两种方法治疗老年桡骨远端粉碎骨折的比较研究

目的 对比分析手法复位石膏外固定和掌侧斜“T”形钢板内固定治疗老年桡骨远端粉碎性骨折的疗效。方法2007年10月至2008年6月分别采用手法复位加石膏托外固定及切开复位“T”形锁定钢板内固定治疗老年桡骨远端骨折176例,采用Gartland等腕关节评分进行功能评定,并采用PRWE评分了解患肢功能对患者日常生活的影响程度及患者对治疗的满意度,比较两种不同治疗方法的疗效。结果所有患者均获得随访,随访时间6～14个月,平均11．4个月。x线显示骨折全部愈合。Gartland和Werley腕关节评分手法复位石膏外固定组优良率为77．8％,掌侧斜“T”形钢板内固定组优良率为87．6%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;但是两组PRWE评分和患者满意度均无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论除少数经关节面且有明显关节面移位,保守治疗失败的老年桡骨远端骨折可采用手术治疗外,大多数老年桡骨远端骨折经手法复位石膏外固定保守治疗即可取得较为满意的临床效果,手术的选择应慎重,应尊重患者的要求。     

应用掌侧锁定加压钢板治疗桡骨远端陈旧性骨折

目的总结2．4mm掌侧锁定加压钢板治疗桡骨远端陈旧性骨折的结果。方法对收治的经手法复位石膏外固定后骨折复位丢失的陈旧性桡骨远端骨折的26例患者采用经掌侧人路2．4mm锁定加压钢板内固定的方法治疗。结果23例患者获得随访,按Gartland和Werley评分对腕关节功能进行评价优良率95．7％,放射学评分优良率91．3％。结论正确应用手术技巧、选择合适的锁定加压钢板治疗桡骨远端陈旧性骨折可以获得满意的x线影像及临床结果。     

掌侧锁定接骨板结合背侧支撑钢板固定治疗不稳定的背侧移位桡骨远端骨折

[目的]初步探讨掌侧锁定加压钢板(locking compression plate,LCP)结合背侧支撑钢板固定治疗不稳定、背侧移位桡骨远端骨折的方法及其效果。[方法]回顾性分析掌侧LCP结合背侧1/4管型钢板固定治疗不稳定、背侧移位桡骨远端骨折23例,比较手术前后掌倾角、尺偏角、桡骨短缩及关节活动范围等,初步评价其临床疗效。[结果]经随访13~24个月(平均15个月),掌倾角、尺偏角、桡骨短缩均获明显改善,腕关节功能按Sarmiento标准评定,优18例、良5例。[结论]对不稳定、背侧移位桡骨远端骨折,掌侧LCP结合背侧支撑钢板固定是一种安全有效的治疗方法,可有效防止复位丢失,获得较为满意的腕关节功能。     

小夹板和锁定钢板治疗老年人桡骨远端关节内骨折的比较

[目的]比较闭合复位小夹板外固定和切开复位锁定钢板内固定治疗老年桡骨远端关节内骨折的临床疗效。[方法]2013年1月~2014年12月,将66例桡骨远端关节内骨折的患者随机分为手法复位小夹板外固定治疗(保守组)和切开复位锁定钢板内固定(手术组)各33例。分别于治疗前、复位后、骨折愈合时,记录患者骨折复位状态(掌倾角、尺偏角、桡骨高)。记录患者骨折愈合时间。于骨折愈合时,记录腕关节活动度(屈伸活动度、桡尺偏活动度、旋前后活动度)、Mayo腕关节评分。[结果]治疗前,两组患者一般情况及骨折状况,差异无统计学意义。复位后、骨折愈合时,手术组患者掌倾角、尺偏角、桡骨高好于保守组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。骨折愈合时,手术组的掌倾角、尺偏角、桡骨高与复位后比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);骨折愈合时,保守组的掌倾角、尺偏角、桡骨高与复位后比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。保守组骨折愈合时间短于手术组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。骨折愈合时,两组患者腕关节活动度、Mayo腕关节评分,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。[结论]手法复位小夹板外固定及切开复位锁定钢板内固定均可有效治疗老年桡骨远端关节内骨折。保守治疗存在骨折复位丢失的情况;保守治疗的患者骨折愈合时间相对短;采用手术治疗可获得良好的骨折复位;保守和手术的中远期腕关节功能无差别。     

克氏针辅助外固定架与掌侧入路钢板内固定治疗AOC型桡骨远端骨折的疗效比较

目的比较克氏针辅助外固定架与掌侧入路钢板内固定治疗AO C型桡骨远端骨折的疗效。方法回顾性分析自2013-01—2014-12诊治的32例AO C型桡骨远端骨折,采用克氏针辅助外固定架固定17例(外固定架组),采用掌侧入路钢板内固定(掌侧钢板组)15例。结果 32例均获得随访12~18个月,平均14个月。与掌侧钢板组相比,外固定架组手术时间、住院时间更短,X线片上测得掌倾角恢复较好,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。而2组术后12个月X线片上测得桡骨高度和尺偏角,以及Gartland-Werley腕关节功能评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论手法复位克氏针辅助外固定架固定或切开复位掌侧钢板内固定治疗C型桡骨远端骨折均可取得满意的疗效。对于老年患者,应优先考虑外固定;对于年轻患者,建议采用内固定,尽量恢复桡骨远端正常形态及关节面平整度。     

