Carcinoma of supernumerary breast of vulva with bilateral mammary cancer.

Primary mammary cancer often develops at multiple sites in either one or both breasts, evidently the result of a common carcinogen acting in multicentric loci. The occurrence of carcinoma in accessory breast tissue has been recorded, including carcinoma in supernumerary breast tissue within the labium, although the latter is rare. A 62-year-old woman developed carcinoma of the right breast which was followed nearly five and one half years later by the occurrence of adenocarcinoma in supernumerary breast tissue within the left labium majus. Concomitantly, carcinoma was detected in the left breast. The three cancers exhibited histologic features compatible with primary rather than metastatic lesions. The development of primary carcinoma in both breasts as well as within ectopic mammary tissue in the labium appears to be the first recorded instance of such an event.     

Independence of sialic acid levels in normal and malignant growth.

Sialic acid content in breast or tumor tissue and serum of mouse strains that are either susceptible or resistant to breast cancer was measured at various age periods. Sialic acid content was also studied in normal lung tissue and in lung adenoma and hepatoma. Sialic acid levels during nonmalignant growth of a tissue were measured in breast tissue during pregnancy and lactation, and in regenerating liver, as well as in newborn and postnatal liver. The sialic acid content, when expressed per mg of protein, increased in mammary tumor, lung adenoma, and hepatoma. It also increased in nonmalignant growth of breast tissue during pregnancy and lactation and of regenerating liver and postnatal liver. Increase in sialic acid per mg DNA was observed only in lung tumors, regenerating liver, and postnatal liver. It appears that the changes in sialic acid level are independent of the normal or malignant growth of a tissue and that these changes might be the function of the parameter used to express the sialic acid values, i.e., either the DNA content or protein content of a given tissue.     

右侧副乳腺癌1例报道并文献复习

目的:探讨副乳腺癌手术方式的安全性和可行性。方法:我院近期对1例副乳腺癌患者行患侧乳腺、副乳腺及周围皮肤、皮下组织切除,同时清扫同侧腋下淋巴结的手术。结果:手术顺利完成。手术时间85min,出血量50ml。术后皮肤愈合良好,上肢活动正常。结论:该手术方式安全、可行。     

Proliferative rates of cloned malignant mammary epithelial cells as a measure of clonal heterogeneity in human breast carcinomas

Malignant mammary epithelial cells (MMECs) were isolated from 8 human breast carcinomas and 1 adenoma as single cells or organoids and established in vitro. Depending on the cellularity of the tumor, between 9 X 10(4) and 4 X 10(6) cells were released per gram of tumor tissue. With the use of conditioned media and growth-promoting agents, a high proportion of cells (ranging from 0.5 to 11.4%) could be established in culture. A high degree of tumor cell heterogeneity in breast carcinomas was suggested by the observation that significantly different proliferative rates were found for 50 mammary epithelial cells cloned from 2 different tumors during the first subpassage in vitro prior to significant expansion of the cell colonies. The computed doubling times of these clones varied between 16 hours and more than 48 hours. The mammary epithelial nature of the cells was confirmed by their surface reactivity with monoclonal antibodies specific for MMECs. Studies on clones from 2 tumors revealed a positive correlation between proliferative rates of MMECs, their lactate production, and specific proteins synthesized as analyzed by two-dimensional macromolecular protein maps.     

A case of carcinoma originating from accessory breast tissue of the axilla

We report a case of carcinoma originating from accessory breast tissue of axilla and review 33 reported cases of carcinoma in heterotopic breast tissue. Although the incidence of accessory breast cancer is not high, early diagnosis and treatment are necessary, keeping in mind the possibility of this carcinoma when subcutaneous nodules of uncertain origin are found around the breast. Surgical treatment which must at least include wide local extirpation including the surrounding tissues and dissection of the axillary lymph nodes is necessary and adjunctive chemotherapy and irradiation appear to be useful.     

