脑损伤后颅内血肿患者记忆障碍及其恢复规律分析

目的:观察脑损伤后颅内血肿患者的记忆障碍特征,并进行随访研究。方法:82例脑损伤后颅内血肿患者发病后1,6个月分别接受修订后的韦氏记忆量表(Wechslermemoryscale,WMS)评估,并与79例正常人对照。结果:脑损伤颅内血肿患者发病后1个月时的长时记忆、短时记忆、瞬时记忆的各项分测验评分以及记忆商值均明显低于对照组(t=2.058～4.275,P<0.01～0.05)。脑损伤颅内血肿患者发病6个月时的WMS测评中,顺数10.9±2.6,倒数12.5±3.4,累加10.8±2.7,再认11.0±2.5,视觉再生10.2±2.8,联想学习10.7±2.4,触觉记忆9.6±2.0,逻辑记忆10.2±2.8,背数10.5±2.5等分测验和记忆商值106.4±24.7均明显优于发病1个月时各项测评值(t=2.073～3.468,P<0.05～0.01)。脑损伤颅内血肿患者一般情况和临床特征分与记忆商值比较中,男性、≥55岁、昏迷≥1h、血肿体积≥20mL、多个血肿、硬膜下和急性硬膜下血肿各组的记忆商值均明显低于女性、<55岁、昏迷<1h、血肿体积<20mL、单个血肿、硬膜外和慢性硬膜下血肿(t=2.137～3.421,P<0.01～0.05)。结论:脑损伤颅内血肿患者的记忆功能受到明显损害,但在发病后6个月时可得到显著改善。记忆功能损害与年龄、性别、昏迷时间、血肿体积、位置、个数以及形成速度密切相关。     

亚综合征性抑郁患者认知功能障碍对照研究

目的探讨亚综合征性抑郁患者的认知功能障碍状况,为临床干预提供依据。方法将45例亚综合征性抑郁患者设为研究组,31例重型抑郁症患者设为对照组,28例同期健康体检者设为健康组,采用抑郁自评量表、韦氏成人智力量表、临床记忆量表、威斯康星卡片分类测验对三组认知状况进行测评分析。结果研究组除无意义图形再认和人像特点回忆之外,其余各项指标均显著差于健康组（P〈0．05或0．01）;抑郁自评量表评分、言语智商、操作智商、总智商、记忆商数、威斯康星卡片分类测验正确百分数、持续错误数、随机错误数、分类数方面的成绩明显好于对照组（P〈0．05或0．01）;治疗后研究组的指向记忆、联想学习、正确百分数、随机错误数与健康组比较仍未恢复正常（P〈0．05或0．01）。记忆商数和正确百分数显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论亚综合征性抑郁患者存在认知功能障碍,程度较重型抑郁症患者轻,但治疗后有部分认知功能不能完全恢复。     

计算机辅助认知训练对精神分裂症患者认知功能的康复效果

目的探讨计算机辅助认知训练对精神分裂症患者认知功能康复治疗效果。 方法研究组51例精神分裂症患者，通过计算机辅助认知作业训练治疗2个月，对照组53例精神分裂症患者采用常规工娱疗法治疗2个月。2组患者治疗前后分别进行阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）、连线测验A和B、韦氏成人记忆量表（WMS）和威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）等神经认知功能测验，并进行统计学分析比较。 结果①治疗后，研究组和对照组患者临床症状PANSS量表总评分［(59.82±8.41)、(59.45±9.05)分］及阴性症状量表的评分［(16.67±3.20)、(17.08±3.23)分］均较组内治疗前［PANSS总评分(70.23±7.62)、(68.32±10.14)分及阴性症状量表评分(21.46±3.26)、(20.82±4.21)分］明显下降，组内差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）；研究组治疗后上述各项的减分程度略高于对照组，但组间差异无统计学意义（P&rt;0.05）。②治疗后，研究组连线测验A测验成绩［（44.14±17.51）分］和B测验成绩［（96.47±34.43）分］均较组内治疗前［（51.76±21.18）和（114.31±35.76）分］明显下降（P<0.01)；而对照组连线测验A测验成绩和B测验成绩治疗前后变化不大（P&rt;0.05）。③治疗后，研究组WMS再认和WMS再生两个分测验成绩［(8.21±3.96)、(10.24±3.52)分］较组内治疗前［(5.83±3.12)、(8.63±3.45)分］明显增加，差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）；对照组WMS再认和WMS再生两个分测验成绩治疗前后变化不大（P&rt;0.05）；研究组测验成绩提高明显好于对照组（P=0.01）。④治疗后，研究组WCST的总测验数、持续错误数、正确数和分类数成绩［(87.82±23.21)、(23.20±11.5)、(23.14±42.00)、(4.80±0.76)］较组内治疗前［(78.20±21.40)、(28.87±10.21)、(21.54±26.50)、(4.26±0.08)］明显提高（P<0.05）；对照组WCST测验总测验、持续错误数、正确数和分类数成绩治疗前后变化不大（P&rt;0.05）；研究组的测验成绩变化明显大于对照组（P<0.01）。 结论计算机辅助认知训练可以提高精神分裂症患者认知功能测验任务成绩，改善患者部分认知领域的功能。     

