械通气患者呼吸道病原体的一个重要来源。     

血脂检测在细菌性肺炎与支原体肺炎鉴别诊断中的作用

目的分析细菌性肺炎和支原体肺炎患者血脂水平的差异,探讨血脂检测在细菌性肺炎与支原体肺炎辅助鉴别诊断中的价值。方法采用酶耦联比色法、免疫比浊法、终点比色法对77例细菌性肺炎、72例支原体肺炎患者和78例健康体检人群的中性粒细胞、胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、载脂蛋白A1(ApoA1)、ApoB、清蛋白(ALB)和C反应蛋白(CRP)浓度进行检测。结果与健康体检人群比较,细菌性肺炎患者TC、HDL-C、LDL-C、ApoA1、ApoB显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);与支原体肺炎患者比较,细菌性肺炎患者TC、HDL-C、LDL-C、ApoA1、ApoB显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);支原体肺炎患者TC、HDL-C和ApoA1浓度较健康人显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论血脂水平在细菌性肺炎和支原体肺炎中有显著性差异;血脂水平的检测对细菌性肺炎和支原体肺炎的辅助诊断及鉴别诊断有重要意义。     

小儿咳嗽变异性哮喘肺炎支原体、肺炎衣原体感染及治疗观察

目的探讨小儿咳嗽变异性哮喘(Cough variant asthma,CVA)与肺炎支原体(Mycoplasma pneumonia,MP)、肺炎衣原体(Chlamydia pneumonia,CP)感染与治疗。方法选择CVA患儿70例为观察组,同期普通呼吸道感染患儿85例为对照组,两组均进行血清MP-IgM、CP-IgM检测,并进行组间比较。结果 MP-IgM、CP-IgM感染率观察组分别为28.57%、21.43%,对照组分别为14.12%、8.24%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论小儿CVA伴有一定程度的肺炎支原体、肺炎衣原体感染,且感染率高于普通呼吸道感染患儿,临床应加强对因治疗。     

Procalcitonin and severity of community-acquired pneumonia

The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between procalcitonin and the severity and prognosis of community-acquired pneumonia. The subjects were 162 patients with community-acquired pneumonia (disease severity, mild, 39 patients; moderate, 81 patients; severe, 37 patients; and super severe, 5 patients) in whom we examined the serum procalcitonin concentration at the start of treatment; we determined the relationship of procalcitonin status with disease severity and prognosis. The results showed that procalcitonin was positive in 12.8% of the patients with mild disease, 27.1% of the patients with moderate disease, 59.5% of the patients with severe disease, and 80.0% of the patients with super severe disease. The mortality of procalcitonin-positive patients was 37.7%, whereas that of the procalcitonin-negative patients was 12.8%. Based on the above findings, it is concluded that the more severe the community-acquired pneumonia, the higher is the positivity rate for procalcitonin, and the prognosis in procalcitonin-positive patients is worse than that in procalcitonin-negative patients.     

血、尿胱抑素C检测对小儿肺炎肾功能监测的临床研究

目的探讨小儿肺炎不同时期血、尿胱抑素C(Cys C)变化及其临床价值。方法检测120例健康人员和214例小儿肺炎患者急性期、恢复期的血、尿胱抑素C、肌酐(Cr)、微量白蛋白(MA)、α1-微球蛋白(α1-MG)等指标,并对结果进行统计处理。结果重症肺炎急性期血、尿Cys C含量均显著高于对照组(均P<0.01);恢复期与对照组比较无显著性差异(均P>0.05);重症肺炎急性期与恢复期比较,二者有显著性差异(均P<0.05);轻症肺炎急性期、恢复期与对照组比较,均无显著性差异(均P>0.05)。结论重症肺炎对小儿肾功能有不同程度的损害,但肾功能损害是可逆性的;血、尿Cys C测定对小儿早期肾功能损害的诊断、治疗及疗效判断均具有十分重要的临床指导价值。     

Assessment of the pneumonia severity score in community-acquired and nursing and healthcare-associated pneumonia due to COVID-19

