先天免疫的研究进展

近来,关于先天免疫的研究有了突飞猛进的进展.特别是在关于模式识别受体的发现和功能研究方面.模式识别受体能识别病原相关的分子模式.先天免疫不但提供抗感染的第一防线而且调控后天获得性免疫的激活.如果没有先天免疫,后天获得性免疫的功能会变得很微弱.Toll样受体是先天免疫的关键感受器和研究最多的模式识别受体.激活的Toll样受体信号传导通路可以很快引起与炎性反应和免疫反应相关的各种基因的表达.所有这些关于研究Toll样受体及其信号通路的新见解已经开始改变我们对炎性反应和免疫反应相关疾病的预防和治疗.     

先天免疫的研究进展

近来,关于先天免疫的研究有了突飞猛进的进展.特别是在关于模式识别受体的发现和功能研究方面.模式识别受体能识别病原相关的分子模式.先天免疫不但提供抗感染的第一防线而且调控后天获得性免疫的激活.如果没有先天免疫,后天获得性免疫的功能会变得很微弱.Toll样受体是先天免疫的关键感受器和研究最多的模式识别受体.激活的Toll样受体信号传导通路可以很快引起与炎性反应和免疫反应相关的各种基因的表达.所有这些关于研究Toll样受体及其信号通路的新见解已经开始改变我们对炎性反应和免疫反应相关疾病的预防和治疗.     

先天免疫Toll样受体在哮喘病中作用的研究进展

哮喘病的高发性和普遍性使哮喘病成为人们极度关注的健康问题,哮喘病的特征是呼吸道阻塞和支气管的过度炎性反应.虽然对后大获得性免疫在哮喘病中的作用已进行了广泛地研究,但是先天免疫在哮喘病中的重要件是最近才被发现的.先大免疫不但提供抗感染的第一道防线,而且调控后天获得件免疫的激活.Toll样受体是先大免疫的关键感受器,它也是研究最多的模式识别受体.激活的Toll样受体信号传导通路可以很快引起与炎性反应和免疫反应相关的各种基因的表达.本义综述了了目前天于Toll样受体在哮喘病中作用的研究进展.     

先天免疫Toll样受体在哮喘病中作用的研究进展

哮喘病的高发性和普遍性使哮喘病成为人们极度关注的健康问题,哮喘病的特征是呼吸道阻塞和支气管的过度炎性反应.虽然对后大获得性免疫在哮喘病中的作用已进行了广泛地研究,但是先天免疫在哮喘病中的重要件是最近才被发现的.先大免疫不但提供抗感染的第一道防线,而且调控后天获得件免疫的激活.Toll样受体是先大免疫的关键感受器,它也是研究最多的模式识别受体.激活的Toll样受体信号传导通路可以很快引起与炎性反应和免疫反应相关的各种基因的表达.本义综述了了目前天于Toll样受体在哮喘病中作用的研究进展.     

先天免疫Toll样受体在哮喘病中作用的研究进展

哮喘病的高发性和普遍性使哮喘病成为人们极度关注的健康问题,哮喘病的特征是呼吸道阻塞和支气管的过度炎性反应.虽然对后大获得性免疫在哮喘病中的作用已进行了广泛地研究,但是先天免疫在哮喘病中的重要件是最近才被发现的.先大免疫不但提供抗感染的第一道防线,而且调控后天获得件免疫的激活.Toll样受体是先大免疫的关键感受器,它也是研究最多的模式识别受体.激活的Toll样受体信号传导通路可以很快引起与炎性反应和免疫反应相关的各种基因的表达.本义综述了了目前天于Toll样受体在哮喘病中作用的研究进展.     

由不同接头分子介导的Toll样受体信号通路

Toll样受体(Toll-likereceptors,TLRs)是一类重要的模式识别受体(patternrecognitionreceptors,PRR)。Toll样受体信号通路既激活先天性免疫又对获得性免疫应答的启动发挥重要作用。一类包含TIR结构域的接头分子如MyD88、TIRAP、TRIF、TRAM可募集到不同Toll样受体的TLR胞质区,转导特异的信号通路。依据信号通路中接头分子的不同,Toll样受体信号通路一般分为MyD88依赖型信号通路和MyD88非依赖型/TRIF依赖型信号通路。     

Toll样受体-9的研究进展

Toll样受体-9(Toll-like receptor 9,TLR9)是哺乳动物TLRs家族中一员,作为细胞表面的天然模式识别受体,主要参与免疫刺激序列(CpG序列)激活免疫细胞的信号传导,从而在天然抗感染免疫及联系天然免疫和获得性免疫中发挥重要作用。通过对TLR9-CpG作用通路的研究,将促进天然免疫机制研究的进一步深入,有利于解决诸如:CpG佐剂、DNA疫苗、CpG抗感染、抑制肿瘤、预防过敏反应等实际应用过程中存在的问题。     

非酒精性脂肪性肝病中Toll样受体活化与microRNA调控的研究进展

小RNA(miRNA)作为细胞内一类非编码RNA参与了细胞内多种生物功能的调节。研究发现,与正常人相比,非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者体内的多种miRNA表达异常,并且发现这种异常表达会促使患者由单纯的肝脏脂肪变性向非酒精脂肪性肝炎转变。在这个转变过程中,作为启动机体免疫应答的一类模式识别受体,Toll样受体(TLR)的激活以及其介导的下游炎性因子的表达促使非酒精性肝炎的发生,而持续的炎性反应会引起肝脏发生纤维化,继而导致肝脏功能障碍,甚至发展成肝癌。本文简述了miRNA在非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者体内的差异性表达,及其与TLR信号通路的激活以及疾病恶化的关系。     

