鼠伤寒沙门菌耐药株拓扑异构酶基因突变分析

目的　探讨鼠伤寒沙门菌对氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药性与拓扑异构酶基因突变之间的关系。方法　三株鼠伤寒沙门菌分离株X2 ,X7,X11对氟喹诺酮类药物环丙沙星的MIC分别为 32、0 38和 0 0 2 3μg ml,X2为耐药株。利用聚合酶链反应 (PCR)对其拓扑异构酶四个耐药基因gyrA ,gyrB ,parC ,和parE进行扩增和序列分析。结果　发现分离株X2的gyrA基因同时在 2 4 8、2 5 9位点发生点突变 (Ser83→Phe ,Asp87→Asn)。分离株X7gyrA基因在 2 4 8位点发生点突变 (Ser83→Tyr)。分离株X11的gyrA基因没有发生突变。X2parC基因QRDR在 2 38位点发生点突变 (Ser80→Arg)。而分离株X7、X11的parC基因没有发生突变。三株鼠伤寒沙门菌分离株的gyrB和parE基因都没有发现突变。结论　gyrA和parC上同时发生突变会导致鼠伤寒沙门菌对环丙沙星的高耐药性     

甲型副伤寒沙门菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶和喹诺酮类耐药基因检测

目的探讨甲型副伤寒沙门菌(SAA)对喹诺酮类药物的耐药性变异产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的机制。方法对2007-2008年67株萘啶酸耐药菌株进行喹诺酮类药物耐药分析和耐药基因检测,药敏检测采用VITEK32、Etest和纸片扩散法进行;耐药基因采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术扩增含有喹诺酮类耐药基因决定区(QRDR)gyrA、gyrB、parC、parE基因片段;ESBL包括SHV、TEM、CTX-M和AmpC型β-内酰胺酶。结果 67株萘啶酸耐药菌株58株发生gyrA基因在Ser83位或Asp87位发生突变,gyrB、parC和parE未发现突变,突变株SHV、TEM、CTX-M阳性率分别为7.5%、4.8%、1.5%,未检出AmpC耐药基因;萘啶酸耐药率由0上升至100.0%。结论 SAA对喹诺酮类耐药严重,主要机制是QRDR gyrA基因的第Ser83位或Asp87位表现出高频突变,其耐药表型和基因突变有较高的一致性。     

耐萘啶酸甲型副伤寒沙门菌gyrA基因突变研究

目的 研究绍兴地区耐萘啶酸甲型副伤寒沙门菌(SPA)gyrA基因突变情况.方法 对52株SPA进行基因扩增,PCR产物纯化后进行双向测序,用OMIGA2.0软件对DNA促旋酶A亚单位序列进行分析比对,确定gyrA基因突变.结果 耐萘啶酸SPA在gyrA喹诺酮类耐药决定区(QRDR)氨基酸残基83或87位点发生点突变;其中51株在83位发生突变,1株在87位点发生突变;未发现两个位点同时突变菌株;gyrA QRDR其他部位未发现突变.结论 gyrA基因83位突变与SPA耐萘啶酸有直接关系,gyrA基因87位单突变也可导致对萘啶酸耐药;绍兴地区近两年耐萘啶酸SPA主要为83位的TCC→TTC(Ser→Phe)突变.     

大肠埃希菌耐喹诺酮类药物回旋酶基因突变的研究

目的 研究导致大肠埃希菌DNA回旋酶A亚单位的基因变异耐喹诺酮类药物的机制。方法 收集3株大肠埃希菌耐药菌株及1株敏感株，用PCR方法扩增其回旋酶(gyraseA)基因，对扩增片段进行单链构象多态性分析(PCR--SSCP)及DNA序列分析。结果 PCR—SSCP发现3株耐药株其DNA单链与标准株及临床敏感株迁移率不同，3株耐药菌株存在Ser—83→Leu，Asp—87→Asn及His—184→Asn突变，Ser—83→Leu及Asp—87→Asn突变位于氟喳诺酮类药物耐药决定区，gyrA基因碱基552位点C→A碱基突变致组氨酸突变为天冬酰胺。结论 大肠埃希菌对氟喹诺酮类药物产生耐药性与gyrA基因点的突变有关。     

临床常见细菌对喹诺酮类药物的耐药趋势

本文对近6年临床标本中分离的4种常见细菌2789株对喹诺酮类药物的药敏结果作动态分析。结果表明，甲型副伤寒沙门菌、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌的耐药率均有逐年上升趋势；以甲型副伤寒沙门菌最为显著，大肠埃希菌和表皮葡萄球菌次之。认为，临床常见细菌对喹诺酮类药物的耐药性上升迅速，形势严峻；有指征地合理使用该类药物、适时启用新一代喹诺酮类刻不容缓。     

