Wide Perineal Dissection and Its Effect on Local Recurrence Following Potentially Curative Abdominoperineal Resection for Rectal Adenocarcinoma

Ninety-three patients underwent a potentially curative abdominoperineal resection (APR) with a wide perineal dissection to the ischial tuberosities and excision of the entire mesorectum. There were 56 males and 37 females. The median follow-up was 67 months (range 7-240 months). The lymph node clearing technique was used and the median number of lymph nodes cleared was 35 (range 6-89). Eighteen of 93 patients (19%) developed a local recurrence, 12 of whom (13%) developed local recurrence only as the first site of recurrence. In 10 of 18 patients (56%) the distal rectum was the site of the primary rectal cancer. Of the 18 patients, 1 patient had stage I disease, 5 stage II, and 12 stage III. Five of the 18 patients (28%) who developed a local recurrence received adjuvant therapy. The median survival from the time of diagnosis of a local recurrence was 12 months. Histological grade (p = .001), patient age (p = .006), and presence of positive lymph nodes (p = .005) had a statistically significant adverse effect on survival. We believe the surgical technique of abdominoperineal resection with wide perineal resection to the ischial tuberosities and total excision of the mesorectum allowed us to achieve a low local recurrence rate (13%) in a high-risk group of patients. Clearly, the best form of prevention for local recurrence from rectal adenocarcinoma is radical surgical therapy of the primary tumor.     

局部切除治疗早期直肠癌

１９８４年９月～１９９４年９月，作者应用局部切除术治疗组织学特征良好的Ｔ＿１～Ｔ２Ｎ０Ｍ０期直肠癌２４例，结果５年无瘤存活率和局部控制率均为９５．８％。１例早期病例于术后１年半局部复发，无手术死亡及并发症。我们认为对癌细胞高度或中度分化，无淋巴管或静脉受侵犯，距肛缘１１ｃｍ之内，局限于粘膜或粘膜下层，或侵犯到肌层但未穿透肌层者均可行局部切除术。     

柱状对比传统经腹会阴联合切除术治疗低位进展期直肠癌的疗效观察

目的探讨柱状经腹会阴联合切除术(CAPR)和传统腹会阴联合切除术(APR)治疗低位进展期直肠癌的临床疗效。方法选取低位局部进展期直肠癌患者80例,分为柱状经腹会阴联合切除术组即CAPR组,44例;传统腹会阴联合切除术组即APR组,36例。根据2组患者的随访资料及临床病理,比较分析2组患者的性别、年龄、肿瘤在肠壁的位置、肿瘤下缘距离肛门的长度、术前是否化疗、TNM分期、手术时间以及术中出血量和术后并发症出现几率、术后生存率、环周切缘阳性率、肿瘤的转移和复发率等数据。结果 CAPR组的手术时间、术后出血量、骶前引流时间及住院时间等与APR组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);但直肠穿孔、CRM阳性、骶尾骨不适及性功能障碍发生率2组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。CAPR组手术后并发炎症发生率为20.45%,APR组为16.67%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。CAPR组术后转移率为9.68%,APR组术后转移率为22.22%,2组对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。2组患者手术后复发及总体生存率相比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论与APR相比较,CAPR治疗低位进展期直肠癌能够更好地降低环周切缘阳性率和局部复发率、减少术中穿孔,但CAPR术后出现男性性功能障碍、骶尾骨不适发生率高于APR,还需要继续进行观察研究。     

影响直肠癌局部切除术的抉择因素

0引言直肠癌前切除术(anterior resection)和腹会阴联合切除术(abdominoperineal resection,APR)是目前最常用的直肠癌手术术式[1-2]。直肠癌的根治性手术可将直肠肿瘤整块切除,并清扫可能存在肿瘤转移的区域淋巴结,但此类根治性手术仍伴随着较高的并发症发生率,比如吻合口瘘、盆腔感染、排便功能异常、膀     