Toll样受体与乙型病毒性肝炎的研究进展

Toll样受体在抗病原微生物感染和调节固有免疫和获得性免疫中起着重要的作用,是连接固有免疫与获得性免疫的重要桥梁。TLRs在乙型病毒性肝炎中的作用复杂,以其特异的模式识别方式和相互调节的网络反应参与慢性乙型肝炎、慢性重型肝炎的发病。     

Toll样受体在寄生虫感染过程中的作用

Toll样受体（TLR）是天然免疫系统识别病原微生物的主要受体,在天然免疫反应中具有重要的作用。TLR通过识别病原相关模式分子以激活抗感染的天然免疫应答和适应性免疫应答。TLR信号通路可通过诱导炎性因子的产生在适应性免疫应答中发挥重要作用。本文就TLR在寄生虫感染中发挥的作用作一综述。     

MicroRNAs in the regulation of TLR and RIG-I pathways

The innate immune system recognizes invading pathogens through germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which elicit innate antimicrobial and inflammatory responses and initiate adaptive immunity to control or eliminate infection. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) are the key innate immune PRRs and are tightly regulated by elaborate mechanisms to ensure a beneficial outcome in response to foreign invaders. Although much of the focus in the literature has been on the study of protein regulators of inflammation, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as important controllers of certain features of the inflammatory process. Several miRNAs are induced by TLR and RIG-I activation in myeloid cells and act as feedback regulators of TLR and RIG-I signaling. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the recent understanding of how miRNA networks respond to TLR and RIG-I signaling and their role in the initiation and termination of inflammatory responses. Increasing evidence also indicates that both virus-encoded miRNAs and cellular miRNAs have important functions in viral replication and host anti-viral immunity.     

Toll样受体2和Toll样受体4在免疫应答衣原体感染中的作用

衣原体是重要的人类病原体,其能够导致多种疾病的发生.由衣原体引起的许多人类疾病被认为是免疫病理学介导的.已经证明Toll样受体(TLRs)是多种病原体感染的主要模式识别受体( PRRs),在起始固有免疫应答,建立适应性免疫应答中发挥着重要作用.在TLR家族中,TLR2和TLR4与衣原体感染的相关性研究备受关注,在识别衣原体感染、调节宿主的早期免疫应答、炎症反应和病理形成中执行着关键性的作用.研究TLR2和TLR4在免疫应答衣原体感染中的作用可以更好地理解TLRs介导的分子免疫机制,可能有助于研发免疫治疗的分子靶标,最终有效预防、控制衣原体感染引起的疾病.     

Pattern recognition receptors

Immunity is based on self/nonself discrimination. In vertebrates, two major systems, innate and adaptive immune systems, constitute host defense against invading microbes. Adaptive immunity is characterized by specific immune responses through B- or T-cell antigen receptors that are generated by somatic recombination, whereas nonspecific responses to microbes had been accentuated in innate immunity. However, the discovery of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that are encoded in the germ-line, including Toll-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors, NOD-like receptors and AIM2-like receptors, advanced our understanding of a mechanism for innate immune recognition. These types of PRR recognize pathogen- or damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs or DAMPs) during infection or tissue damage, and commonly evoke the downstream gene induction programme, such as expression of type I interferons, inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Dysregulation of PRR-triggered signal activation leads to pathologic inflammatory responses. In this regard, it has been shown that many of "autoinflammatory diseases", recently defined clinical entity, have putatively causative mutations in the genes that encode PRRs or their signaling mediators. In this review article, we describe recent overview of PRRs as innate sensors and update knowledge of "autoinflammatory diseases" particularly by focusing on their association with innate signaling.     

Pathogen recognition and Toll-like receptor targeted therapeutics in innate immune cells

The innate immune system deploys a variety of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) which include Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors, NOD-like receptors, and C-type lectin receptors to detect the invasion of pathogens and initiate protective responses. The intercellular and intracellular orchestration of signals from different PRRs, their endogenous or microbial ligands and accessory molecules determine the stimulatory or inhibitory responses. Progressing over the last two decades, considerable research on the molecular mechanisms underlying host–pathogen interactions has led to a paradigm shift of our understanding of TLR signaling in the innate immune system. Given that a significant amount of evidence implicates TLRs in the pathogenesis of immune diseases and cancer, and their activation occurs early in the inflammatory cascade, they are attractive targets for novel therapeutic agents. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in TLR signaling cross talks and the mechanism of pathogen recognition with special emphasis on the role of TLRs in tumor immunity and TLR-targeted therapeutics.     

Pattern recognition receptors: sentinels in innate immunity and targets of new vaccine adjuvants

The innate immune system plays an essential role in the host's first line of defense against microbial invasion, and involves the recognition of distinct pathogen-associated molecular patterns by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Activation of PRRs triggers cell signaling leading to the production of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines and Type 1 interferons, and the induction of antimicrobial and inflammatory responses. These innate responses are also responsible for instructing the development of an appropriate pathogen-specific adaptive immune response. In this review, the focus is on different classes of PRRs that have been identified, including Toll-like receptors, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors, and the retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors, and their importance in host defense against infection. The role of PRR cooperation in generating optimal immune responses required for protective immunity and the potential of targeting PRRs in the development of a new generation of vaccine adjuvants is also discussed.