Mammary renin–angiotensin system-regulating aminopeptidase activities are modified in rats with breast cancer

Angiotensin II in particular and/or the local renin–angiotensin system in general could have an important role in epithelial tissue growth and modelling; therefore, it is possible that it may be involved in breast cancer. In this sense, previous works of our group showed a predominating role of angiotensin II in tumoral tissue obtained from women with breast cancer. However, although classically angiotensin II has been considered the main effector peptide of the renin–angiotensin system cascade, several of its catabolism products such as angiotensin III and angiotensin IV also possess biological functions. These peptides are formed through the activity of several proteolytic regulatory enzymes of the aminopeptidase type, also called angiotensinases. The aim of this work was to analyse several specific angiotensinase activities involved in the renin–angiotensin system cascade in mammary tissue from control rats and from rats with mammary tumours induced by N-methyl-nitrosourea (NMU), which may reflect the functional status of their target peptides under the specific conditions brought about by the tumoural process. The results show that soluble and membrane-bound specific aspartyl aminopeptidase activities and membrane-bound glutamyl aminopeptidase activity increased in mammary tissue from NMU-treated animals and soluble aminopeptidase N and aminopeptidase B activities significantly decreased in mammary tissue from NMU-treated rats. These changes support the existence of a local mammary renin–angiotensin system and that this system and its putative functions in breast tissue could be altered by the tumour process, in which we suggest a predominant role of angiotensin III. All described data about the renin–angiotensin system in mammary tissue support the idea that it must be involved in normal breast tissue functions, and its disruption could be involved in one or more steps of the carcinogenesis process.     

腋窝副乳腺组织发生的浸润性微乳头状癌的临床病理和免疫组织化学研究*

目的：研究发生于腋窝副乳腺组织的原发性浸润性微乳头状癌（invasive micropapillary carcinoma ,IMPC）的临床病理和免疫表型特征。方法：对发生于腋窝的肿物局部广泛切除标本采用组织全切片法取材制片,应用免疫组织化学方法（SP法）检测肿瘤组织中ER、PR、cerbB- 2、p53、上皮膜抗原（EMA）、E-钙黏附素、α- 连环素和β- 连环素的表达。结果：病理组织学发现肿物由IMPC 和导管内癌两种成分组成,分别占95% 和5% ,癌旁可见正常乳腺组织,且与同侧固有乳腺组织间无连续,证实腋窝部肿瘤为副乳腺组织发生的原发性IMPC。肿瘤组织内可见癌侵犯淋巴管,43枚腋下淋巴结中35枚可见转移灶,侵犯到淋巴管内及淋巴结转移灶内的癌组织均与原发灶形态相同。免疫组织化学染色显示肿瘤组织ER和PR阳性,p53和cerbB- 2 阴性,EMA在肿瘤细胞簇外表面,即面向间质侧呈阳性表达,E-钙黏附素、α- 连环素和β- 连环素在癌细胞团内的细胞间连接处呈强表达,而癌细胞团的外表面无表达。结论：发生于腋窝副乳腺组织的IMPC 临床病理和免疫组织化学特征与原发于乳腺的IMPC 特征相同,并具有同样的高侵袭和转移潜能。     

Ectopic breast tissue in axillary lymph node

Benign epithelial inclusions are uncommonly found in lymph nodes, and ectopic breast tissue in axillary lymph nodes is particularly uncommon. The patient is a 48-year-old woman who had an adenoma of the nipple removed 10 years previously. A swollen lymph node with amorphous calcifications in a clustered distribution on mammogram was found in the left axilla. Fine needle aspiration cytology showed only cystic change. Excisional biopsy was performed and microscopic examination demonstrated that the node contained benign mammary epithelial and glandular inclusions, and no evidence of malignancy. Such cases will be increasingly found due to the widespread use of mammography screening and biopsy of axillary sentinel lymph nodes. Ectopic breast tissue in lymph nodes may be mistaken for malig-nant lesions. It is most important to identify correctly the epithelial inclusions in lymph nodes to prevent an erroneous diagnosis.     

Ectopic breast tissue in axillary lymph node.

Benign epithelial inclusions are uncommonly found in lymph nodes, and ectopic breast tissue in axillary lymph nodes is particularly uncommon. The patient is a 48-year-old woman who had an adenoma of the nipple removed 10 years previously. A swollen lymph node with amorphous calcifications in a clustered distribution on mammogram was found in the left axilla. Fine needle aspiration cytology showed only cystic change. Excisional biopsy was performed and microscopic examination demonstrated that the node contained benign mammary epithelial and glandular inclusions, and no evidence of malignancy.Such cases will be increasingly found due to the widespread use of mammography screening and biopsy of axillary sentinel lymph nodes. Ectopic breast tissue in lymph nodes may be mistaken for malignant lesions. It is most important to identify correctly the epithelial inclusions in lymph nodes to prevent an erroneous diagnosis.     