局部切除术对早期低位直肠癌的临床疗效

目的探讨局部切除术治疗早期低位直肠癌指征并评估其疗效。方法回顾性分析42例经局部切除术治疗和病理证实的早期低位直肠癌患者临床资料。结果42例早期低位直肠癌均为局部肿瘤完整切除。无手术死亡者。无严重术后并发症。获随访39例（92．86％）。39例早期癌中36例（92．31％）术后生存〉5年，3例术后1．5～4年仍健在。总局部复发率为9．52％（4／42），复发距手术间隔期为1．5-2年；其中再次行Dixon术2例，改良Bacon术1例，局部扩大全层切除术1例。结论对经仔细选择的早期低位直肠癌局部切除术是1种安全而有效的治疗方法。     

Surgical Outcomes of Lobectomy Versus Limited Resection for Clinical Stage I Ground-Glass Opacity Lung Adenocarcinoma 2 Centimeters or Smaller

BackgroundTo compare the surgical outcomes of patients with clinical stage I ground-glass opacity (GGO) lung adenocarcinomas with maximum diameters of ≤ 2 cm who underwent lobectomy versus limited resection.Patients and MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed cases of clinical stage I GGO lung adenocarcinoma with a diameter ≤ 2 cm that were treated via lobectomy or limited resection in our department between January 2011 and September 2018. The clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes were analyzed using a propensity score–matched comparison and a Cox regression model.ResultsA total of 552 patients were identified; 128 patients with pure GGO were excluded. Four hundred twenty-four patients met our criteria, including 242 (57.1%) who underwent lobectomy and 182 (42.9%) who underwent limited resection. No perioperative mortality occurred in either group. The overall 5-year survival rate of the entire cohort was 88%. Patients who underwent limited resection tended to have a shorter operation time, smaller blood loss volume, fewer removed nodes, and a shorter postoperative stay. However, the groups did not differ in terms of postoperative complications. Lobectomy and limited resection could lead to equivalent overall survival in patients with GGO-dominant tumor, while lobectomy showed better overall survival than limited resection in patients with solid-dominant tumor.ConclusionPatients with small GGO lung adenocarcinoma had a favorable prognosis after surgery. The oncologic surgical procedures of lobectomy and limited resection yielded comparable outcomes in patients with clinical stage I GGO-dominant lung adenocarcinomas ≤ 2 cm, while lobectomy showed better survival than limited resection in patients with solid-dominant tumor.     

I期肺腺癌VATS肺叶切除与亚肺叶切除预后比较

背景与目的美国国立综合癌症网络（National Comprehensive Cancer Network, NCCN）指南推荐,大部分可手术切除的肺癌首选电视辅助胸腔镜手术（video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, VATS）解剖性肺叶切除。而研究证实肺段切除I期肺癌对肺功能的保护优于肺叶切除。目前,临床上对I期肺腺癌VATS亚肺叶切除能否获得与肺叶切除同等疗效仍未确定,现分析两种手术方式治疗I期肺腺癌预后的比较。方法回顾性研究2009年1月-2011年12月广州医科大学附属第一医院收治的I期肺腺癌患者,其中VATS肺叶切除222例,亚肺叶切除36例;对两组患者使用倾向评分匹配（propensity score matching, PSM）,比较两组患者的临床病理特征及生存预后。结果两组匹配患者35例,匹配后VATS肺叶切除组与亚肺叶切除组的术后无病生存期（disease free survival, DFS）分别为49.3个月、42.7个月,差异无统计学意义（P=0.137）;两组术后总生存期（overall survival, OS）分别为50.3个月、49.0个月,差异无统计学意义（P=0.122）。分期分层结果示,Ia期肺叶切除和亚肺叶切除两组术后DFS差异无统计学意义;而Ib期肺叶切除和亚肺叶切除两组术后DFS差异有统计学意义。结论 Ia期肺腺癌VATS亚肺叶切除的生存预后不亚于肺叶切除,Ib期肺腺癌建议选择VATS肺叶切除治疗。     