2018—2021年北京市沙门菌血清型及喹诺酮类耐药表型和基因型分析

目的 分析2018—2021年北京市肠道门诊哨点医院分离到的沙门菌血清型及喹诺酮类药物耐药表型和耐药基因的流行情况。方法 采用玻片凝集法鉴定血清型;微量肉汤稀释法测定药物敏感性;全基因组测序数据通过与MLST和ResFinder数据库比对,查询ST型别和耐药基因。结果 228株沙门菌共检出42种血清型,51种ST型。其中肯塔基沙门菌、肠炎沙门菌和黄金海岸沙门菌等9种血清型比较常见。77株沙门菌（33.8%）对萘啶酸耐药;40株（17.5%）对环丙沙星和左氧氟沙星耐药;38株（16.7%）对吉米沙星耐药。不同血清型对喹诺酮类药物的耐药性不同。228株沙门菌共筛选出5种喹诺酮耐药基因:qnrS（23.7%）、aac(6’)-Ib-cr（8.3%）、qnrB（6.6%）、OqxAB（1.3%）和qepA（0.4%）;喹诺酮耐药决定区存在gyrA和parC的7种氨基酸突变:以parC:T57S（70.2%）最常见,其次是gyrA:D87N（14.9%）、parC:S80I（14.5%）、gyrA:S83F（14.5%）、gyrA:D87Y（7.9%）、gyrA:D87G（5.3%）和gyrA:S83Y（1.8%）。在组合突变中,以parC:S80I-gyrA:D87N-gyrA:S83F三突变,并伴随parC:T57S最多。耐药基因和突变位点在9种常见血清型中的检出率存在差异。结论 北京市沙门菌血清型及ST型种类繁多,携带喹诺酮耐药基因以qnrS、aac(6’)-Ib-cr和 qnrB为主,存在gyrA和parC多个位点突变并协同作用。应持续监测血清型和耐药性,以指导临床有针对性合理用药。     

健康人群肠道大肠埃希菌对氟喹诺酮药物的耐药性及耐药机制研究

目的研究健康人群(2周内未使用过抗菌药物)肠道分离的110株大肠埃希菌对4种氟喹诺酮类抗菌药物的耐药性及耐药机制。方法用琼脂稀释法测定4种氟喹诺酮类抗菌药物对110株大肠埃希菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。用聚合酶链反应扩增gyrA、parc基因,序列分析明确其突变情况,并与28株2周内使用过抗菌药物病人肠道分离的菌株进行比较。结果大肠埃希菌对4种氟喹诺酮类抗菌药物的耐药率未用药组为12.7%~15.5%,用药组为20.8%~25.0%。测序发现60号敏感菌株没有任何氨基酸突变。11株耐药菌中,gyrA基因编码的氨基酸均存在83位突变,即Ser83→Leu;其中8株存在双突变,即同时Asp87→Asn;6株存在3个突变,还包括Clu214→Gly。parC基因编码的氨基酸中,有8株存在Ser80→Ile突变,另有2株存在Glu84→Gly突变。结论健康人群肠道大肠埃希菌对4种氟喹诺酮类抗菌药物的耐药率为12.7%~15.5%,主要由gyrA基因和parC基因位点突变造成,以gyrA基因为主。     

耐碳青霉烯类与喹诺酮类肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药机制研究

目的研究20株耐碳青霉烯类与喹诺酮类肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药机制。方法 20株肺炎克雷伯菌分离自2012年1-6月医院住院患者的痰液样本,采用改良的Hodge试验检测碳青霉烯酶活性,再用PCR法检测A^D类40种β-内酰胺酶基因和喹诺酮类耐药基因。结果 20株肺炎克雷伯菌经改良的Hodge试验检测均有碳青霉烯酶活性,均检出TEM-1和KPC-2型β-内酰胺酶基因,出现gyrA基因第83位密码子TCC→ATC突变(氨基酸序列S→I),第87位密码子GAC→GGC突变(氨基酸序列D→G)。结论肺炎克雷伯菌携带KPC-2型β-内酰胺酶基因和存在gyrA基因QRDR区突变,其是碳青霉烯类与喹诺酮类药物的耐药机制,肺炎克雷伯菌药敏表型与耐药基因型相同疑似医院感染。     

重症监护病房铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性分析及其耐氟喹诺酮的分子机制研究

目的 了解重症监护病房铜绿假单胞菌的耐药情况以及对氟喹诺酮类耐药的分子机制,为临床合理用药提供依据.方法 用E试验法测定83株铜绿假单胞菌对13种抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),从中筛选28株氟喹诺酮类耐药菌,以标准敏感菌株ATCC 27853作为质控菌株,PCR扩增gyrA及parC基因的喹诺酮耐药决定区(QRDR),扩增产物片段进行直接测序分析.结果 83株铜绿假单胞菌在痰标本的阳性率最高71.08%;28株氟喹诺酮耐药菌株的gyrA基因在83位(ACC-ATC)有突变,导致氨基酸Thr-Ile的改变;有11株高耐药菌gyrA基因同时在87位(GAC-GGC)有突变,导致氨基酸Asp-Gly的改变;有14株耐药菌株的parC基因在87位有TCG-TTG突变,导致氨基酸由Ser-Leu的改变,未发现parC突变单独存在.结论 重症监护病房铜绿假单胞菌对美罗培南保持较高的抑菌活性;而亚胺培南和氟喹诺酮类药物的滥用,已造成细菌对其耐药率急剧升高,gyrA和parC基因突变与铜绿假单胞菌耐喹诺酮类药物密切相关.     

表皮葡萄球菌医院感染耐药性的基因型研究

目的 研究医院感染表皮葡萄球菌（SEP）耐药的分子机制，以控制其医院感染的发生。方法 对分离的18株表皮葡萄球菌进行耐药分析，抽提细菌染色体DNA，用聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增mecA、gyrA和gdA基因，用酶切、测序检测这些基因的存在及变异，分析与耐药的关系。结果 18株表皮葡萄球菌中对甲氧西林耐药15株，耐药率83．3％，耐药菌株全部检测到mecA基因；18株中对喹诺酮类（诺氟沙星和环丙沙星）、克拉霉素、红霉素和克林霉素均耐药者11株，其中10株存在gyrA和（或）grlA突变；gyrA突变点为gyrA84位TCA→TTA，grlA突变点为grlA80位TCC→TTC。结论 医院感染表皮葡萄球菌存在严重的多重耐药现象，必须进一步规范临床用药，以减少耐药性的增加。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.