IntroductionThe Japanese Respiratory Society (JRS) pneumonia guidelines recommend simple predictive rules, the A-DROP scoring system, for assessment of the severity of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and nursing and healthcare-associated pneumonia (NHCAP). We evaluated whether the A-DROP system can be adapted for assessment of the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia.MethodsData from 1141 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia were analyzed, comprising 502 patients observed in the 1st to 3rd wave period, 338 patients in the 4th wave and 301 patients in the 5th wave in Japan.ResultsThe mortality rate and mechanical ventilation rate were 0% and 1.4% in patients classified with mild disease (A-DROP score, 0 point), 3.2% and 46.7% in those with moderate disease (1 or 2 points), 20.8% and 78.3% with severe disease (3 points), and 55.0% and 100% with extremely severe disease (4 or 5 points), indicating an increase in the mortality and mechanical ventilation rates in accordance with severity (Cochran–Armitage trend test; p = <0.001). This significant relationship between the severity in the A-DROP scoring system and either the mortality rate or mechanical ventilation rate was observed in patients with COVID-19 CAP and NHCAP. In each of the five COVID-19 waves, the same significant relationship was observed.ConclusionsThe mortality rate and mechanical ventilation rate in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia increased depending on severity classified according to the A-DROP scoring system. Our results suggest that the A-DROP scoring system can be adapted for the assessment of severity of COVID-19 CAP and NHCAP.     

急诊医疗保健相关性肺炎与社区获得性肺炎的多中心比较研究

目的:探讨急诊医疗保健相关性肺炎（healthcare-associated pneumonia, HCAP）与社区获得性肺炎（community-acquired pneumonia,CAP）的差别,分析HCAP在我国急诊科是否为一个相对独立的肺炎类型。方法:回顾性分析首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院、首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院和北京积水潭医院回龙观院区2018年9月至2019年5月入住急诊的HCAP及CAP患者的临床资料,采集患者一般资料、基础疾病种类、入院24 h内实验室检查、病原学检查结果、经验性抗感染治疗方案、是否机械通气、临床转归等。应用肺炎严重指数（pneumonia severity index, PSI）对肺炎严重程度进行评估。计量资料采用均数±标准差表示,两组间比较采用 t检验,计数资料比较采用 χ2检验,以 P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。 结果:纳入HCAP和CAP患者各105例。HCAP组合并两种以上基础疾病例数较多,外周血白细胞计数、血红蛋白水平异常人数及血乳酸水平两组间差异有统计学意义（均 P<0.05）;HCAP组PSI评分为（134.0±26.3）分,高于CAP组（113.0±16.4）分,Ⅳ级少于CAP组,Ⅴ级多于CAP组,差异有统计学意义（均 P<0.05）。HCAP组分离多耐药菌株73株（69.52%）,CAP组55株（52.38%）;HCAP组鲍曼不动杆菌多于CAP组,CAP组肺炎链球菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、大肠埃希菌多于HCAP组;HCAP组铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南耐药率为22.2%,高于CAP组的10.0%,鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率为27.3%,低于CAP组的54.5%,其对美罗培南耐药率为45.5%,低于CAP组的72.7%;HCAP组初始经验性抗感染治疗应用碳青霉烯比例为21.00%,高于CAP组的10.48%,差异均有统计学意义（均 P<0.05）。HCAP组有创机械通气比例（21.00%）,高于CAP组（7.62%）,HCAP组病死率（21.00%）,高于CAP组（8.57%）,均 P<0.05。 结论:急诊HCAP患者合并多种基础疾病;病原菌耐药率高,初始经验性抗感染治疗需要更高级的药物;机械通气比例和病死率高。在我国急诊HCAP是一个相对独立的肺炎类型。     