直肠癌局部切除适应证及注意事项

该文就直肠癌局部切除的合理性、适应证、手术方法、注意事项等方面作了全面论述,并对优越性、局限性等进行了评价。     

Contemporary Assessment of Survival Rates in Stage I Testicular Seminoma: A Population-Based Comparison Between Surveillance and Active Treatment After Orchiectomy

BackgroundWe tested contemporary surveillance and active treatment (AT) that included chemotherapy (CHT) and radiotherapy (RT) rates for stage I testicular seminoma patients, as well as cancer-specific mortality (CSM) and other-cause mortality (OCM) rates.Patients and MethodsWithin the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (1988-2015) we identified 11,206 stage I testicular seminoma patients. Surveillance versus CHT versus RT use rates were investigated using estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) analyses. After propensity score (PS) matching, cumulative incidence plots and multivariable competing risks regression models (MCRRMs) tested for CSM and OCM.ResultsOf all 11,206 patients, 4434 (40%), 918 (8%), and 5854 (52%), respectively, underwent surveillance, CHT, or RT after initial orchiectomy. Surveillance (EAPC: 7.5%; P < .001) and CHT (EAPC: 13.5%; P < .001) rates increased over time, whereas RT rates decreased (EAPC: ?3.8%; P < .001). After PS matching, in MCRRMs surveillance was an independent predictor of CSM, relative to AT (hazard ratio [HR], 2.59; P = .04). Conversely, surveillance versus AT did not affect OCM (HR, 1.52; P = .051). All other analyses that focused on CSM and OCM, namely surveillance versus RT, surveillance versus CHT, and RT versus CHT resulted in nonsignificant differences (all P > .5).ConclusionSurveillance and CHT use in stage I testicular seminoma rates increased, whereas RT rate decreased over time. A protective effect of AT defined as either RT or CHT was identified on CSM, relative to surveillance. This protective effect was not described for OCM. No differences in survival were recorded, when individual management strategies (surveillance vs. RT vs. CHT) were compared with each other.     

Survival Outcomes After Initial Treatment for Anal Adenocarcinoma: A Population-Based Cohort Study

BackgroundAnal adenocarcinoma (AA) is reported to represent 5% to 10% of all anal cancer. Currently there is no evidence-based treatment of AA. We investigated clinical outcomes after treatment regimens in patients with AA and used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry to examine the outcome.Patients and MethodsWe searched for patients diagnosed with histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the anal canal with stage I to III disease between 2010 and 2016 using SEER1Stat software.ResultsA total of 393 patients treated from 2010 to 2016 for AA were identified. Patients were divided into 5 groups according to treatment: 68 patients (17.3%) receiving radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy (CTx), 16 patients (4.1%) receiving RT or CTx, 108 patients (27.5%) receiving surgery alone, 137 patients (34.8%) receiving preoperative RT or CTx with surgery, and 64 patients (16.3%) receiving postoperative RT or CTx with surgery. The 3-year cause-specific survival (CSS) rates were 63.9% in the RT and CTx group, 35.7% in the RT or CTx group, 77.7% in the surgery-alone group, 80.3% in the preoperative RT or CTx group, and 65.8% in the postoperative group (P < .001). Preoperative RT or CTx was associated with improved CSS on multivariate analysis (P = .024). The 3-year CSS rates for those who received surgery and those who did not receive surgery were 81.5% and 87.5% for stage I disease, and 74.4% and 57.3% for stage II/III disease.ConclusionPreoperative treatment with surgical resection may maximize the survival outcome. Although chemoradiotherapy alone may be sufficient for early stages of disease, patients with advanced disease should be treated with a combination of surgical resection and chemoradiotherapy. Future studies are required to determine the appropriate treatment strategies in AA.     