桡骨远端骨折的手术治疗进展

本文查阅了手术治疗桡骨远端骨折的最新文献，报告其重点内容，探讨桡骨远端骨折新近的手术治疗进展。桡骨远端骨折有多种不同的手术治疗方法，包括掌、背侧联合切口双侧内固定，掌侧切开复位钢板内固定，锁定加压钢板内固定，背侧Pi形钢板内固定，支架外固定及关节镜下治疗等，治疗效果都较满意。桡骨远端骨折有众多的亚型，应根据不同的骨折类型选择适当的手术方法，以期获得最佳的疗效。     

老年桡骨远端骨折治疗方案的选择及疗效比较

目的探讨手术与非手术治疗老年桡骨远端骨折的疗效,比较两种治疗方法的影像学结果和患者主观功能评价。方法将156例老年桡骨远端骨折先行牵引复位、石膏托固定,然后根据复位情况分为非手术治疗组(77例)和手术治疗组(79例)。治疗后6个月测量两组患者桡骨远端尺偏角、掌倾角及桡骨远端高度;采用Gartland-Werly评分、DASH评分及VAS评分评价临床疗效。结果患者均获得随访,时间6~18个月。治疗后6个月时影像学结果:两组均较治疗前明显改善(P0.05),手术治疗组明显优于非手术治疗组(P0.05)。Gartland-Werly评分优良率:手术治疗组明显优于非手术治疗组(P0.05)。VAS评分及DASH评分:两组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对于老年桡骨远端骨折患者可先行牵引复位石膏托外固定,然后根据骨折复位及患者综合情况,采取手术或继续非手术治疗,均可获得较好的治疗效果。     

掌侧入路斜“T”型钢板固定桡骨远端粉碎骨折

桡骨远端骨折，特别是累及关节面的粉碎性骨折，由于关节面不平整、桡骨短缩、掌侧或背侧移位、掌倾角和尺偏角的改变、腕关节应力改变，导致腕关节功能严重损害。由于桡骨远端骨折易累及关节面的特点，临床治疗较困难，如治疗不当常导致关节疼痛、畸形、创伤性关节炎而引起功能障碍。近年来随着内固定技术及对桡骨远端粉碎性骨折认识的提高，应用手术治疗骨折的主张得到各国学者的认同。我院采用斜“T”型钢板、掌侧入路对桡骨远端粉碎性骨折进行复位内固定，骨缺损时支撑植骨，临床疗效满意。     

钢板预置关节镜复位技术(PART)治疗桡骨远端骨折

目的 研究使用钢板预置关节镜复位技术(PART)治疗桡骨远端骨折,将腕掌侧锁定钢板技术与腕关节镜有效结合,提高C型桡骨远端骨折(AO分型)的治疗效果.方法 自2009年2月～2011年7月使用PART技术对13例桡骨远端C型骨折进行手术治疗,行桡骨远端骨折切开复位后予克氏针及预置掌侧锁定钢板临时固定骨折,在腕关节镜下对关节面处骨折行进一步复位,满意后用钢板螺钉将骨折完全固定.结果 桡骨远端关节面台阶移位及水平移位均在2 mm内.掌倾角0～15°,平均13.4°,尺偏角17～26°,平均22.3°.桡骨远端高度无短缩.采用Gartland和Werley评分标准对腕关节功能进行评价:优8例,良4例,中1例.结论 PART技术治疗桡骨远端C型骨折,将腕掌侧锁定钢板技术与腕关节镜有效简便结合,提高了关节面骨折复位水平,骨折固定坚强,可早期进行腕关节功能锻炼,临床效果优异.     

改良克氏针联合掌侧锁定钢板治疗桡骨极远端骨折

[目的]探讨改良克氏针联合掌侧锁定钢板治疗桡骨极远端骨折的疗效。[方法]收集采用手术治疗的7例桡骨极远端骨折患者的临床资料。术中采用经改良的克氏针联合掌侧锁定钢板固定骨折端。术后经12个月随访,评价患者术后影像学指标、骨折复位、愈合及内固定情况,MAYO腕关节功能评分指标进行评估。[结果] 7例患者均获得随访,平均随访时间为(12.12±1.74)个月。术后无神经、血管并发症,术后骨折均获愈合,1例出现骨折复位丢失,但无需返修。7例患者均未发生明显疼痛,MAYO腕关节功能评分75～95分,平均(89.29±5.36)分。[结论]改良克氏针联合掌侧锁定钢板治疗桡骨极远端骨折是一种有效的方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.