急诊医疗保健相关性肺炎与社区获得性肺炎的多中心比较研究

目的:探讨急诊医疗保健相关性肺炎（healthcare-associated pneumonia, HCAP）与社区获得性肺炎（community-acquired pneumonia,CAP）的差别,分析HCAP在我国急诊科是否为一个相对独立的肺炎类型。方法:回顾性分析首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院、首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院和北京积水潭医院回龙观院区2018年9月至2019年5月入住急诊的HCAP及CAP患者的临床资料,采集患者一般资料、基础疾病种类、入院24 h内实验室检查、病原学检查结果、经验性抗感染治疗方案、是否机械通气、临床转归等。应用肺炎严重指数（pneumonia severity index, PSI）对肺炎严重程度进行评估。计量资料采用均数±标准差表示,两组间比较采用 t检验,计数资料比较采用 χ2检验,以 P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。 结果:纳入HCAP和CAP患者各105例。HCAP组合并两种以上基础疾病例数较多,外周血白细胞计数、血红蛋白水平异常人数及血乳酸水平两组间差异有统计学意义（均 P<0.05）;HCAP组PSI评分为（134.0±26.3）分,高于CAP组（113.0±16.4）分,Ⅳ级少于CAP组,Ⅴ级多于CAP组,差异有统计学意义（均 P<0.05）。HCAP组分离多耐药菌株73株（69.52%）,CAP组55株（52.38%）;HCAP组鲍曼不动杆菌多于CAP组,CAP组肺炎链球菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、大肠埃希菌多于HCAP组;HCAP组铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南耐药率为22.2%,高于CAP组的10.0%,鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率为27.3%,低于CAP组的54.5%,其对美罗培南耐药率为45.5%,低于CAP组的72.7%;HCAP组初始经验性抗感染治疗应用碳青霉烯比例为21.00%,高于CAP组的10.48%,差异均有统计学意义（均 P<0.05）。HCAP组有创机械通气比例（21.00%）,高于CAP组（7.62%）,HCAP组病死率（21.00%）,高于CAP组（8.57%）,均 P<0.05。 结论:急诊HCAP患者合并多种基础疾病;病原菌耐药率高,初始经验性抗感染治疗需要更高级的药物;机械通气比例和病死率高。在我国急诊HCAP是一个相对独立的肺炎类型。     

胸腺五肽治疗难治性肺炎支原体肺炎临床疗效及对免疫状态的影响

目的：观察胸腺五肽辅助治疗难治性肺炎支原体肺炎的临床疗效及对机体免疫功能的影响,以期为临床寻找一种安全有效的治疗方案。方法选取110例难治性肺炎支原体肺炎患儿为研究对象,随机分为观察组和对照组各55例,对照组给予大环内酯类抗生素序贯治疗,观察组在此基础上给予胸腺五肽治疗,观察患儿临床症状改善情况,检测 T 细胞亚群和免疫球蛋白水平及不良反应。结果与对照组比较,治疗组患儿在咳嗽消失时间、喘息消失时间、体温恢复正常时间、肺部啰音消失时间和胸部 X 线阴影消失时间明显降低(均 P <0.01);治疗后,治疗组CD3+、CD4+和 CD4+/CD8+水平均明显高于治疗前和对照组,而 CD8+水平均明显低于治疗前和对照组(均 P <0.01),两组 IgA,IgG 和 IgM 治疗后水平上升,与治疗前相比差异均无统计学意义(均 P >0.05),两组患儿均未发生明显的不良反应。结论胸腺五肽辅助治疗难治性肺炎支原体肺炎可显著增强患儿免疫功能,提高临床治疗效果,值得临床推广使用。     

Clinical features of Escherichia coli pneumonia

Escherichia coli pneumonia was clinically reviewed. Twenty-two patients with E. coli pneumonia were admitted for treatment to Kawasaki Medical School Kawasaki Hospital, between January 2006 and December 2008. Clinical features were retrospectively reviewed. Results showed that: (1) hospital-acquired pneumonia occurred in elderly patients with underlying diseases, such as cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; (2) more patients had complications of urinary-tract infection or alimentary infection due to E. coli; (3) previous administration of antibacterial agents did not become a risk factor; (4) resistance to ampicillin (ABPC) and levofloxacin (LVFX) was observed; and (5) mortality was 22.7%.     