A Systematic Review on Overall Survival and Disease-Free Survival Following Total Pelvic Exenteration

Backgrounds: Total Pelvic Exenteration (TPE) is a radical operation for malignancies in which all of the organs inside the pelvic cavity, including the female reproductive organs, the lower urinary tract, and a part of the rectosigmoid are removed. In this study, we aimed to conduct a systematic review to assess the overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) following TPE. Methods: This systematic review is composed of a comprehensive review of PubMed and Scopus databases with various related keywords to synthesis the overall survival and disease-free survival following TPE. The Synthesis Without Meta-analysis guideline was used to summarize the results. Results: We included the results of 39 primary studies and the results revealed that one-year OS of gynecological cancer in patients who have undergone TPE ranged from 50.0% to 72.0% and the 5-years OS ranged from 6.0% to 64.6%. The one-year survival rate of colorectal cancer patients was reported to be over 80% in almost all studies. The 3-year survival rate of patients varied from 25% to 75% and the lowest 5-year survival rate was 8% and the highest survival rate was 92%. To synthesis the disease-free survival rate in colorectal cancer, ten studies were included and one-year recurrence rate was 9.1% and the one-year DFS was reported as 61.0%. Three-year recurrence rate study was 20.4% and 3 and 5-year DFS ranged from 22.0% to 78.0%. Conclusions: The results suggested that DFS in primary advanced cancers is higher than locally recurrence tumors. This review showed that patient overall survival and disease-free survival rates have increased over time, especially at high volume centers that are more experienced and possibly better equipped. Therefore, it can be suggested that the attitude towards PE as a palliative surgery can be turned into curative surgery.     

早期直肠癌局部手术治疗的循证医学评价

局部手术治疗作为一种传统治疗手段在早期直肠癌（T1）中的治疗地位重新为临床关注。经过准确术前病灶分期评估、严格手术适应证、制定合理的个体化综合治疗方案．局部切除术并不是一种过时的治疗手段,对于低风险的早期结直肠癌仍可作为首选方案。关于局部切除在治疗早期直肠癌的合理性评估研究中存在组间病例、病例选择、试验设计以及辅助／新辅助治疗等差异限制,仍需要良好的、前瞻性、随机对照性试验进行研究。     

Curative Resection for Stage I Rectal Cancer: Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Recurrence Patterns

Our goal was to evaluate the recurrence patterns and outcomes of a large group of patients with stage I rectal adenocarcinoma treated at a single institution with uniform surgical and pathological techniques. Medical records of 71 patients who had undergone potentially curative surgery were reviewed to determine clinical and histologically significant prognostic factors that could affect survival and recurrence patterns. The median follow-up for all patients was 81 months. Twenty patients had T₁N₀M₀ cancers and 51 patients had T₂N₀M₀ cancers. The median number of lymph nodes examined per surgical specimen was 32. There were no recurrences in the 20 patients with T₁ lesions. All 7 recurrences (10%) occurred in patients with T₂ lesions. Only 2 of these recurrences were local. In the T₂ group, the 5- and 10-year disease-free survivals were 88% and 83%, respectively. The 5- and 10-year disease-free survival for all state 1 lesions was 91% and 88%, respectively. The overall recurrence rate of 10% does not justify adjuvant therapy for stage 1 rectal adenocarcinoma. Although the subset of patients with T₂N₀M₀ distal one-third rectal cancers may be at risk for recurrence, additional prognostic factors are needed to evaluate these patients before adjuvant therapy can be recommended.     

中低位直肠癌前切除术后吻合口瘘发生相关因素分析

[目的]探讨中低位直肠癌前切除术后吻合口瘘的原因和预防措施。[方法]回顾性分析1998年1月至2007年12月193例中低位直肠癌低位前切除术病例的临床资料。[结果]193例中低位直肠癌低位前切除术患者中有12例发生术后吻合口瘘，吻合口瘘发生率为6．2％，其中男性10例，女性2例；肿瘤超过1／2周肠管10例，小于1／2周肠管2例；Dukes’B期1例，C期11例：合并糖尿病8例，无合并糖尿病4例；合并肠梗阻9例，无合并肠梗阻3例：术前放疗5例，无术前放疗7例；低蛋白血症10例，无低蛋白血症2例；明显贫血10例，无明显贫血2例。[结论]患者的性别、肿瘤的大小、Dukes’分期、贫血、低蛋白血症、术前放疗、合并糖尿病及合并肠梗阻等因素与吻合口瘘的发生密切相关。针对以上冈素采取积极的预防措施可减少中低位直肠癌低位前切除术后吻合口瘘的发生。     