脑电生物反馈治疗对改善强迫症认知功能的研究

目的探讨脑电生物反馈治疗对强迫症患者认知功能的影响。方法将58例患者随机分为两组:研究组30例,为药物及心理治疗合并脑电生物反馈治疗;对照组28例,为药物及心理治疗。治疗前和治疗8周后分别给予韦氏成人记忆量表、连线测验、威斯康星卡片测验分别评估记忆、注意、执行功能。结果两组患者治疗后较治疗前在短时记忆(韦氏记忆测查中视觉再生、联想记忆、触觉记忆)、记忆商数(MQ)、持续性错误应答数、持续性错误应答率的得分(WCST测评)、连线B测验的时间均有明显改善(P<0.05);治疗后研究组与对照组上述五项认知功能测试结果的差异也有统计学意义(P<0.05);结论脑电生物反馈治疗更能改善强迫症患者的认知功能。     

阿尔茨海默病患者额叶执行功能及其与记忆的相关因素分析

目的探讨阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者额叶执行功能及其与记忆的关系.方法采用威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)、韦氏记忆量表(WMS),对31例AD患者及36例正常对照组进行对照研究.结果AD患者的WCST和WMS成绩均比对照组差(P<0.05).以WCST的持续反应数、持续错误数与各项记忆测验粗分成绩进行Pearson相关分析.经历、1→100与持续反应数和持续错误数显著相关(P<0.05),记图与持续反应数显著相关(P<0.05),其它各项分测验与持续反应数和持续错误数都不相关(P>0.05).结论AD患者有明显的额叶执行功能障碍和记忆障碍.提示AD患者的额叶执行功能障碍与长时记忆缺陷有关.     

阿立哌唑联合认知行为治疗对首发精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响

目的：探讨阿立哌唑联合认知行为治疗对首发精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响。方法将60例首发精神分裂症患者按随机数字表法分为两组,每组30例,均口服阿立哌唑治疗,研究组联合认知行为治疗,观察12周。于治疗前后采用阳性与阴性症状量表评定临床疗效,威斯康星卡片分类测验、韦氏成人智力量表和韦氏记忆量表评定认知功能。结果治疗前两组各量表各项指标测评结果比较差异均无显著性(P >0.05),治疗后两组各量表各项指标测评结果均较治疗前有明显改善(P <0.05或0.01),研究组改善程度显著优于对照组(P <0.05或0.01);研究组不良反应发生率为6.7%,对照组不良反应发生率为10.0%,两组比较差异无显著性(P >0.05)。结论阿立哌唑联合认知行为治疗能有效控制精神分裂症患者的各种精神症状,改善认知功能,显著优于单用阿立哌唑治疗。     