Primary ectopic breast cancer presenting as a vulvar mass

Ectopic breast tissue is found along the primitive embryonic milk lines, which extend from the axilla to the groin. Rarely, its occurrence has been described in the vulva. We report a patient who developed primary adenocarcinoma of ectopic breast tissue in such a location and present a review of the pertinent medical literature. The predominant pathology is that of invasive ductal carcinoma; however, other tumor types have also been reported in accessory breast tissue. Its treatment usually entails surgical resection with lymph node dissection. Adjuvant therapy should be guided by the same principles as in orthotopic breast carcinoma.     

副乳腺浸润性导管癌1例并文献复习

目的：探讨副乳腺癌的诊断、鉴别诊断以及治疗方法。方法：报道腋窝副乳腺浸润性导管癌1例,结合文献对副乳腺癌的特点、临床表现、诊断、鉴别诊断、治疗以及预后进行探讨。结果：副乳腺癌的发病率较低,结合临床表现、镜下观察及免疫组化方法,可以明确诊断。注意与乳腺腋尾部癌、皮肤附件来源的肿瘤、腋下淋巴结转移癌、腋下淋巴结淋巴瘤等疾病进行鉴别诊断;治疗原则基本等同于乳腺癌的治疗。其预后较差,术后积极放化疗,有可能改善预后。结论：副乳腺癌相对少见。有副乳腺症者应加强自检,做到早期发现早期治疗。新辅助化疗联合手术治疗对提高患者的生存率很重要。     

Use of an oncolytic vaccinia virus for the treatment of canine breast cancer in nude mice: preclinical development of a therapeutic agent

Mammary cancers together with cancers of the skin account for about 60% of the total cancers occurring in dogs. The veterinary options for therapeutic management of canine mammary cancer are limited and prognosis for such patients is poor. In this study, we analyzed the functionality of the oncolytic vaccinia virus strain GLV-1h68 as a possible therapeutic agent for canine mammary cancer. Cell culture data demonstrated that GLV-1h68 efficiently infected and destroyed cells of the canine mammary adenoma cell line ZMTH3. Furthermore, after systemic administration this attenuated vaccinia virus strain primarily replicated in canine tumor xenografts in nude mice. The efficient tumor colonization process resulted in inhibition of tumor growth and drastic reduction of tumor size. This is the first report demonstrating that vaccinia virus is an effective tool for the therapy of canine mammary cancers, which might next be applied to dogs with breast tumors.     

Primary T-cell lymphoma of the breast: a case report

Primary nonHodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) occurs in both nodal and extranodal sites. Lymphoma arising in mammary tissue is rare. The majority are of B-cell origin, while a few case studies of T-cell lymphomas of the breast have been reported. The clinical and histologic features of a 74-year-old female diagnosed with T-cell mammary lymphoma are reported, as well as her treatment course and follow-up. A literature review is included. We conclude primary low-grade T cell lymphoma of the breast can be treated with conservative surgery followed by involved field radiation therapy.     

Immunohistochemical markers in the identification of metastatic breast cancer

Summary Fluorescentin situ hybridization techniques have provided an important tool for interphase cytogenetic studies of human neoplasms. However, these techniques are difficult to use on formalin-fixed archival tissue sections. We describe here a non-fluorescent, non-isotopicin situ hybridization (ISH) approach that is easily applicable to paraffin-embedded breast tissue sections. The technical steps that must be monitored and individualized to optimize signal generation and detection are discussed. This ISH technique has several advantages over fluorescent detection methods. The signal obtained can be viewed using an ordinary light microscope and does not fade with time. More importantly, the signal is observed and analyzed in the context of tissue morphology. The technique permits detection of numerical chromosomal abnormalities not only in malignant but also in apparently normal and potentially premalignant mammary tissue. This may allow identification of focal genetic abnormalities as well as field-defects and enable analysis of their evolution during the multistep transformation to mammary neoplasm. This technique is also suitable for analysis of tumor heterogeneity and the correlation of numerical chromosomal aberrations with histologic, immunocytochemical, and clinical features of breast tumors.     

Sweat gland differentiation in mammary adenoid cystic carcinoma.

A breast tumor is described which presented as an exophytic mass, and which by both light and electron microscopic examination had a biphasic histologic composition. In the superficial area adjacent to the epidermis, it showed tubular differentiation similar to a cutaneous tubular apocrine adenoma and salivary basal cell adenoma, and, in the deeper portion, it had the characteristic features of adenoid cystic carcinoma. Their possible interrelationships are discussed, and mammary adenoid cystic carcinoma is briefly reviewed.