Patient Risk Subgroups Predict Benefit of Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Stage II Rectal Cancer Patients Following Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation and Total Mesorectal Excision

BackgroundThe benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) is unclear in stage II (cT3-T4 N0) rectal adenocarcinoma (RAC) after neoadjuvant chemoradiation (NCRT) and total mesorectal excision (TME). We aim to identify pathologic factors that influence overall survival (OS) and stratify patients into risk profiles to assess the AC benefit within each profile.Patients and MethodsThe National Cancer Database for rectal cancer was utilized to identify patients with stage II RAC who completed NCRT and TME. Cox multivariable analysis was used to identify pathologic predictors of 5-year OS, which were then used to construct a nomogram and stratify patients into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk subgroups. Propensity score matching was applied for the receipt of AC within each risk stratum, and Kaplan–Meier analysis was used to measure 5-year OS.ResultsWe identified 3570 patients who met the inclusion criteria. Inadequate lymphadenectomy (<12), poor differentiation, involved distal margin, involved circumferential margin, perineural invasion, and absence of T-downstaging after NCRT were identified as unfavorable predictors of 5-year OS and were used to construct the nomogram. Kaplan–Meier analysis of the matched patients demonstrated the absolute 5-year survival benefits for each risk stratum as follows: 4% for low-risk patients (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.869; [0.651-1.021]; P = .062), 26% for intermediate-risk patients (HR, 0.249; [0.133-0.468]; P < .001), and 10% in high-risk patients (HR = 0.633 [0.427-0.940]; P = .024).ConclusionsThe survival benefit of AC for clinical stage II RAC following NCRT and TME is most pronounced among intermediate- and high-risk patients as determined by our nomogram. Risk-adaptive AC may be appropriate for selected patients by integrating standard reported pathologic elements into the treatment plan.     

Contemporary Comparison of Clinicopathologic Characteristics and Survival Outcomes of Prostate Ductal Carcinoma and Acinar Adenocarcinoma: A Population-Based Study

PurposeTo investigate clinicopathologic characteristics and cancer-specific mortality (CSM) rates of ductal carcinoma (DC) versus the common acinar adenocarcinoma in nonmetastatic and metastatic (M1) prostate cancer patients.Patients and MethodsWithin the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (2004-2015), we identified patients with histologically confirmed prostate adenocarcinoma who harbored either DC (n = 581) or acinar adenocarcinoma (n = 489,296). Kaplan-Meier and 4:1 propensity score–matched multivariable Cox regression models adjusted for clinical and pathologic parameters were used to test for CSM differences. Three separate analyses were performed on all patients with nonmetastatic disease, patients with nonmetastatic patients treated with radical prostatectomy only, and patients with metastatic disease.ResultsDC was identified in 502 (0.10%) of 469,946 patients with nonmetastatic disease and 79 (0.39%) of 19,931 patients with metastatic disease. In patients with nonmetastatic disease, 253 (50.4%) DC patients underwent radical prostatectomy, 61 (12.2%) DC patients received external-beam radiotherapy, and 188 (37.4%) received other treatment modalities. In multivariable analyses, DC was associated with higher CSM in the overall nonmetastatic patient population (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-2.6; P = .001), in the nonmetastatic radical prostatectomy population (HR = 2.8; 95% CI, 1.3-6.0; P < .01), and in the M1 population (HR = 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.2; P < .01).ConclusionProstate cancers of ductal origin represent a rare entity among patients with nonmetastatic disease as well as among patients with metastatic disease, and regardless of stage, DC behaves more aggressively.