工作记忆训练对脑损伤患者认知功能的迁移效应

摘要 目的：探讨工作记忆训练对脑损伤患者日常生活记忆、思维能力、注意力等认知功能的迁移效应。 方法：将28例患有工作记忆障碍的脑损伤患者随机分为训练组（n=14）和对照组(n=14)。训练组患者参与4周的工作记忆训练,训练内容采用“工作记忆训练系统”。对照组患者未进行认知康复训练。两组患者训练前后均进行数字/空间记忆广度测试、n-back测试、威斯康星卡片分类测试、瑞文推理测试、选择反应时测验、Stroop 测验、Rivermead行为记忆测试第3版等进行训练疗效及转移效应评定。分别比较两组患者训练前后差值,并对工作记忆与日常生活记忆、思维、注意等能力进行相关分析。 结果：①训练组在所有的测试项目中较训练前均有提高(P<0.05);对照组只有数字正背较训练前有提高;②在Rivermead行为记忆测试第3版中训练后成绩训练组较对照组有明显提高(P<0.05);③在威斯康星卡片分类测验及瑞文推理测验中训练组较对照组均有提高（P<0.05）;④在Stroop测验、选择反应时测验中训练组和对照组在训练前后均无明显差异;⑤工作记忆成绩训练前后差值与威斯康星卡片分类测验总应答数、RBMT量表分及记忆指数、瑞文推理测验得分存在相关关系,相关系数为﹣0.419—0.650,有显著性意义(P<0.05);但工作记忆与选择反应时、Stroop测验相关系数范围为﹣0.002—0.258（P>0.05）。 结论：工作记忆强化训练疗效可以向日常生活记忆抽象思维推理能力迁移,提高患者日常生活记忆水平思维概括能力,但向注意力迁移作用不确切。     

记忆训练对轻度认知功能障碍患者的影响

目的探讨记忆训练对改善轻度认知功能障碍（MCI）患者记忆功能的效果。方法 2008年12月—2009年6月,我们对46例MCI患者在接受常规治疗和护理的同时,进行连续6个月的记忆训练,包括回忆往事、再认训练、定向训练和益智游戏等多种形式。采用韦氏记忆量表（WMS）甲套测验记忆商（MQ）进行效果评定。结果实验组患者在记忆训练干预后MQ明显高于干预前（P〈0.05）,而对照组患者的MQ在6个月后有显著降低（P〈0.01）。实验组中,年龄60~70岁患者的MQ评分升高6.03分,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论记忆训练可明显改善老年MCI患者的记忆功能,延缓疾病的发展,记忆训练对60~70岁患者的作用最为明显,有利于改善老年人的心理状态,有效提高患者的生存质量。     

计算机辅助认知训练治疗卒中后认知功能障碍的多中心随机对照研究

目的 研究计算机辅助认知训练治疗卒中后认知功能障碍的临床疗效。 方法 筛选31家医院就诊的脑卒中后血管性认知功能障碍患者155例,按随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组两组,失访6例,最终对照组72例,观察组77例。对照组给予脑卒中后常规认知训练,每日训练30 min,5 d/周,共治疗2周;观察组应用计算机辅助认知训练,每日训练30 min,5 d/周,共治疗2周。分别于治疗前和治疗2周后（治疗后）,采用简易精神状态评价量表（MMSE）以及蒙特利尔认知测验(MoCA)评估2组患者的总体认知功能。 结果 ①治疗后,2组患者的MMSE评分［观察组（22.55±3.62）分;对照组（21.75±4.30）分］和MoCA评分［观察组（19.69±4.43）分;对照组（19.10±5.58）分］均较组内治疗前［MMSE总分（19.34±3.08）和（19.74±3.11）分;MoCA总分（16.79±4.58）和（17.74±5.25）分］有明显改善（P＜0.05）,但观察组治疗后的MMSE评分总分及MoCA评分总分与对照组组间比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。②治疗后,观察组患者MMSE量表中的即刻记忆、计算力和注意力、延迟记忆三个分项目均较对照组有明显提高,且组间差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。 结论 卒中后认知功能障碍的患者能够通过计算机辅助认知训练改善其整体的认知功能,达到与常规认知训练相等的治疗效果;并在提高即刻记忆、计算能力以及延迟记忆三方面认知能力方面较卒中后常规认知治疗的疗效更为突出。     

头针联合计算机辅助训练对脑损伤后认知障碍康复的临床观察

目的:观察头针联合计算机辅助训练对脑损伤认知障碍患者的临床效果。方法:将90例有认知障碍的脑损伤患者按训练方式的不同分为头针组(n=30)、计算机组(n=30)和联合组(n=30),头针组给予头针治疗、计算机组给予计算机辅助训练、联合组给予头针联合计算机辅助训练,时间为2个月。在训练前及训练后2个月分别用洛文斯顿作业疗法认知评定成套测验、记忆力测验评估。结果:训练前,三组患者洛文斯顿作业疗法认知评定成套测验及记忆力测验各项分值均无显著性差异(P>0.05),训练2个月后,三组患者项目评分较入院时均有明显提高(P<0.05),且联合组优于其他两组(P<0.05)。结论:头针联合计算机辅助训练对改善脑损伤后认知功能障碍效果更为显著。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.