支原体肺炎合并肺血栓栓塞症1例临床分析

目的 探讨儿童肺炎支原体肺炎（MPP）合并肺血栓栓塞症（PTE）的临床特点和诊断、治疗要点及相关危险因素。方法 回顾性分析1例MPP合并PTE的病历资料,复习文献,探讨MPP合并PTE的诊断要点、治疗方法及血栓相关危险因素。结果 患儿为7岁女童,学龄期,以呼吸道症状起病,发热、咳嗽为主要表现,有一过性胸痛、呼吸困难及低氧血症表现,病程14天出现PTE。左下肺叩诊浊音,左侧胸部呼吸音减低,可闻及少许湿啰音。辅助检查：胸腔积液淡黄、清亮。肺炎支原体抗体IgM 1∶320,血浆D 二聚体11.8 mg/L,肺动脉造影(CTA)示左上肺动脉及右下肺动脉部分分支内充盈缺损,心脏超声检查示左肺动脉起始部血栓形成,抗核抗体（ANA）（+）,狼疮抗凝物阳性,血浆蛋白S活性降低（59.5%）,出凝血疾病基因突变未检出。诊断PTE、MPP、胸腔积液,拉氧头孢钠联合阿奇霉素抗感染,地塞米松抑制炎症反应,肝素钙、利伐沙班抗凝治疗后,患儿症状、体征好转,胸腔积液消失,D 二聚体逐渐下降至0.1 mg/L。结论 MPP患儿有胸痛、呼吸困难,尤其伴有D 二聚体明显升高时,要考虑合并PTE可能,CTA可明确诊断,对于存在多个危险因素或有肺栓塞高度风险的患儿应及早行CTA检查,血栓形成可能与支原体感染导致的过度炎症反应及血管内皮损伤有关。     

白细胞和超敏C反应蛋白测定在小儿支原体肺炎中的临床意义

目的探讨肺炎支原体感染儿童外周血白细胞（WBC）和血清超敏C反应蛋白（hs—CRP）的变化及临床意义。方法对70例临床确诊为肺炎支原体感染患儿的外周血WBC及血清hs—CRP检测结果进行回顾性分析总结。结果70例支原体肺炎患儿外周血WBC增高21例，有3例减低，阳性检出率为34％；血清hs—CRP增高19例，阳性检出率27％。两者阳性检出率比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。在WBC计数升高的患儿中，hs-CRP随炎性反应的加重而升高，两者呈正相关关系（P〈0．05）。结论hs—CRP不能作为支原体肺炎患儿早期诊断的敏感指标，外周血WBC计数优于血清hs-CRP检测。小儿肺炎支原体感染的诊断除观察外周血WBC和血清hs—CRP变化外，还应结合临床表现、X线检查及其他血清学及细菌学检查等作综合判断，避免漏诊。     

ICU耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌医院获得性肺炎危险因素分析

目的了解耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌(CRKP)医院获得性肺炎(HAP)的危险因素,以制订防控措施,降低医院感染的发生率。方法收集重庆某三甲医院重症医学科(ICU)2014年1月至2016年3月肺炎克雷伯菌感染的HAP患者73例,以27例CRKP感染者为CRKP观察组,46例对碳青霉烯类敏感的肺炎克雷伯菌(CSKP)感染者为CSKP对照组,进行单因素分析和多因素Logistic回归分析。结果单因素分析结果显示,CRKP HAP的危险因素有感染前抗菌药物使用≥7d、感染前使用碳青霉烯类抗菌药物、机械通气天数≥7d、急性生理与慢性健康评分(APACHEⅡ评分)等11项因素。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,感染前使用碳青霉烯类抗菌药物、机械通气天数≥7d、APACHEⅡ评分是CRKP HAP的独立危险因素。结论 CRKP HAP的独立危险因素为感染前使用碳青霉烯类抗菌药物、机械通气天数≥7d、APACHEⅡ评分。合理应用抗菌药物,减少机械通气,做好手卫生,是降低CRKP HAP发生率的有效措施。